This study investigated the effects of teacher background variables on fourth grade reading achievement data collected from the 2007, 2009, 2011, and 2013 National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) using a causal-comparative research design. Teacher quality variables related to teacher credentials, instructional methods, training, and support were selected from the NAEP background questionnaire. Descriptive and inferential statistical analyses were used to examine teacher background information and fourth grade reading NAEP scaled scores using measures of central tendency, independent t-tests, analysis of variance, and Tukey’s HSD post hoc analysis. Findings suggest that certain teacher quality variables positively impact fourth grade reading achievement. Significant differences existed among fourth grade reading scaled scores for the following variables: teaching credentials [region (p < .05), traditional preparation route (p < .001), highest degree earned(p < .05), years of experience (p < .001)]; instructional methods [reading aloud by students (p < .01), questioning character motives (p < .01), student selection of reading materials (p < .001), explaining/supporting text (p < .05), identifying main theme (p < .001), time spent on reading (p < .001), primary language arts integration (p < .05)]; teacher support [instructional grade level support/technical assistance by reading specialist (p < .05) and mentoring (p < .05)]. This study expands the current literature on teacher quality by exploring the effects of teacher variables on reading achievement.

"The problem of this study is to determine whether the hobbies of the fourth and fifth grade boys of the public schools in Denton, Texas, are contributing to their social needs. It is believed that the intangible attributes of living, which can be mearsured neither by rule nor square, make for the well-rounded, happy, social, individual, whether he be adult or child. The degree to which an individual is adjusted socially ranges from the completely anti-social type to the fully-integrated type. The reasons for this gradation are numerous. They include the influence of the home, the school, and the playmates, as well as other factors in the general environment of the child. The purpose of this investigation is to discover whether the hobbies of the boys under consideration are potential and actual forces for integration and socialization."--leaf 1.

Chacune des éditions de la Critique de la raison pure contient une preuve de la réalité du monde externe : la première se trouve dans le « quatrième paralogisme » et la deuxième dans la « Réfutation de l’idéalisme ». Ce travail examine l’évolution du premier argument vers le deuxième, en rendant compte de deux critiques importantes de la première édition qui ont influencé le second travail de Kant. La deuxième partie de ce travail se concentre sur des problèmes propres à la Réfutation, où sont traités des sujets particulièrement problématiques, tel que la structure de la conscience empirique déterminée, le rôle du permanent dans l’établissement de l’objectivité, ainsi qu’un argument secondaire présenté dans les notes de bas de page du texte principal et de la préface. / Each edition of the Critique of Pure Reason contains a proof for the reality of the external world: the first is located in the “Fourth Paralogism”, the second, in the “Refutation of Idealism.” This work examines the evolution from the first argument to the second, taking into account two significant criticisms of the first edition which influenced Kant’s second attempt. The latter half of this work treats topics particular to the Refutation only, focusing again on the issues which were stumbling blocks, namely the structure of determined empirical consciousness, the role of the permanent in establishing objectivity, as well as a secondary argument found in the footnotes of the main text and preface.

Ce mémoire de maîtrise a pour objet une recherche de leptons lourds de quatrième génération avec les données prises par le détecteur ATLAS au LHC dans les collisions pp à $\sqrt{s}$ = 7 TeV et avec une luminosité intégrée de 1.02 fb$^{-1}$. Le processus étudié est la production au singulet de leptons lourds neutres de quatrième génération (N) par la voie du courant chargé suivi de la désintégration du celui-ci en un électron et un boson W : $ pp \to W \to N e \to e W e \to e e \nu_{\ell} \ell $ ($\ell$ = $e$ ou $\mu$), et dépend d'un paramètre de mélange $\xi^{2}$ avec un lepton léger. L'analyse passe par plusieurs étapes, soit l'utilisation de FeynRules pour construire le modèle pour ensuite générer des événements par MadGraph 5.1.2.4. Comme hypothèse de référence, on a choisi une masse de 100 GeV pour le lepton lourd neutre et $\xi_{Ne}^2$ = 0.19, donnant une section efficace de 0.312 pb pour une énergie au centre de masse de 7 TeV. Puisque la génération du signal s'est faite de manière privée à Montréal et non par la collaboration ATLAS, les résultats ne peuvent pas être reconnus officiellement. Sur la base de la simulation, avec des données correspondant à 1 fb$^{-1}$, la limite supérieure attendue à un niveau de confiance de $95\%$ sur la section efficace du signal est de 0.145 pb avec 0.294 pb pour un écart type($\sigma$) et 0.519 pb pour 2$\sigma$. La limite supérieure attendue à un niveau de confiance de $95\%$ sur $\xi_{Ne}^{2}$ de 0.09 pour une masse de 100 GeV. / This M.Sc. thesis describes a search for fourth generation heavy leptons using data from the ATLAS detector at LHC. The total integrated luminosity is 1.02 fb$^{-1}$ in pp collisions at $\sqrt{s}$ = 7 TeV. This analysis study the single production of fourth generation neutral heavy lepton (N) via the charged channel and where W decays leptonically : $ pp \to W \to N e \to e W e \to e e \nu_{\ell} \ell $ ($\ell$ = $e$ ou $\mu$), which depends on the mixing element between the heavy lepton and the light lepton. The model of fourth generation leptons is constructed using FeynRules while the production of events is done by MadGraph 5.1.2.4. As point of reference, we chose a mass of 100 GeV for the fourth generation neutral heavy lepton (N) with $\xi_{Ne}^{2} = 0.19$, which produce a cross section of 0.312 pb. The generation of the signal was done privately in Montreal and not by the ATLAS collaboration. Therefore the results cannot be considered official. With the simulation, the expected superior limit at $95\%$ C.L. on the cross section is 0.145 pb with 0.294 pb for $\sigma$ and 0.519 pb for 2$\sigma$. The expected superior limit at $95\%$ C.L. on $\xi_{Ne}^{2}$ is 0.09.

No figure of fourth-century Christianity seems to be at once so well known and so clouded in mystery as Hilary of Poitiers. His work as an historian provides invaluable knowledge of the mid-fourth century, and he was praised as a theologian throughout late antiquity. Today, however, discussions of his theology are founded upon less solid ground. This is largely due to methodological issues. Modern scholarship has often read Hilary through anachronistic historical and theological categories which have rendered his thought incomprehensible. Recent scholars have sought to overcome this and to reexamine Hilary within his own historical, polemical, and theological context. Much remains to be said, however, in regard to Hilary's actual theological contribution within these contextual parameters. This thesis contends that in all of Hilary's polemical and constructive argumentation in De Trinitate, which is essentially trinitarian, he is inherently and necessarily developing an anthropology. In all he says about the divine, he is saying as much about what it means to be human. This thesis therefore seeks to reenvision Hilary's overall theological project in terms of the continual, and for him necessary, anthropological corollary of trinitarian theology-to reframe it in terms of a 'trinitarian anthropology'. My contention is that the coherence of Hilary's thought depends upon his understanding of divine-human relations. I will demonstrate this through following Hilary's main lines of trinitarian argument, out of which flows his anthropological vision. These main lines of argument, namely, divine generation, divine infinity, divine unity, the divine image, and divine humanity, each unfold into a progressive picture of humanity from potentiality to perfection. This not only provides a new paradigm for understanding Hilary's own thought, but invites us to reexamine our approach to fourth-century theology entirely, as it disavows any reading of the trinitarian controversies in conceptual abstraction. Further, theological and religious anthropology are widely discussed in contemporary scholarship, and Hilary's profound exploration of divine-human relations, and what it means to be a human being as a result, has much to offer both historical and contemporary concerns.

The present master's thesis deals with an introduction of Sophia H. Chen Zen (Chen Hengzhe), the first female professor at Beijing University, who in her life and work represents the generation of May Fourth intellectuals, who were educated in traditional scholarship, but who also recieved modern western education. Western scholarship filled these intellectuals with enthusiasm and they were eagerly introducing it into China. Chen Hengzhe grew up in a traditional scholar family, and since her childhood she longed for education. This desire was fulfilled by winning one of the first Boxer Indemnity Scholarship opened for women. She spent six years on her studies in the United States, where she met some of the leaders of the New Culture Movement (merging with the May Fourth Movement) like Hu Shi, or her future husband Ren Hongjun. Chen Hengzhe is also remembered as a writer of the first baihua-written story, in the early beginning of chinese literary movement. But the main field of Chen Hengzhe was history. Using her knowledge and teaching experience, she wrote one of the first histories of the west in China. Exactly in the analysis of her historical writing lies the center of our thesis. The biggest part concerns with Chen Hengzhe's history textbook and its historical and cultural context of early...

De 1919 à 1939, les municipalités rémoises sont marquées par la domination des radicaux, alliés d'abord à la SFIO puis ensuite à la droite et largement dominées par la personnalité de Paul Marchandeau. Après 1945, la situation apparaît beaucoup plus fluctuante. De 1945 à 1959 on a affaire à des municipalités fragiles qui voient se succéder à leur tête successivement un communiste, un RPF, un radical et deux MRP. C’est là le résultat cumulé du scrutin proportionnel et de l’isolement du PCF qui fait que les majorités ne peuvent se constituer qu’entre les partis non communistes aux rivalités incessantes. Mais les municipalités, ce sont aussi des individus. Deux générations d’édiles peuvent être individualisées. Celle de l’entre-deux-guerres qui vieillit progressivement en fonctions, sans se renouveler, et celle de la Quatrième République qui connaît un renouvellement plus important et apparaît davantage en phase avec la société rémoise des années 1950. / From 1919 to 1939, the municipalities of Reims were marked by the domination of radical party allied to the SFIO and then to the right and largely dominated by the personality of Paul Marchandeau. After 1945 the situation appeared much more variable. From 1945 to 1959 we are dealing with fragile municipalities headed successively by a communist, an RPF, a radical and two members of MRP. This is the cumulative result of proportional representation and isolation of the FPC which led to the fact that majorities could be formed only between the non-communist parties in which was incessant rivalry.. But municipalities are represented by individuals. Two generations of councilors can be individualized. The one that was in office between the two world wars who remained in office without any significant change and the one of the Fourth Republic, who experienced a larger renewal and appeared to be more in line with the Reims society of the time.

De 1945 à 1966, l’évolution de l’armée de l’air française dépend en grande partie des innovations technologiques. L’objet de la présente thèse est d’expliquer comment elle a été capable, technologiquement et structurellement, de passer d’une situation où elle est jugée désuète à une situation dans laquelle elle se tient en tête du dispositif de défense nationale et se positionne comme la troisième force aérienne mondiale. Nous identifions trois périodes essentielles dans la mutation de son expertise technologique. De 1945 à 1950, elle relève plusieurs défis, à l’image de l’intensification des transferts technologiques, de l’aviation à réaction, dans le contexte naissant de la guerre froide. Pour la période 1951-1958, elle suit un cycle de modernisation accélérée malgré les guerres coloniales, sous l’impulsion de l’aide aide américaine, à l’image du développement de programmes aéronautiques et de l’utilisation de missiles. Enfin, de 1959 à 1966, l’armée de l’air s’adapte aux stratégies et aux armes nouvelles dont le nucléaire. Cette période clé aboutit à l’entrée en service du système d’armes stratégique piloté Mirage IV, dans un environnement marqué par de multiples mutations structurelles et par la sortie du commandement militaire intégré de l’OTAN. / From 1945 to 1966, the evolution of the French Air Force largely depends on technological innovations. The aim of this thesis is to analyze how it became able – both technologically and structurally – to pass from a situation in which it was considered as an old-fashioned entity to the head of the national defense system, thus establishing itself as the third Air Force power. To do so, we identify three essential periods, which illustrate its shift to develop progressively its technological expertise. From 1945 to 1950, it meets several challenges such as technological transfers and jet-powered planes in the early years of the Cold War. From 1951 until 1958, it follows a fast modernization trend in spite of the Colonial Wars, as depicted through the development of aeronautical programs and the use of missiles, in a context of American Help. From 1959 to 1966, the French Air Force then adapts to both nuclear-based weapons and strategies, such as piloted strategic armament systems Mirage IV and structural transfers taken out of the military command integrated by NATO.

Une recherche du boson de Higgs est effectuée dans le canal WW → lνlν en utilisant l’ensemble des données de 2011 à une énergie dans le centre de masse de √s = 7 TeV et une partie des données de 2012 à 8 TeV prises par l’expérience ATLAS auprès du LHC. Les luminosités intégrées correspondantes sont 4.7 fb−1 et 5.8 fb−1, respectivement. L’analyse est effectuée avec des coupures. Plusieurs méthodes sont introduites pour estimer à partir des données la contribution de bruits de fond des différents processus afin de minimiser l’utilisation de simulation. Pour la contribution du bruit de fond top dans le canal dominant avec zéro jet, elle est estimée avec une méthode que nous avons proposée. Une autre méthode pour corriger la forme de la distribution de l’énergie transverse manquante dans les événements Drell-Yan à partir des événements W +jets est également présentée. En 2011, le boson de Higgs du modèle standard avec la masse du Higgs de 133 à 261 GeV est exclue à 95% de niveau de confiance, tandis que la plage d’exclusion prévue est de 127 à 234 GeV. En 2012, un excès d’événements au-dessus du bruit de fond attendu est observé dans une plage de masse autour de 125GeV. En combinant les deux échantillons, la probabilité minimale (“p-value”) pour que l’hypothèse bruit de fond seul fournisse autant ou plus d’événements qu’observé dans les données est de 3 × 10−3, ce qui correspond à une signifiance statistique de 2,8 écarts types. Le taux de production mesuré du signal par rapport au taux prédit pour le boson de Higgs du modèle standard à mH = 125GeV est de 1,4 ± 0,5. La probabilité attendue pour un Higgs avec mH = 125GeV est de 0,01, soit de 2,3 écarts types. La limite d’exclusion d’un Higgs dans un modèle avec une quatrième génération est également présentée en utilisant une partie de l’échantillon de données 2011, la gamme de masse entre 120 GeV et 600 GeV a été exclue à 95% de niveau de confiance. Enfin, l’étude sur le temps de dérive dans le calorimètre à argon liquide du détecteur ATLAS est effectuée en utilisant tous les échantillons de données du rayonnement cosmique, du faisceau splash et de collision. Les résultats ne montrent aucune non-uniformité significative sur la largeur de l’espace cellulaire mis à part un effet de “sagging” dans les régions de transition dû au poids du calorimètre. / A Higgs search is performed in the WW → lνlν channel using the full 2011 data at a center-of-mass energy of √s = 7 TeV and part of 2012 data at 8 TeV taken by the ATLAS experiment at the LHC. The corresponding integrated luminosity values are 4.7fb−1 and 5.8fb−1, respectively. The cut based analysis is performed and several data-driven methods for background estimation are introduced. The jet veto survival probability method for top background estimation in 0-jet bin is proposed and used in the Higgs search. Another data-driven method to correct the shape of the missing transverse energy distribution in the Drell-Yan process is also presented. In 2011, the standard model Higgs boson with the Higgs mass from 133 to 261 GeV is excluded at 95% CL, while the expected exclusion range is 127 − 234 GeV. In 2012, an excess of events over expected background is observed at mH = 125GeV. Combining the both samples, the minimum observed p0 value is 3 × 10−3, corresponding to 2.8 standard deviations. The fitted signal strength at mH = 125 GeV is μ = 1.4 ± 0.5. The expected p0 for a Higgs with mH = 125 GeV is 0.01, or 2.3 standard deviations. The exclusion limit for a Higgs in a fourth generation model is shown using part of the 2011 data sample, the mass range between 120GeV and 600GeV has been excluded at 95%CL. The study on the drift time in the liquid argon calorimeter in ALTAS is performed using all special data samples from cosmic muon, beam splash and beam collision data. The results show no significant non-uniformity on the cell gap width and a sagging effect due to gravity is observed.

Neste trabalho estudamos a existência e a multiplicidade de soluções clássicas positivas para uma classe de problemas de quarta-ordem sob a condição de fronteira de Navier, relacionando o número de soluções com a topologia do domínio, mais precisamente, com sua categoria de Lusternik-Schnirelman. Introduzimos também uma noção de regiões crítica e não-crítica associadas a um de nossos problemas, a fim de garantir condições para existência de solução / In this work we study the existence and multiplicity of positive classical solutions for a class of fourth-order problems under Navier boundary condition, relating the number of solutions to the domain topology, more specifically, to its Lusternik-Schnirelman category. We also introduce the notion of critical and noncritical regions related to one of our problems, in order to ensure conditions to existence of solutions