Based on the premise that only in being accessible can the film reach its potential for history making, the contribution of the film archive to a particular film historical narrative is fragmented: the films that are extant are not necessarily available and the ones that are available are not necessarily publicly accessible. The contention of the thesis is that ‘doing’ film history in the context of the film archive should always be seen in light of an ever increasingly narrowing fragmentation of accessible material that takes place in the film archive. What is new about the contribution of this thesis is not that the film archive can be seen simultaneously as a result of a particular historical narrative as well as contributing to one, but that this debate is put in the context of copyright as a determining factor of why the accessible part of the film archive is only a partial picture. To this end, the thesis proposes a reorganisation of existing categories of analysis in the form of a cross-section of the film archive based on copyright ownership plotted against the material’s ‘availability’. By such practices as using a risk-managed approach to copyright clearance for archival digitisation projects, the film archive can be seen to act as a mediator between copyright and film historiography. On the one hand, the film archive is subjected to copyright law, against the constraints of which it can be seen to resist. On the other hand, the archive makes productive use of copyright in its involvement in the interplay between the ownership of the physical objects and the ability to control the subsequent use and dissemination of those objects. Some of these resistant and productive practices, such as found footage filmmaking as a historiographic intervention and providing access to public domain material, are analysed in the context of some of the digital access practices of EYE Film Institute Netherlands between 2002-2005, in which the film archive can be seen to actively shape access to its film archival holdings as well as a particular potential for film history writing.

Ce travail se pose pour objectif de démontrer la coïncidence de deux phénomènes, l'écriture subjective et le found footage film, tout en articulant des approches différentes autour des problèmes de l'autoportrait et de l'écriture subjective au cinéma, de la représentation de l'identité de genre, de l'histoire et de la critique du film d'avant-garde. Le rapprochement des notions de réécriture filmique (Marie-Claire Ropars) et d'entre-images (Raymond Bellour) conduit d'abord à la problématisation d'une question centrale concernant la pratique de l'autoportrait : le rapport de ressemblance entre le référent et l'objet de la représentation. L'analyse de films de remploi, réalisés dans le cadre de la production cinématographique féminine à partir des années quatre-vingt, articule ultérieurement la réflexion au vu des débats occasionnés autour de la valeur du remploi artistique du film d'archive – entendu en tant qu'outil de ré-évaluation générale du cinéma comme dispositif (Christa Blümlinger) – aussi bien que de la répétition (Judith Butler) entendue en tant que stratégie pour dévoiler et mettre en discussion les mécaniques sous-jacents à la représentation de l'identité de genre. En valorisant la nature physique et matérielle des travaux analysées et en prenant en considération le contexte bio-politique de la réflexion post et trans-féministe, cette thèse vise enfin à définir le corps comme support et modèle d'une « micro-politique du soi » dont la réécriture se ferait instrument spécifique dans la détermination d'une subjectivité à la fois intermédiaire et inter-médiale, associée par un lien charnel aux technologies mais, dans le même temps, libre de la « chair » de l'image. / This work aims to study the coincidence between two phenomenons, subjective writing and found footage film, articulating different approaches around themes as filmic self-portrait and subjective writing, gender identity representation, the history and the critique of avant-garde film. Through the link between the notions of réécriture filmique (Marie-Claire Ropars) and entre-images (Raymond Bellour), this thesis problematise one of the main topic of self-portraiture practice: the resemblance bond between the referent and the object of representation. The analysis of “second hand” films – realized in the frame of woman's avant-garde cinema since the eighties – allowed me to articulate this theoretical reflexion in the light of recent debates around found footage film. Following the researches of Christa Blümlinger, I focused notably on the practice of reusing archive films as a form of analysis, critic, and reevaluation of cinema as a dispositif. Secondly, according to Judith Butler, I interpreted repetition as a strategy to discuss and dismantling the underlying mechanisms of gender identity representations. Finally, putting a specific emphasis on the physical and material nature of the work analysed, I highlighted a precise relationship between the material body of the filmic archive and the natural body of the artists. In this sense, the bio-political context of post and trans-feminist self-representation practices permitted me to conceive the natural body as both a surface and a medium of rewriting, shaping and determining an intermediate subjectivity which is linked “fleshly” to technologies as well as it is “freed” from the flesh of the image.

Debates concerning the veracity, ethics and politics of the documentary form circle endlessly around the function of those who participate in it, and the meaning attributed to their participation. Great significance is attached to the way that documentary filmmakers do or do not participate in the world they seek to represent, just as great significance is attached to those subjects whose participation extends beyond playing the part of eyewitness or expert, such that they become part of the very filmmaking process itself. This Ph.D. explores the interface between documentary practice and participatory culture by looking at how their practices, discursive fields and histories intersect, but also by looking at how participating in one might mean participating in the other. In short, the research is an examination of participatory culture through the lens of documentary practice and documentary criticism. In the process, however, this examination of participatory culture will in turn shed light on documentary thinking, especially the meaning and function of ‘the participant’ in contemporary documentary practice. A number of ways of conceiving of participation in documentary practice are discussed in this research, but one of the ideas that gives purpose to that investigation is the notion that the participant in contemporary documentary practice is someone who belongs to a participatory culture in particular. Not only does this mean that those subjects who play a part in a documentary are already informed by their engagement with a range of everyday media practices before the documentary apparatus arrives, the audience for such films are similarly informed and engaged. This audience have their own expectations about how they should be addressed by media producers in general, a fact that feeds back into their expectations about participatory approaches to documentary practice too. It is the ambition of this research to get closer to understanding the relationship between participants in the audience, in documentary and ancillary media texts, as well as behind the camera, and to think about how these relationships constitute a context for the production and reception of documentary films, but also how this context might provide a model for thinking about participatory culture itself. One way that documentary practice and participatory culture converge in this research is in the kind of participatory documentary that I call the ‘Camera Movie’, a narrow mode of documentary filmmaking that appeals directly to contemporary audiences’ desires for innovation and participation, something that is achieved in this case by giving documentary subjects control of the camera. If there is a certain inevitability about this research having to contend with the notion of the ‘participatory documentary’, the ‘participatory camera’ also emerges strongly in this context, especially as a conduit between producer and consumer. Making up the creative component of this research are two documentaries about the reality television event Band In A Bubble, and participatory media practices more broadly. The single-screen film, Hubbub , gives form to the collective intelligence and polyphonous voice of contemporary audiences who must be addressed and solicited in increasingly innovative ways. One More Like That is a split-screen, DVD-Video with alternate audio channels selected by a user who thereby chooses who listens and who speaks in the ongoing conversation between media producers and media consumers. It should be clear from the description above that my own practice does not extend to highly interactive, multi-authored or web-enabled practices, nor the distributed practices one might associate with social media and online collaboration. Mine is fundamentally a single authored, documentary video practice that seeks to analyse and represent participatory culture on screen, and for this reason the Ph.D. refrains from a sustained discussion of the kinds of collaborative practices listed above. This is not to say that such practices don’t also represent an important intersection of documentary practice and participatory culture, they simply represent a different point of intersection. Being practice-led, this research takes its procedural cues from the nature of the practice itself, and sketches parameters that are most enabling of the idea that the practice sets the terms of its own investigation.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T20:23:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 4661.pdf: 1097916 bytes, checksum: c482bfce0e9225af830987ef6b3c8cac (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-05-08 / A conceptual overview about documentaries made from archival footage, named foundfootage films. The main reference for the analysis of cinematographic production for the period prior to the year 1960 is the book Films Beget Films, published in 1964 by the American researcher Jay Leyda. This essay seeks to complement the research of Jay Leyda addressing aspects of the biography and work of American filmmaker Emile De Antonio, pointing out the relevance of your audiovisual production in the field of documentary from the use of archival material. The documentary In The Year of the Pig (1968) and his fragmentary, enigmatic and somewhat didatic historical narrative, are subjected to analysis. The goal of this study is an approximation of the De Antonio`s narrative with the concept of historical allegory in the film, according to Brazilian researcher Xavier, based on the ideas of Walter Benjamin on modernity and the role of allegory in the process of reinterpreting history and culture. / Um panorama conceitual sobre filmes documentais realizados a partir de images de arquivo, os chamados found-footage films. A principal referência para análise da produção cinematográfica do período anterior aos anos 1960 é o livro Films Beget Films, publicado em 1964, pelo pesquisador norte-americano Jay Leyda. Esta dissertação procura complementar a pesquisa de Jay Leyda com uma abordagem sobre aspectos da biografia e da obra do cineasta norte-americano Emile De Antonio, evidenciando a relevância de sua produção audiovisual no campo do documentário, a partir da utilização de materiais de arquivo. O documentário In The Year of The Pig (1968) - sua narrativa histórica fragmentária, enigmática e pouco didática - é submetido à análise. O objetivo desta pesquisa é uma aproximação das características narrativas de De Antonio com o conceito de alegoria histórica no cinema, segundo o pesquisador brasileiro Ismail Xavier, com base nas ideias de Walter Benjamin sobre a modernidade e o papel da alegoria dentro do processo de reinterpretação histórica e cultural.

Submitted by Giovanna Brasil (1154060@mackenzie.br) on 2017-09-29T20:35:40Z No. of bitstreams: 2 André Luíz Olzon Vasconcelos.pdf: 1771296 bytes, checksum: fabca89396c43432ea1d1a5c05ac70c0 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Paola Damato (repositorio@mackenzie.br) on 2017-10-24T17:17:30Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 André Luíz Olzon Vasconcelos.pdf: 1771296 bytes, checksum: fabca89396c43432ea1d1a5c05ac70c0 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-10-24T17:17:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 André Luíz Olzon Vasconcelos.pdf: 1771296 bytes, checksum: fabca89396c43432ea1d1a5c05ac70c0 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-08-04 / Universidade Presbiteriana Mackenzie / This thesis discusses and analyzes particularities and sound nuances present in essay films, demonstrating the aesthetic uniqueness of this type of contemporary audiovisual production. It is noticed that the debate about the essay-film has deepened in the questions related to the image, thus, the work sought to organize the international and national bibliography on the subject, evidencing the absence of approaches in the sonic field and bringing a questioning that dialogues and contributes to the discussions about sound in the cinema. It is an interdisciplinary work that involves sound language in the audiovisual field and the technologies that produce it. / Essa tese discute e analisa particularidades e nuances sonoras presentes em filmes-ensaio, demonstrando a singularidade estética desse tipo de produção audiovisual contemporânea. Percebe-se que o debate sobre o filme-ensaio tem se aprofundado nas questões referentes à imagem, assim, o trabalho buscou organizar a bibliografia internacional e nacional a respeito do assunto, evidenciando a ausência de abordagens no campo sônico e trazendo um questionamento que dialoga e contribui com as discussões sobre o som no cinema. Trata-se de um trabalho interdisciplinar que envolve a linguagem sonora no âmbito audiovisual e as tecnologias que a produzem.

[pt] Na nova cena da poética da obsolescência, dentro do campo específico do cinema do found footage de vanguarda contemporânea, um cineasta célebre e laureado nos festivais de cinema tem se colocado frontalmente na trincheira em prol do analógico: Peter Tscherkassky (1958-). Esta tese é escrita no entroncamento fulcral entrea sua biografia, a historiografia e teoria do cinema e as análises fílmicas críticas ad hoc de sua filmografia. A metodologia da tese reflete o pensamento excessivo anti-axiomático de Georges Bataille assim como a ideia da constelação intempestiva de Walter Benjamin. Desse modo criamos uma série de afinidades eletivas que compõe uma rede de autores basilares para a tese, sendo eles: Georges Didi-Huberman, Mark Fisher, Rosalind Krauss, Jacques Derrida, Thomas Elsaesser, Roland Barthes, entre outros. Tscherkassky opera uma transgressão da semelhança conforme das imagens, fazendo vir à tona a parte maldita da historiografia cinematográfica. No lugar de uma ontologia indexical clássica, ele nos faz adentrar no campo da hantologia, na condição estrutural do cinema enquanto espectros. Seu trabalho é uma tentativa genealógica de reencantamento com as imagens do cinema hoje apaziguado pelo controle da teleologia narrativa do cinema comercial e da dominância do regime representativo. / [en] At the intersection between the museum and the movie theater, a number of contemporary artists have been investigating the corporeality of analog images. In this new scene of the poetics of obsolescence, within the specific field of contemporary found footage avant-garde cinema, our object of study, the Austrian Peter Tscherkassky (1958-) occupies a prominent place. The thesis is written at the central injunction of three lines: i - The biography and critical fortune of the director; ii- the dialogue with a classical historiography and film theory; and iiithe ad hoc critical film analysis of his filmography. In an inflection with Georges Bataille s excessive anti-axiomatic and formless thought and, as well, into Walter Benjamin s idea of constellation, we seek to create a series of elective affinities that compose a network of authors that are fundamental to the thesis, namely: George Didi -Huberman, Mark Fisher, Rosalind Krauss, Jacques Derrida, Thomas Elseasser, Roland Barthes, among others. From a genealogical and extemporaneous re-elaboration of the filmic ruin, he operates a transgression of the mimesis and the conform similarity of the images, bringing to light the cursed part of cinematographic historiography. Instead of a classic indexical ontology, Tscherakassky takes us into the field of hauntology, in other words, the structural condition of cinema as specters.His work would be a genealogical attempt of re-enchantment with images of cinema that are today appeased by the control of narrative teleology and the representative regime. We conclude that the filmmaker s extemporaneous and anachronistic cinema are strong responses and symptoms of problematics of the contemporary cinema scene.

Ce mémoire portera sur le réemploi d’images dans le cinéma politique d’une manière générale dans un premier temps, puis plus spécifiquement dans l’oeuvre du cinéaste québécois Pierre Falardeau. Il s’agit donc d’abord de regarder comment, d’un point de vue historique, l’image fut réemployée dans le cinéma documentaire classique. Il sera ensuite question de la réutilisation de l’image à des fins politiques dans le cinéma expérimental à travers une analyse du found footage film. Dans un deuxième temps, nous verrons le réemploi d’images dans le cinéma militant, engagé politiquement (voire révolutionnaire) dans le cinéma d’Amérique latine (Santiago Alvarez, Fernando Solanas et Octavio Getino) et en France (Guy Debord, Chris Marker et Jean-Luc Godard). Par la suite, nous verrons comment Pierre Falardeau recyclera des images principalement dans trois de ses documentaires : Pea Soup, Speak White et Le temps des bouffons. Nous allons voir où il se situe dans les différentes traditions de réemploi d’images que nous avons vu précédemment et comment il se rapprochait et se distinguait de ses prédécesseurs. / This thesis is concerned with the reuse of images in political cinema in general and, specifically, in the work of Quebec filmmaker Pierre Falardeau. We will first see how, from a historical point of view, archival images have been recycled in traditional documentary and then how they were used or reused for political purposes in found footage experimental films. We will then discuss the use of found footage in militant or revolutionary cinema both in Latin America (Santiago Alvarez, Fernando Solanas and Octavio Getino) and France (Guy Debord, Chris Marker and Jean-Luc Godard). We will then analyse Pierre Falardeau’s reuse of images in three of his documentaries: Pea Soup, Speak White and Le temps des bouffons. We will try and see how Falardeau fits within this tradition of the found footage film and the distinctive features of this aspect of his work.

Ce travail a pour objet le found footage, analysé en tant que pratique de recyclage culturel et comme important mouvement cinématographique de notre époque. L’étude trace d’abord un parallèle entre la fabrication du film d’images trouvées et le processus de recyclage industriel. Ensuite, le travail aborde les influences artistiques de ce mouvement du cinéma expérimental initié dans les années 1960, qui s’intensifie de plus en plus depuis l’avènement des dernières technologies numériques. En dernier lieu, l’étude propose une mise au point sur le found footage à l’ère des technologies numériques, en analysant les causes et conséquences de la (re)montée du mouvement, et en tenant compte de sa présence qui se multiplie sur l’Internet, par le biais du mashup. / This research deals with the found footage, analyzed here as a practice of cultural recycling and as a major cinematographic movement of our time. The study first draws a parallel between the manufacturing of "found images" and the process of industrial recycling. The thesis then discusses the artistic influences of the experimental film movement initiated in the 1960s, which has been increasing its presence more and more since the introduction of the latest digital technologies. Finally, the study proposes an investigation of found footage in relation to the digital technology era, analyzing the causes and consequences of the [re]rise of the movement, and taking into account the multiplication of its format on the Internet through the practice of mashup.

Ce travail a pour objet le found footage, analysé en tant que pratique de recyclage culturel et comme important mouvement cinématographique de notre époque. L’étude trace d’abord un parallèle entre la fabrication du film d’images trouvées et le processus de recyclage industriel. Ensuite, le travail aborde les influences artistiques de ce mouvement du cinéma expérimental initié dans les années 1960, qui s’intensifie de plus en plus depuis l’avènement des dernières technologies numériques. En dernier lieu, l’étude propose une mise au point sur le found footage à l’ère des technologies numériques, en analysant les causes et conséquences de la (re)montée du mouvement, et en tenant compte de sa présence qui se multiplie sur l’Internet, par le biais du mashup. / This research deals with the found footage, analyzed here as a practice of cultural recycling and as a major cinematographic movement of our time. The study first draws a parallel between the manufacturing of "found images" and the process of industrial recycling. The thesis then discusses the artistic influences of the experimental film movement initiated in the 1960s, which has been increasing its presence more and more since the introduction of the latest digital technologies. Finally, the study proposes an investigation of found footage in relation to the digital technology era, analyzing the causes and consequences of the [re]rise of the movement, and taking into account the multiplication of its format on the Internet through the practice of mashup.

Ce mémoire portera sur le réemploi d’images dans le cinéma politique d’une manière générale dans un premier temps, puis plus spécifiquement dans l’oeuvre du cinéaste québécois Pierre Falardeau. Il s’agit donc d’abord de regarder comment, d’un point de vue historique, l’image fut réemployée dans le cinéma documentaire classique. Il sera ensuite question de la réutilisation de l’image à des fins politiques dans le cinéma expérimental à travers une analyse du found footage film. Dans un deuxième temps, nous verrons le réemploi d’images dans le cinéma militant, engagé politiquement (voire révolutionnaire) dans le cinéma d’Amérique latine (Santiago Alvarez, Fernando Solanas et Octavio Getino) et en France (Guy Debord, Chris Marker et Jean-Luc Godard). Par la suite, nous verrons comment Pierre Falardeau recyclera des images principalement dans trois de ses documentaires : Pea Soup, Speak White et Le temps des bouffons. Nous allons voir où il se situe dans les différentes traditions de réemploi d’images que nous avons vu précédemment et comment il se rapprochait et se distinguait de ses prédécesseurs. / This thesis is concerned with the reuse of images in political cinema in general and, specifically, in the work of Quebec filmmaker Pierre Falardeau. We will first see how, from a historical point of view, archival images have been recycled in traditional documentary and then how they were used or reused for political purposes in found footage experimental films. We will then discuss the use of found footage in militant or revolutionary cinema both in Latin America (Santiago Alvarez, Fernando Solanas and Octavio Getino) and France (Guy Debord, Chris Marker and Jean-Luc Godard). We will then analyse Pierre Falardeau’s reuse of images in three of his documentaries: Pea Soup, Speak White and Le temps des bouffons. We will try and see how Falardeau fits within this tradition of the found footage film and the distinctive features of this aspect of his work.