O Princeton Ocean Model foi adaptado ao Canal de São Sebastião (CSS) para estudar as variações sazonais de sua circulação e estrutura termohalina. Três grades numéricas foram aninhadas. A de menor resolução na Plataforma Continental Sudeste (PCSE) e a de maior resolução no Canal de São Sebastião (CSS) com uma grade de resolução intermediária na região adjacente ao canal (PCI). O modelo numérico partiu de condições termohalinas médias sazonais e teve como forçantes, ventos, fluxos de calor, de sal e de radiação de ondas curtas mensais. Nessas condições médias, o modelo representou razoavelmente bem as condições típicas de primavera, verão, outono e inverno, preenchendo o fundo do CSS com a Água Central do Atlântico Sul na primavera e no verão. No outono e no inverno esta massa de água não se encontra no canal, porém, seus sinais mais fracos são obtidos no outono sendo que nesta estação são encontrados os sinais mais fortes da Água Tropical. O modelo aponta o sul do canal, no fundo, ao lado da Ilha de São Sebastião como entrada preferencial de águas mais frias e a simulação numérica da passagem de uma frente fria pela Plataforma Continental Sudeste sugere a rápida resposta das águas do canal com o recuo para o largo da Água Central do Atlântico Sul e pronto retorno assim que a frente deixa a plataforma. Ventos de nordeste na grade da PCSE são imprescindíveis para que a Água Central do Atlântico Sul penetre o Canal de São Sebastião; todos os experimentos com ventos de outras direções nesta grade ou ventos de nordeste somente nas grades média e do CSS não colocaram esta massa de água no canal. A circulação de fundo obtida no CSS é basicamente para nordeste e associada à intrusão da ACAS forçada em primeira instância pelo vento de nordeste na PCSE e em um segundo momento pela força do gradiente de pressão (com destaque para a componente baroclínica), sempre maior na entrada sul do que na entrada norte e sempre maior no verão do que no inverno. A circulação superficial é para sudoeste com relaxamento no outono, intensificando-se em direção ao verão com máximo nesta estação. / The Princeton Ocean Model was adapted to São Sebastião Channel (SSC) so as to study the seasonal changes of its circulation and thermohaline structure. Three numerical grids were nested. The coarse grid on Southeast Continental Shelf (SCS) and the fine grid on São Sebastião Channel with an intermediary grid on the region adjacent to the channel. The numerical model started from average seasonal thermohaline conditions and average monthly data forcing such as wind, heat flux, salt flux and short wave radiation flux. Within these average conditions, the numerical model simulated reasonably the typical conditions of spring, summer, autumn and winter, filling the bottom channel with South Atlantic Central Water (SACW) in spring and in summer. In autumn and in winter this mass of water is not found, nevertheless its weaker signs appear in autumn, which season one finds the stronger signs of Tropical Water (never more than 50%). The model points out the bottom south entrance of the channel, next to the São Sebastião Island (SSI) as the natural gate of colder water and the numerical simulation of a cold front through SCS suggests the quick answer of the water channel with the falling back offshore of the SACW and immediate return when the cold front is gone. Northeasterly winds on the SCS grid are essential so that the SACW enters the SSC; all the experiments with another direction winds in this grid or northeasterly winds only in the intermediate and in the fine grid failed to get in the SACW in the channel. The bottom circulation obtained in SSC is essentially to northeast and associated to the intrusion of the SACW forced in first instance by the northeasterly winds in SCS and in second instance by the pressure force (with emphasis on the baroclinic component) always bigger at the south entrance than in the north entrance and always bigger in summer than in the winter. The superficial currents are southeastward with weakening in autumn and intensification towards summer with maximum in this season.

O objetivo deste estudo foi descrever e analisar respostas agudas a diferentes frequências gestuais controladas do nado crawl em parâmetros biomecânicos, coordenativos e fisiológicos em intensidade relativa à velocidade de 95% da velocidade média de um teste de 400 m nado crawl, até a exaustão. Foram voluntários 12 nadadores do sexo masculino (idade: 23,6 ± 6,0 anos; estatura: 178,2 ± 4,5 cm; envergadura: 185,2 ± 4,9 cm; massa corporal total: 74,4 ± 8,9 kg) que treinavam, pelo menos, 12 horas por semana (melhor desempenho em 400 m nado crawl: 275,5 ± 16,2 s). Foram realizados: i) familiarização ao esnorquel, metrônomo, pacer e escala de 15 pontos de Borg; ii) determinação da velocidade média (V400) em teste máximo de 400 m (T400); iii) séries de nado contínuo a 95% da V400 em (a) Frequência gestual (FG) livre, (b) FG aumentada (110% da FG média da série de FG livre) e (c) FG reduzida (90% da FG média da série de FG livre). Foram avaliados: (i) parâmetros biomecânicos (frequência média de ciclos de braçadas - FG, distância média percorrida pelo corpo a cada ciclo de braçadas - DC, velocidade média de nado - VN; variação tridimensional intracíclica da velocidade do centro – VIV, VIVx, VIVy, VIVz, índice de coordenação - IdC, duração das fases de braçada – entrada + apoio, puxada, empurrada e recuperação; duração das fases propulsivas e não-propulsivas - FP e FNP; tempo propulsivo - Tprop) e eficiência de Froude ; e (ii) parâmetros fisiológicos (consumo de oxigênio – V̇O2, concentração sanguínea de lactato – [La], esforço percebido – EP), frequência cardíaca (FC) e amplitude (Ap), tempo de atraso (τd) e constante temporal (τ) (cinética do consumo de oxigênio) Dados foram obtidos antes, durante (momentos inicial, intermediário, final e pico) das séries de nado contínuo. Parâmetros biomecânicos de nado foram obtidos por cinemetria 3D. O V̇O2 foi mensurado respiração por respiração utilizando o ergoespirômetro K5 e esnorquel Aquatrainer (ambos Cosmed). Tempo total até a exautão, de cada série, foi também registrado. Foram utilizadas estatística descritiva e inferencial. Os princiapais achados indicaram que: i) entre as condições de FG, nadadores incrementam a VIV e a  com a FG controlada. Ao nadar com a FG aumentada, o IdC, a duração das fases de puxada e de empurrada e a FP aumentam e a constante temporal (τ) diminui. Já, ao nadar com a FG reduzida os valores do IdC, da duração da fase de recuperação e da FNP diminuem. Aumento ou redução da FG não alteram as respostas das demais variáveis fisiológicas e do tempo total até a exaustão (TTE). ii) Entre os momentos da FG livre, os nadadores aumentaram os valores da FG, da [La], do EP, da FC e do V̇O2 e diminuíram os valores da DC, da  e da VIVz. iii) Entre os momentos da FG aumentada, os nadadores diminuíram a VIV e a VIVx e aumentaram o Tprop, a [La], o EP, a FC e o V̇O2. iv Entre os momentos da FG reduzida, os nadadores diminuíram os valores do IdC, da VIV, da VIVx e da VIVz ao passo que aumentaram a , a [La], o EP, a FC e o V̇O2. Reduzir a FG, para a mesma velocidade, induz à diminuição da duração das fases não-propulsivas e à aumento da eficiência de Froude, enquanto as fases de puxada e de empurrada aumentam. A condição de FG aumentada diminuiu a constante temporal da cinética do consumo de oxigênio quando comparada às FG livre e reduzida. O controle da FG (com aumento de 10% e redução de 10%) durante o nado com velocidade controlada a 95% da V400 altera a magnitude dos parâmetros de braçada em ambas as situações. Enquanto a FG e a velocidade forem mantidas, as propriedades temporais do ciclo de braçada alteram características importantes para o desenvolvimento da técnica, da energética e consequentemente a melhora do desempenho dos nadadores. / The objective of this study was to describe and to analyze biomechanical, coordinative and physiological parameters acute responses to different control crawl frequencies in until exhaustion in intensity relative to the 95% speed of a 400 m front crawl test. Volunteered to this study 12 male swimmers (age: 23.6 ± 6.0 years; height: 178.2 ± 4.5 cm; upper arm span: 185.2 ± 4.9 cm; total body mass: 74.4 ± 8,9 kg) training at least 12 hours per week (best performance in 400 m front crawl: 275.5 ± 16.2 s). The procedures were: i) familiarization to the Borg's 15-point scale, snorkel, metronome and pacer; ii) determination of the mean velocity (V400) in a 400 m maximum front crawl test (T400); and iii) series in continuous swimming at 95% of the V400 at (a) free stroke frequency (FG); (b) increased FG (110% of the mean FG of the free FG series) and (c) reduced FG (90% of the mean FG of the free FG series. Biomechanical (mean stroke rate – FG, stroke length, swimming speed, swimming velocity tridimensional intracyclic variation - VIV, coordination index - IdC, duration of stroke phases - entry, pull, push and recovery, duration of propulsive and non-propulsive phases - FP and FNP, propulsive time - Tprop and Froude efficiency - ) as well as physiological parameters (oxygen consumption - V̇O2, lactate blood concentration - [La], perceived exertion - PE, heart rate (HR) and, regarding the oxygen uptake kinetics: amplitude - Ap, time delay (τd) and time constant - τ were obtained and assessed. Each series total time to exhaustion (TTE) was even registered. Data were obtained before, during (initial, intermediate, final and peak moments) of the continuous swimming series. Biomechanical swimming parameters were obtained by 3D cinemetry. The V̇O2 was measured breath-by-breath using the K5 ergometer and the Aquatrainer snorkel (both Cosmed). Descriptive and inferential statistics were used. The main findings indicated that: i) between the FG conditions, swimmers increase VIV and  with controlled FG. When swimming in increased FG, the IdC, the duration of the pull and push phases and the FP increase and the τ decreases. Already, when swimming in FG reduced the IdC, the duration of the recovery phase and the PNF decreased. Increasing or reducing FG does not alter the responses of the other physiological variables and the TTE. ii) Among the moments of free FG, swimmers increased the values of FG, [La], PE, HR and V̇O2 and decreased the values of DC,  and VIVz. iii) Among the moments of increased FG, swimmers decreased VIV and VIVx and increased Tprop, [La], PE, HR and V̇O2. iv) Among the moments of the reduced FG, swimmers decreased the values of IdC, VIV, VIVx and VIVz while increasing [La], EP, HR and V̇O2. Reducing FG at the same speed induces a decrease in the duration of non-propellant phases and an increase in Froude efficiency, while the pull and push phases increase. The increased FG condition decreased the τ when compared to free and reduced FG. The control of FG (10% increase and 10% reduction) during swimming at 95% V400 alters the magnitude of the stroke parameters in both situations. While FG and velocity are maintained, the temporal properties of the stroke cycle alter important characteristics for the development of the technique, energy and consequently the improvement of swimmers' performance.

Le travail présenté dans ce manuscrit a été effectué au sein de l’équipe de microélectronique de l’Institut de Recherche sur les lois Fondamentales de l’Univers (IRFU) du CEA. Il s’inscrit dans le contexte de la spectro-imagerie X et gamma pour la recherche en Astrophysique. Dans ce domaine, les futures expériences embarquées à bords de satellites nécessiteront des instruments d’imagerie à très hautes résolutions spatiales et énergétiques.La résolution spectrale d’une gamma-camera est dégradée par l’imperfection du détecteur lors de l’interaction photon-matière lui-même et par le bruit électronique. Si on ne peut réduire l’imprécision de conversion photon-charge du détecteur, on peut minimiser le bruit apporté par l’électronique de lecture. L’objectif de cette thèse est la conception d’une électronique intégrée de lecture de détecteur semi-conducteurs CdTe pixélisés pour gamma-caméra(s) compacte(s) et aboutable(s) sur 4 côtés à résolution spatiale « Fano limitée ». Les objectifs principaux de ce circuit intégré sont: un très bas bruit pour la mesure d’énergie des rayons-X, une très basse consommation, et une taille de canal de détection adaptée au pas des pixels CdTe. Pour concevoir une telle électronique, chaque paramètre contribuant au bruit doit être optimisé. L’hybridation entre l’électronique de lecture et le détecteur est également un paramètre clef qui fait généralement la résolution finale de l’instrument : en imposant une géométrie matricielle à l’ASIC adaptée au pas de 300 µm des pixels de CdTe, on peut espérer, réduire d’un facteur 10 la capacité parasite amenée par la connexion détecteur-électronique et améliorer d’autant le bruit électronique tout en conservant une densité de puissance constante. Une bonne connaissance des propriétés du détecteur nous permet alors d’extraire ses paramètres électroniques clefs pour concevoir l’architecture électronique de conversion et de filtrage optimale. Dans le cadre de cette thèse j’ai conçu deux circuits intégrés en technologies CMOS XFAB 0.18 µm. Le premier, Caterpylar, est destiné à caractériser cette nouvelle technologie, y compris en radiation, identifier un étage d’entrée pour le pixel adapté au détecteur, et valider par la mesure les résultats théoriques établis sur deux architectures de filtrage, semi gaussien et « Multi-Correlated Double Sampling » (MCDS), approchant l’efficacité du filtrage optimal et adaptées aux applications finales. Le deuxième circuit, D2R1, est un système complet, constitué de 256 canaux de lecture de détecteur CdTe, organisés dans une matrice de 16×16 pixels. Chaque canal comprend un préamplificateur de charge adapté à des pixels de 300 μm×300 μm, un opérateur de filtrage de type MCDS de profondeur programmable, d’un discriminateur auto-déclenché à bas seuil de détection programmable par canal. L’ASIC a été caractérisé sans détecteur et est en voie d’être hybridé à une matrice de CdTe très prochainement. Les résultats de caractérisations de la puce nue, en particulier en terme de produit puissance × bruit, sont excellents. La consommation de la puce est de 315 µW/ canal, la charge équivalente de bruit mesurée sur tous les canaux est de 29 électrons rms. Ces résultats valident le choix d’intégration d’un filtrage de type MCDS, qui est, à notre connaissance une première mondiale pour la lecture de détecteurs CdTe. Par ailleurs, ils nous permettent d’envisager d’excellentes résolutions spectrales de l’ensemble détecteur+ASIC, de l’ordre de 600 eV FWHM à 60 keV. / The work presented in this thesis is part of a project where a new instrument is developed: a camera for hard X-rays imaging spectroscopy. It is dedicated to fundamental research for observations in astrophysics, at wavelengths which can only be observed using space-borne instruments. In this domain the spectroscopic accuracy as well as the imaging details are of high importance. This work has been realized at CEA/IRFU (Institut de Recherche sur les lois Fondamentales de l’Univers), which has a long-standing and successful experience in instruments for high energy physics and space physics instrumentation. The objective of this thesis is the design of the readout electronics for a pixelated CdTe detector, suitable for a stacked assembly. The principal parameters of this integrated circuit are a very low noise for reaching a good accuracy in X-ray energy measurement, very low power consumption, a critical parameter in space-borne applications, and a small dead area for the full system combining the detector and the readout electronics. In this work I have studied the limits of these three parameters in order to optimize the circuit.In terms of the spectral resolution, two categories of noise had to be distinguished to determine the final performance. The first is the Fano noise limit. related to detector interaction statistics, which cannot be eliminated. The second is the electronic noise, also unavoidable; however it can be minimized through optimization of the detection chain. Within the detector, establishing a small pixel pitch of 300 μm reduces the input capacitance and the dark current. This limits the effects of the electronic noise. Also in order to limit the input capacitance the future camera is designed as a stacked assembly of the detector with the readout ASIC. This allows to reach extremely good input parameters seen by the readout electronics: a capacitance in range of 0.3 pF - 1 pF and a dark current below 5 pA.In the frame of this thesis I have designed two ASICs. The first one, Caterpylar, is a testchip, which enables the characterization of differently dimensioned CSA circuits to choose the most suitable one for the final application. It is optimized for readout of the target CdTe detector with 300 μm pixel pitch and the corresponding input parameters. With this circuit I have also analyzed possible filtering methods, in particular the semi-Gaussian shaping and the Multi-Correlated Double Sampling (MCDS). Their comparison is preceded by the theoretical analysis of these shapers. The second ASIC D2R1 is a complete readout circuit, containing 256 channels to readout CdTe detector with the same number of pixels, arranged in 16×16 array. Each channel fits into a layout area of 300 μm × 300 μm. It is based on the MCDS processing with self-triggering capabilities. The mean electronic noise measured over all channels is 29 electrons rms when characterized without the detector. The corresponding power consumption is 315 μW⁄channel. With these results the future measurements with the detector give prospects for reaching an FWHM spectral resolution in the order of 600 eV at 60 keV.

The aim of this Master’s thesis is to examine how librarians in two Swedish public libraries view the subject of face-front marketing and literary hierarchy. The questions posed in this thesis are: How do two public libraries in Sweden market fictional literature? Which literature does get marketed? How do the librarians view fictional literature? How do the librarians view marketing? and Does Herbert Gans’ literary scale work to examine the marketing of fictional literature in two Swedish public libraries? The theoretical starting-points are Niels Ole Pors’ thoughts on stock development, Philip Kotler’s thoughts on the responsible non-profit organisation and Herbert Gans’ thoughts on taste-publics and taste-cultures. The empirical material was gathered through qualitative interviews with library staff in two public libraries in the south of Sweden, and by reading a sample of the fictional literature exposed in these libraries. This material was then analyzed using the theories listed above. Results showed that librarians in public libraries in similar sized communities have very different ideas on which literature that should be marketed through face-front marketing, but they use the same argument as to why they choose to expose a certain kind of literature.

The focus of this master thesis is the library politics of the French Right wing party the National Front and the debate that followed the application of this politics. This qualitative study is divided into two parts where the critics to this politics represents one side and the adherents the other. The critics are composed by representatives from the French, Swedish and – to some extent – international library sector, while the adherent side is made up of politicians from the National Front and their adherents. The empiric material mostly consists of articles published in library, Right wing and daily press. The aim is to investigate to what extent the ideas proposed by opponents and adherents correspond to basic ideological elements of deliberative democracy respectively populism. The documents have been interpreted with an ideology analysis formulated by Herbert Tingsten and developed by Sven-Erik Liedman. In the analysis the results are also associated with the history and the role of the public library as well as the cultural politics of the National Front. The result of this study discloses that the ideas of the critics as well as those of the adherents correspond to a large extent to respective ideology, thou certain aspects contradict them. The opinions of the critic side are also shown to be closely related to those presented in documents concerning the role of the public library. Seen in a broader context, the library politics of the National Front could be considered as part of a cultural strategy. / Uppsatsnivå: D

ALICE is one of four major experiments of particle accelerator LHC installed in the European laboratory CERN. The management committee of the LHC accelerator has just approved a program update for this experiment. Among the upgrades planned for the coming years of the ALICE experiment is to improve the resolution and tracking efficiency maintaining the excellent particles identification ability, and to increase the read-out event rate to 100 KHz. In order to achieve this, it is necessary to update the Time Projection Chamber detector (TPC) and Muon tracking (MCH) detector modifying the read-out electronics, which is not suitable for this migration. To overcome this limitation the design, fabrication and experimental test of new ASIC named SAMPA has been proposed . This ASIC will support both positive and negative polarities, with 32 channels per chip and continuous data readout with smaller power consumption than the previous versions. This work aims to design, fabrication and experimental test of a readout front-end in 130nm CMOS technology with configurable polarity (positive/negative), peaking time and sensitivity. The new SAMPA ASIC can be used in both chambers (TPC and MCH). The proposed front-end is composed of a Charge Sensitive Amplifier (CSA) and a Semi-Gaussian shaper. In order to obtain an ASIC integrating 32 channels per chip, the design of the proposed front-end requires small area and low power consumption, but at the same time requires low noise. In this sense, a new Noise and PSRR (Power Supply Rejection Ratio) improvement technique for the CSA design without power and area impact is proposed in this work. The analysis and equations of the proposed circuit are presented which were verified by electrical simulations and experimental test of a produced chip with 5 channels of the designed front-end. The measured equivalent noise charge was <550e for 30mV/fC of sensitivity at a input capacitance of 18.5pF. The total core area of the front-end was 2300?m × 150?m, and the measured total power consumption was 9.1mW per channel. / ALICE é um dos quatro grandes experimentos do acelerador de partículas LHC (Large Hadron Collider) instalado no laboratório europeu CERN. Um programa de atualizações desse experimento acaba de ser aprovado pelo comitê gestor do acelerador LHC. Dentro das atualizações planejadas para os próximos anos do experimento ALICE, está melhorar a resolução e eficiência de rastreamento de partículas produzidas em colisões entre íons pesados, mantendo a excelente capacidade de identificação de partículas para uma taxa de leitura de eventos significativamente maior da atual. Para se alcançar esse objetivo, entre outras ações, é preciso atualizar os detectores Time Projection Chamber (TPC), modificando a eletrônica de leitura de eventos, a qual não é adequada para esta migração. Para superar esta limitação tem sido proposto o projeto, simulação, fabricação, teste experimental e validação de um ASIC protótipo de aquisição de sinais e de processamento digital chamado SAMPA, que possa ser usado na eletrônica de detecção dos sinais no cátodo do TPC, que suporte polaridades negativas de tensão de entrada e leitura continua de dados, com 32 canais por chip, com menor consumo de potência comparado com a versão anterior do chip. Este trabalho tem como objetivo o projeto, fabricação, e teste experimental de um readout front-end em tecnologia CMOS 130nm, com polaridade configurable (positiva/ negativa), peaking time e sensibilidade, de forma que o novo SAMPA ASIC possa ser usada em ambos detectores. Para obter um ASIC integrando 32 canais por chip, o projeto do front-end proposto precisa ter baixa área e baixo consumo de potência, mas ao mesmo tempo requer baixo ruido. Neste sentido, uma nova técnica para melhorar a especificação de ruido e o PSRR (Power Supply Rejection Ratio) sem impacto no consumo de área e potência é proposta neste trabalho. A análise e as equações do circuito proposto são apresentadas as quais foram validadas por simulação e teste experimental de um circuito integrado com 5 canais do front-end projetado. O Equivalent Noise Charge medido foi <550e para uma capacitance do detector de 18.5pF. A área total do front-end foi de 2300?m × 150?m, e o consumo total de potencia medido foi de 9.1mW por canal.

O objetivo deste estudo é compreender as principais características da militância política contra a ditadura civil-militar no Brasil realizada por brasileiros exilados em Argel entre 1965 e 1979. O trabalho almeja mostrar que Argel transformou-se em local estratégico para a composição de redes transnacionais de oposição à ditadura, pois os brasileiros que se exilaram na capital argelina mantinham contatos com lideranças de esquerda na Europa, com integrantes de movimentos em prol da independência africana e com instituições de defesa dos direitos humanos. Sob liderança do ex-governador de Pernambuco, Miguel Arraes, um grupo de exilados criou a Frente Brasileira de Informação, que interligou exilados brasileiros em países europeus e americanos para divulgar boletins com denúncias sobre a desigualdade social, a censura e a tortura na ditadura brasileira. Argel também foi inclusa na rota de exilados que queriam chegar à Europa, especialmente em Paris, onde estava a maior quantidade de exilados brasileiros, e Cuba, onde se realizavam treinamentos para a luta armada dos integrantes das organizações de esquerda como ALN (Ação Libertadora Nacional), MR-8 (Movimento Revolucionário Oito de outubro) e VPR (Vanguarda Popular Revolucionária). Toda a movimentação dos exilados na Argélia foi acompanhada atentamente pelos departamentos de investigação da ditadura e por meio da colaboração entre agentes diplomáticos brasileiros, franceses e norte-americanos. As investigações sobre as ações dos exilados na Argélia visavam principalmente à contenção das críticas promovidas em âmbito internacional por membros da Frente Brasileira de Informação e reprimir a organização de guerrilhas com possível participação dos quarenta banidos para Argel após o sequestro do embaixador alemão, Ehrenfried Von Holleben. / The objective of this study is to understand the main characteristics of political activism against the civilian-military dictatorship in Brazil carried out by Brazilian exiles in Algiers between 1965 and 1979. The research aims to show that Algiers has become a strategic location for the composition of transnational networks of opposition to the dictatorship, because the Brazilians who were exiled in the Algerian capital maintained contacts with left-wing leaders in Europe, with movements of members in favor of African independence and human rights institutions. Under the leadership of former governor of Pernambuco, Miguel Arraes, a group of exiles created the Brazilian Information Front, which interconnected Brazilian exiles in European and American countries to disseminate bulletins with reports on social inequality, censorship and torture in Brazilian dictatorship. Algiers was also included in the route of exiles who wanted to reach Europe, especially Paris, where there was the largest amount of Brazilian exiles, and Cuba, where happened training for armed struggle of members of leftist organizations as ALN (National Liberation Alliance), MR-8 (Revolutionary Movement Eight October) and VPR (Popular Revolutionary Vanguard). The whole movement of exiles in Algeria was carefully monitored by the research departments of the dictatorship and through collaboration between Brazilian diplomatic agents, French and American. Investigations into the actions of the exiles in Algeria aimed mainly at curbing criticism promoted internationally by members of the Brazilian Information Front and repress the organization of guerrillas with a possible participation of forty banished to Algiers after the kidnapping of the German ambassador, Ehrenfried von Holleben.

A critical issue that faces the Saudi Arabia Oil and Gas Sector (OGS)'s projects is the high level of uncertainty in the successful delivery of those projects. That high level of uncertainty makes it vital to monitor and control project performance for limiting financial losses, avoiding cost overruns, and improving predictability. One of the fundamental tools that sets the framework for project performance is the project Scope of Work (SOW). Having an effective project SOW at the front end the project is challenging for project practitioners and is an issue that needs to be addressed; as its development process and output can significantly affect the later stages of the project life cycle. The aim of this study was to develop a clearer understanding of the project SOW role in a project development and to make practical recommendations for its improvement by investigating project team members' perceptions of the SOW development process in two Saudi Arabian Oil and Gas companies. This research adopts a qualitative approach, a case study strategy and focus group discussions to collect primary data. The results suggested that the project SOW development process is the foundation for another twelve key project management processes that need to be considered in order to successfully complete a project On Scope, On Time, On Cost and On Strategy. To be considered effective, the project SOW should have the following four characteristics of: formality, usefulness, effective content elements and effective language quality. In addition, the project SOW should support effective decision making, risk management, project planning and project monitoring and control. The results show that the project SOW in Saudi Arabia OGS is developed in several phases as part of Front-End Loading (FEL) development and final project SOW is developed and approved at the end of the 2nd phase of FEL (FEL-2). It was found that there are eleven key enablers, such as clear vision, targets, and objectives; effective stakeholders' engagement; and effective assurance review process, for producing an effective project SOW. While eleven key barriers for producing an effective SOW were identified such as: absence of reward system; insufficient training programs; and insufficient budget. Therefore, enhancing the key enablers and overcoming the barriers may facilitated improvements in the project SOW development process. This study recommends that companies need to pay closer attention to the design of the temporary organisation and accordingly set their strategy, structure, process, rewards and people. The researcher details some implications, acknowledges some limitations and provides recommendations for future research in this area.

Resumo: Para determinar como se inicia a convecção na região sudoeste da Amazônia, foram analisados dados do TRMM/LBA (Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission / Large-scale Biosphere Atmosphere). A base para determinar onde e quando a convecção iniciou foi o radar banda-S, com polarização dual (S-Pol), do National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR). Utilizaram-se, adicionalmente, dados do canal visível do satélite GOES-8 para identificar piscinas frias produzidas pela precipitação convectiva. Essas informações, em conjunto com dados topográficos de alta resolução, foram utilizadas na determinação dos mecanismos possíveis de disparos da convecção. A elevação do terreno na área de estudo varia de 100 a 600m. Este estudo apresenta os resultados de 5 de fevereiro de 1999. Um total de 315 tempestades iniciou-se dentro do raio de 130km do radar S-Pol. Nesse dia, classificado como de fraco regime de monção, a convecção desenvolveu-se em resposta ao ciclo diurno do aquecimento solar. Cúmulos rasos espalhados durante a manhã desenvolveram-se em convecção profunda no início da tarde. As tempestades tiveram início após as 11h, com um pico de iniciação entre 15 e 16h. As causas de início de tempestades foram classificadas em 4 categorias. O modo mais comum de iniciação foi o levantamento forçado por frente de rajada (36%). A categoria, que inclui forçantes topográficas (>300m), sem a influência de nenhum outro mecanismo, é responsável por 21% das iniciações e a colisão de frentes de rajada por 16%. Nos 27% restantes, não foi possível a identificação de nenhum mecanismo. O exame de todos os dias do experimento TRMM/LBA mostrou que o dia estudado em detalhe foi representativo de muitos outros dias. Um modelo conceitual para o início e a evolução de tempestades é apresentado. Esses resultados, que devem ter implicações para outros... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract : Radar and satellite data from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission / Large-scale Biosphere Atmosphere (TRMM/LBA) project have been examined to determine causes for convective storm initiation in the southwest Amazon region. The locations and times of storm initiation were based on the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) S-band dual-polarization Doppler radar (S-Pol). Both the radar and GOES-8 visible data were used to identify cold pools produced by convective precipitation. This data along with high-resolution topographic data were used to determine possible convective storm triggering mechanisms. The terrain elevation varied from 100 - 600 m. Tropical forests cover the area with numerous clear cut areas used for cattle grazing and farming. This study presents the results from 5 February 1999. A total of 315 storms initiated within 130 km of the S-Pol radar. This day was classified as a weak monsoon regime where convection developed in response to the diurnal cycle of solar heating. Scattered shallow cumulus during the morning developed into deep convection by early afternoon. Storm initiation began about 1100 LST and peaked around 1500-1600 LST. The causes of storm initiation were classified into 4 categories. The most common initiation mechanism was caused by forced lifting by a gust front (36%). Forcing by terrain (>300 m) without any other triggering mechanism accounted for 21% of the initiations and colliding gust fronts 16%. For the remaining 27% a triggering mechanism was not identified. Examination of all days during TRMM/LBA showed that this one detailed study day was representative of many days. A conceptual model of storm initiation and evolution is presented. The results of this study should have implications for other locations when synoptic scale forcing mechanisms are at a minimum... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Orientador: João Francisco Escobedo / Coorientador: Maria Assunção Faus da Silva Dias / Banca: Nelson de Jesus Ferreira / Banca: Roberto Vicente Calheiros / Banca: Oswaldo Massambani / Banca: Jonas Teixeira Nery / Doutor

O objetivo deste estudo é compreender as principais características da militância política contra a ditadura civil-militar no Brasil realizada por brasileiros exilados em Argel entre 1965 e 1979. O trabalho almeja mostrar que Argel transformou-se em local estratégico para a composição de redes transnacionais de oposição à ditadura, pois os brasileiros que se exilaram na capital argelina mantinham contatos com lideranças de esquerda na Europa, com integrantes de movimentos em prol da independência africana e com instituições de defesa dos direitos humanos. Sob liderança do ex-governador de Pernambuco, Miguel Arraes, um grupo de exilados criou a Frente Brasileira de Informação, que interligou exilados brasileiros em países europeus e americanos para divulgar boletins com denúncias sobre a desigualdade social, a censura e a tortura na ditadura brasileira. Argel também foi inclusa na rota de exilados que queriam chegar à Europa, especialmente em Paris, onde estava a maior quantidade de exilados brasileiros, e Cuba, onde se realizavam treinamentos para a luta armada dos integrantes das organizações de esquerda como ALN (Ação Libertadora Nacional), MR-8 (Movimento Revolucionário Oito de outubro) e VPR (Vanguarda Popular Revolucionária). Toda a movimentação dos exilados na Argélia foi acompanhada atentamente pelos departamentos de investigação da ditadura e por meio da colaboração entre agentes diplomáticos brasileiros, franceses e norte-americanos. As investigações sobre as ações dos exilados na Argélia visavam principalmente à contenção das críticas promovidas em âmbito internacional por membros da Frente Brasileira de Informação e reprimir a organização de guerrilhas com possível participação dos quarenta banidos para Argel após o sequestro do embaixador alemão, Ehrenfried Von Holleben. / The objective of this study is to understand the main characteristics of political activism against the civilian-military dictatorship in Brazil carried out by Brazilian exiles in Algiers between 1965 and 1979. The research aims to show that Algiers has become a strategic location for the composition of transnational networks of opposition to the dictatorship, because the Brazilians who were exiled in the Algerian capital maintained contacts with left-wing leaders in Europe, with movements of members in favor of African independence and human rights institutions. Under the leadership of former governor of Pernambuco, Miguel Arraes, a group of exiles created the Brazilian Information Front, which interconnected Brazilian exiles in European and American countries to disseminate bulletins with reports on social inequality, censorship and torture in Brazilian dictatorship. Algiers was also included in the route of exiles who wanted to reach Europe, especially Paris, where there was the largest amount of Brazilian exiles, and Cuba, where happened training for armed struggle of members of leftist organizations as ALN (National Liberation Alliance), MR-8 (Revolutionary Movement Eight October) and VPR (Popular Revolutionary Vanguard). The whole movement of exiles in Algeria was carefully monitored by the research departments of the dictatorship and through collaboration between Brazilian diplomatic agents, French and American. Investigations into the actions of the exiles in Algeria aimed mainly at curbing criticism promoted internationally by members of the Brazilian Information Front and repress the organization of guerrillas with a possible participation of forty banished to Algiers after the kidnapping of the German ambassador, Ehrenfried von Holleben.