The primary objective of this thesis is to contribute to the debate on the reasons behind Russia's poor economic performance in its first decade after the fall of communism, by examining the role of IMF economic programs in the reform process.In particular, we are interested in the failure of neo-classical models of the market economy, upon which economic reform programs were based, to predict the outcomes in Russia. The purpose of the work is to offer a number of theoretical models which incorporate certain characteristics, such as political and economic motivations of both the IMF and Russian government, large-scale public sector corruption, a substantial underground economy, and a weak tax base, and which are capable predicting the resulting failings in the IMF-Russia economic reform program. In chapter 2, we present a theory of conditionality in which the recipient, aware that the lender faces political and economic motivations in the conditional development lending process, undertakes a game with the lender in which the recipient attempts to undertake the least amount of compliance that guarantees it future loans. There is an exogenous conflict between economics and politics within the lending agency that determines its degree of tolerance for policy (non-) compliance. We then analyse how the donor, in an attempt to regulate its internal conflict, may adopt "rules of thumb" in the lending process which pre-define the actions it will take in response to the lender's level of compliance. The recipient's strategy depends on the payoffs it obtains from the actions available to the lender under each "rule of thumb". We examine how the IMF-Russia relationship from 1992-2002 has elements of the games we model. In chapter 3, we model corruption a proportional tax on labour income in a three-sector economy with a corrupt bureaucracy, a legitimate private sector, and a shadow economy, and examine how tighter fiscal policies may result in a rise in corruption. The rise in corruption negatively affects legitimate private sector employment and output. We suggest that the Russian economy has a similar three sector structure and analyse the impact of reduced spending and increased taxation on corruption and employment. In chapter 4, we modify Alesina and Tabellini's (1987) model of time inconsistency to allow for a weak tax base and then apply it to post-communist Russia. In particular we examine two non-consecutive time periods in which, for different reasons, public debt could not be used to finance the government's budget deficit: 1992-94 and post August 17 1998. We suggest that Russia did in fact move from one sub-optimal position to another, and we raise questions about the optimality of Russia's current monetary policies. In chapter 5, we examine the optimality of monetary policy in the presence of bureaucratic corruption. We model corruption as a proportional tax on firm revenue and a positive function of the official tax rate. The higher the official tax, the higher the corruption tax levied by public bureaucrats in order to supplement their decreasing official net wage, and the lower is output. We find that under both discretion and commitment, inflation is higher, and output and taxation are lower, than when there is no corruption.

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This case study discusses rape theories by performing a case study of a convicted serial rapist, hereafter referred to as “Carl Criminal.” This pseudonym has been used throughout this research effort in order to avoid the additional contributing to the celebrity status of the true rapist who has committed these vicious sexual assaults. Locations have also been changed in order to prevent contribution of further clues that may help identify the rapist and avoid embarrassment, humiliation, and further mental anguish for the rape victims. On January 18, 1999, Carl Criminal, a 38-year-old white male Sheriff’s Deputy with a local sheriff’s office was arrested and initially charged with five counts of aggravated rape. The charges were later amended to include a sixth charge of aggravated rape. At the time of his arrest, Carl Criminal was a veteran law enforcement officer for over nineteen years and had served as a plainclothes sergeant with the Juvenile Division. Carl Criminal’s arrest ended an extensive years-long rape task force investigation into a series of rapes that occurred between 1986 and 1997. Carl Criminal, upon being interviewed at his place of incarceration, admitted that he committed eleven rapes during the period of his criminal activity while serving as a sheriff’s deputy. This research project explores Carl Criminal’s history and chronicles his career as a law enforcement officer and as a rapist. The project represents a searched for possible explanations, causation, and motivation for his criminal behavior. This study attempts to dissect his aberrant behavior and analyze potential causes related to his nurturing. Furthermore, the study examines his relationships and attempted to discern early patterns of social deviance. Carl Criminal himself stated, “I wish someone could tell me what’s wrong with me.” This research study attempts to furnish answers to his question. This case study explores Carl Criminal’s current thoughts regarding the trauma he brought to his victims’ lives. Carl Criminal lamented the pain he now realizes his victims experienced. The research identified incidents in Carl Criminal’s youth that may now serve as markers to assist in identifying potential criminal behavior in the lives of other adolescents.

Detta kandidatarbete handlar om hur ett främmande objekt kan påverka en betraktares uppfattning av en karaktärs förhållande till gott och ont. Kandidatarbetet utforskar ämnen som stereotyper, former, fördomar och intryck. Olika metoder används i framtagandet av karaktärerna, där bland annat former används för att förstärka uppfattningen av karaktärens ställning till gott och ont. Karaktärerna skapades i två versioner, en utan det främmande objektet och en med. En enkät skickades ut och deltagare fick poängsätta karaktärer för att sedan motivera sina val med kommentarer. Resultatet visade att ett främmande objekt har möjlighet att påverka betraktaren, där betraktarens relation till objektet har en avgörande roll i hur karaktären vinklas åt gott eller ont. / This thesis describes how a foreign object can affect an observer's perception of a character's relation to good and evil. The thesis explores topics like stereotypes, forms, prejudices and impressions. Various methods are used in the development of the characters, which include shapes that are used to enhance the perception of the character's position between good and evil. The characters were created ​​in two versions, one without the foreign object and one with the foreign object. A survey was created and the participants had to score the characters and then justify their choice with comments. The results showed that a foreign object is able to influence the viewer, where the viewer's relationship to the object has a crucial role in how the character is angled towards good or evil.

The diploma thesis "Employment Services for Former Substance Users in the Czech Republic in Comparison with Similar Services in Scotland and Austria" discusses the problem of employment of people that used illegal drugs for some time in their lives and now abstain. To get a job and keep it is fundamental for them to be able to prosper in newly started life. Former substance users are characterized with respect to their position in the labour market and the need of social reintegration. Their employability in the Czech labour market is given from the point of view of the clients and workers of the treatment facilities, and from the point of view of potential employers. The possibilities of employment services offered to former substance users are then shown by three projects, i.e. Czech Work and Social Agency of SANANIM, o. s., Scottish Addiction Workers' Training Programme, carried out by Scottish Drugs Forum, and Austrian social firm Fix und Fertig, a branch of Verein Wiener Sozialprojekte. The projects are compared as to their approaches to the problem of employability, basic parameters that employment services offered to the former substance users should take into account are defined, and finally, the possibilities of development of these services in the Czech Republic are outlined.

Univerzita Karlova v Praze Právnická fakulta David Hlaváček ROZVOJ MEZINÁRODNÍHO TRESTNÍHO PRÁVA V KONTEXTU VÁLKY V BÝVALÉ JUGOSLÁVII Diplomová práce Vedoucí diplomové práce: doc. PhDr. Stanislava Hýbnerová, CSc. Katedra mezinárodního práva Datum uzavření rukopisu: 21. ledna 2015 Summary of the Thesis: The introductory historical overview (chapter two) gives an insight into the merits of the military conflict in the former Yugoslavia and lists the most fundamental causes behind this scandalous period of modern European history. Next, in chapter three, the thesis focuses on the impacts of this ongoing war on the international communities and their reactions, as well as on the particular measures taken by the United Nations, the universal platform established for these purposes. The most significant of these measures is undoubtedly the establishing of the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY), which prosecutes crimes against humanity, genocide, grave breaches of the Geneva Conventions and violations of the laws or customs of war. For the first time after forty years, the international criminal law had been applied. Before that, there was no institution entitled to enforce this law within the international criminal justice. In chapter four, the ICTY is characterized and described,...

Abstract This research report examines the relationship between legal status and national identity formation. It is based on a qualitative research of former refugees from Mozambique who have lived and settled in the Northern Province of South Africa now called Limpopo province in the border areas with Mozambique for over twenty years. The report compares the narratives of former Mozambican refugees in South Africa who have acquired permanent residence and citizenship with those that are undocumented. The distinction between undocumented and documented former refugees allows me to look at the role of access to services in identity formation, since most government services in South Africa, as elsewhere, are not accessible without legal documentation. Since most services are, however, accessible for both permanent residents and citizens, the distinction between these two statuses allow me to explore whether there is a more symbolic meaning attached to citizenship. Drawing from citizenship theory, variations in the attachment to South Africa or Mozambique that emerged in the research data are analysed in terms of the refugees’ experience of social inclusion or social exclusion norms. The benefits of social inclusion and how it shapes positive attitudes towards attaching to South Africa is discussed.

I uppsatsen studeras vilka förändringar och effekter Krami bidrar med och om detta resulterar i att förbättra livsvillkoren för före detta kriminella personer som deltar i Krami. Krami är en samverkan mellan Kriminalvården, Arbetsförmedlingen och kommunen och syftar till att etablera tidigare dömda personer på arbetsmarknaden. Arbetsprocessen i denna uppsats består av en kvalitativ inriktning med en hermeneutisk metodansats. Empirin har insamlats genom åtta stycken semistrukturerade djupintervjuer som genomförts med före detta deltagare från Krami Halland och Krami Blekinge. Den teoretiska referensramen i denna uppsats har bestått av Michel Foucaults makt teori, Axel Honneths teori om erkännande och Johan Asplund teori om social responsivetet. Resultatet av de åtta intervjuerna visar att livsvillkoren har förbättrats markant genom att deltagarna i Krami har inkluderats i samhället med hjälp av utbildning och arbete. Detta har resulterat i att de har blivit självförsörjande och har ett helt annat perspektiv på livet än vad de tidigare hade. Intervjupersonerna har genomgått en självförändringsprocess från att vara kriminell till före detta kriminell och som vissa beskriver en vanlig ”Svensson”. / The paper examines what changes and effects Krami contributes to and whether this results in improving the living conditions of former criminal persons participating in Krami. Krami is a collaboration between the Prison and Probation Service, the Swedish Public Employment Service and the municipality and aims to establish previously convicted persons in the labor market. The work process in this study consists of a qualitative approach with a hermeneutic method. The empire has been collected through eight semi-structured in-depth interviews conducted with former participants from Krami Halland and Krami Blekinge. The theoretical frame of reference in this study has consisted of Michel Foucault's power Theory, Axel Honneth's Theory of recognition and Johan Asplund's Theory of social responsiveness. The results of the eight interviews show that the living conditions have improved markedly for the participants in Krami by being included in society, with the help of education and work. This has resulted in them becoming self-sufficient and having a completely different perspective on life than they previously had. The respondents have undergone a self-change process from being a criminal to a former criminal and finally, as some describe an ordinary "Svensson".

New farming needs and innovations have, over time, led to changes in land use. Arable fields have been turned into pastures and semi-natural pastures into arable fields. Due to the ecological value of continually grazed semi-natural pastures in Sweden the aim of this study is to find out how former arable fields that are permanently grazed differ from semi-natural pastures. In this study I selected appropriate semi-natural pastures from a national monitoring program on seminatural- pastures and meadows. Plots continuously grazed were compared with grazed plots on former arable fields. Pair-wise differences in the Ellenberg indicator values Light (L), Soil moisture (F), soil pH (R) and soil nitrogen (N), vertical coverage of trees, bushes and vegetation, species richness and species composition were tested. Except for species composition there were only small differences between former arable fields that are permanently grazed and semi-natural pastures. That means former arable fields can with time and grazing gain many of the values continuously grazed semi-natural pastures have.

Thesis advisor: Ana M. Martinez Aleman / Colleges and universities within the United States are continuously looking at ways to assess and measure student outcomes, academically as well as psychosocially. Student engagement measures have come to the forefront of assessment tools as a way for college administrators to determine whether their students are actively engaged in programs and activities on campus and whether this participation actually affects their retention and persistence. Women's colleges have been studied extensively as an alternative to the coeducational college environment for women. Founded on the premise of providing a higher education to an underserved population of women, women's colleges have evolved to providing an educational environment that serves to empower and enlighten their female students. However, over time, the number of women's colleges have declined through closure, merger or coeducation. The purpose of this study was to determine whether there was a significant difference in engagement levels of female students who attended former women's colleges and those who attended historically coeducational colleges or women's colleges. Exploring the engagement levels of students attending coeducational colleges that were founded as women-only, with the corresponding woman-centric educational experience, it can be determined whether that history and commitment continue and result in an educational environment that engages women significantly more than an institution that was coeducational from its inception. Using the NSSE benchmarks, HLM and ANOVA was used to determine any relationship between time from coeducational transition or male enrollment percentage and engagement levels. Interaction effects were also explored. Results of this study reveal three conclusions. First, consistent with the literature, students attending women's colleges are reporting higher engagement levels across all benchmarks when compared to their peers attending former women's colleges and historically coeducational colleges. Second, the engagement levels of female students attending former women's colleges are split along academic and psychosocial lines. Third, consistent with the "chilly climate" literature, increasing male enrollment percentage was linked to lower reported engagement levels by women attending former women's colleges. / Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2011. / Submitted to: Boston College. Lynch School of Education. / Discipline: Higher Education Administration.