Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:26:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-12-17Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:14:35Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 jorge_yc_me_sjrp.pdf: 4700733 bytes, checksum: 1fa001424eaf0ffba4a8cdeb55c5fce5 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / No presente estudo foram investigados os níveis de expressão gênica e protéica da anexina-1 (ANXA1/AnxA1) e galectina-1 (LGALS1/Gal-1) na carcinogênese do estômago e associações com infecção pela Helicobacter pylori e o genótipo de virulência bacteriano cagA+. A análise foi realizada em 40 biópsias de mucosa gástrica com gastrite crônica (CG), 20 de câncer gástrico (GA) e 10 de mucosa normal (C), pelas técnicas de qPCR para quantificar os níveis de RNAm; imuno-histoquímica para caracterizar a expressão protéica na mucosa gástrica, e PCR para diagnóstico molecular da H. pylori e cepa cagA+. O estudo mostrou resultados inéditos quanto à expressão desses genes em gastrite crônica, ainda sem descrições na literatura. Foi demonstrada expressão relativa elevada do mRNA de ANXA1 em 80% dos casos de GA (média de 4,38 + 4,77) e em 90% dos casos de CG (média de 4,26 + 2,03), sem diferença significante entre os grupos (p = 0,33). O gene LGALS1 apresentou expressão elevada em 60% dos casos GA (média de 2,44 + 3,26) e, expressão constitutiva na CG (média de 0,43 + 3,13), mostrando, portanto, diferença significante entre os grupos (p < 0,01). A imuno-histoquímica revelou que as proteínas AnxA1 e Gal-1 não são expressas na mucosa normal. Ao contrário, durante o processo inflamatório de CG, imunomarcação citoplasmática positiva para a AnxA1 foi observada na porção basal do epitélio e estroma e, para Gal-1 a expressão foi constatada na porção apical e borda estriada do epitélio além do estroma. No adenocarcinoma tipo intestinal foi observada expressão citoplasmática em toda extensão epitelial e estroma tanto para a AnxA1 quanto para a Gal-1. Por outro lado, no tipo difuso imunomarcação positiva também foi observada no núcleo e membrana plasmática... / In this study we investigated the levels of gene and protein expression of annexin-1 (ANXA1/Anxa1) and galectin-1 (LGALS1/Gal-1) in gastric carcinogenesis and associations with Helicobacter pylori infection and bacterial virulence genotype cagA+. The analysis was performed in 40 biopsies of gastric mucosa with chronic gastritis (CG), 20 with gastric cancer (GA) and 10 of normal mucosa (C), by the techniques of qPCR to quantify mRNA levels, immunohistochemistry to characterize the protein expression in gastric mucosa, and PCR for molecular diagnosis of H. pylori cagA+ strains. This is the first study regarding the expression of these genes in chronic gastritis. High ANXA1expression levels were demonstrated in 80% of GA cases (mean 4.38 + 4.77) and in 90% of GC cases (mean 4.26 + 2.03), with no significant difference between groups (p = 0.33). High LGALS1 gene expression was found in 60% of GA cases (average 2.44 + 3.26), and constitutive expression was found in CG (mean 0.43 + 3.13), showing therefore a significant difference between groups (p <0.01). Immunohistochemistry revealed that the proteins AnxA1 and Gal-1 are not expressed in normal mucosa. In contrast, during the inflammatory process of CG, positive cytoplasmic immunostaining for AnxA1 was observed in the basal epithelium and stroma, and Gal-1 expression was detected in the apical portion and striated border of the epithelium and stroma. In intestinal-type adenocarcinoma was observed cytoplasmic expression in all epithelial and stromal extension for both AnxA1 and Gal-1. On the other hand, in diffuse-type adenocarcinoma positive immunostaining was also observed in the nucleus and plasma membrane of both proteins. Infection by H. pylori showed no association with the expression of both genes, but the genotype cagA+ is associated with about 2.5 times... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Orientador: Ana Elizabete Silva / Banca: Kátia Ramos Moreira Leite / Banca: Cristiane Damas Gil / Resumo: No presente estudo foram investigados os níveis de expressão gênica e protéica da anexina-1 (ANXA1/AnxA1) e galectina-1 (LGALS1/Gal-1) na carcinogênese do estômago e associações com infecção pela Helicobacter pylori e o genótipo de virulência bacteriano cagA+. A análise foi realizada em 40 biópsias de mucosa gástrica com gastrite crônica (CG), 20 de câncer gástrico (GA) e 10 de mucosa normal (C), pelas técnicas de qPCR para quantificar os níveis de RNAm; imuno-histoquímica para caracterizar a expressão protéica na mucosa gástrica, e PCR para diagnóstico molecular da H. pylori e cepa cagA+. O estudo mostrou resultados inéditos quanto à expressão desses genes em gastrite crônica, ainda sem descrições na literatura. Foi demonstrada expressão relativa elevada do mRNA de ANXA1 em 80% dos casos de GA (média de 4,38 + 4,77) e em 90% dos casos de CG (média de 4,26 + 2,03), sem diferença significante entre os grupos (p = 0,33). O gene LGALS1 apresentou expressão elevada em 60% dos casos GA (média de 2,44 + 3,26) e, expressão constitutiva na CG (média de 0,43 + 3,13), mostrando, portanto, diferença significante entre os grupos (p < 0,01). A imuno-histoquímica revelou que as proteínas AnxA1 e Gal-1 não são expressas na mucosa normal. Ao contrário, durante o processo inflamatório de CG, imunomarcação citoplasmática positiva para a AnxA1 foi observada na porção basal do epitélio e estroma e, para Gal-1 a expressão foi constatada na porção apical e borda estriada do epitélio além do estroma. No adenocarcinoma tipo intestinal foi observada expressão citoplasmática em toda extensão epitelial e estroma tanto para a AnxA1 quanto para a Gal-1. Por outro lado, no tipo difuso imunomarcação positiva também foi observada no núcleo e membrana plasmática... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: In this study we investigated the levels of gene and protein expression of annexin-1 (ANXA1/Anxa1) and galectin-1 (LGALS1/Gal-1) in gastric carcinogenesis and associations with Helicobacter pylori infection and bacterial virulence genotype cagA+. The analysis was performed in 40 biopsies of gastric mucosa with chronic gastritis (CG), 20 with gastric cancer (GA) and 10 of normal mucosa (C), by the techniques of qPCR to quantify mRNA levels, immunohistochemistry to characterize the protein expression in gastric mucosa, and PCR for molecular diagnosis of H. pylori cagA+ strains. This is the first study regarding the expression of these genes in chronic gastritis. High ANXA1expression levels were demonstrated in 80% of GA cases (mean 4.38 + 4.77) and in 90% of GC cases (mean 4.26 + 2.03), with no significant difference between groups (p = 0.33). High LGALS1 gene expression was found in 60% of GA cases (average 2.44 + 3.26), and constitutive expression was found in CG (mean 0.43 + 3.13), showing therefore a significant difference between groups (p <0.01). Immunohistochemistry revealed that the proteins AnxA1 and Gal-1 are not expressed in normal mucosa. In contrast, during the inflammatory process of CG, positive cytoplasmic immunostaining for AnxA1 was observed in the basal epithelium and stroma, and Gal-1 expression was detected in the apical portion and striated border of the epithelium and stroma. In intestinal-type adenocarcinoma was observed cytoplasmic expression in all epithelial and stromal extension for both AnxA1 and Gal-1. On the other hand, in diffuse-type adenocarcinoma positive immunostaining was also observed in the nucleus and plasma membrane of both proteins. Infection by H. pylori showed no association with the expression of both genes, but the genotype cagA+ is associated with about 2.5 times... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / O Aspergillus fumigatus é o principal agente etiológico da aspergilose invasiva, uma infecção fúngica oportunista que acomete, principalmente, pacientes de Unidades Hematológicas, como aqueles com neutropenia profunda e prolongada. Após a filamentação este fungo angioinvasivo é capaz de ativar e causar danos em células endoteliais de veia umbilical humana (HUVEC) que passam a expressar um fenótipo pró-trombótico. A ativação destas células, dependente de contato célulacélula, é mediada por TNF-&#945; e caracterizada pela expressão de moléculas próinflamatórias, como citocinas, quimiocinas e moléculas de adesão. Recentemente, nosso grupo comparou a ativação endotelial de HUVECs desafiadas com cepas selvagens e uma cepa mutante para o gene UGM1. Nestes experimentos a cepa mutante &#916;ugm1, que apresenta um fenótipo de maior produção de galactosaminogalactana (GAG) na parede celular, mostrou um fenótipo hiperadesivo e uma capacidade maior de ativar células endoteliais. Entretanto, os receptores e as vias de sinalização envolvidos nesta ativação permanecem desconhecidos. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar as proteínas envolvidas nestes processos através do estudo das proteínas diferencialmente expressas nas HUVECs após a interação com A. fumigatus, usando a técnica proteômica 2D-DIGE. Brevemente, as HUVECs foram infectadas com tubos germinativos da cepa selvagem (AF293) e da cepa &#916;ugm1 de A. fumigatus. Em seguida, as proteínas foram marcadas com diferentes fluorocromos e separadas por eletroforese bidimensional. A análise quantitativa foi realizada utilizando o software DeCyder. Foram identificadas por MS/MS cinco proteínas diferencialmente expressas, incluindo a galectina-1 e a anexina A2, ambas mais expressas após a interação, sendo a primeira ~25% mais expressa após a interação com a mutante &#916;ugm1. Este trabalho propõe que a galectina-1 poderia ser o receptor endotelial para polímeros de galactose presentes na parede celular do A. fumigatus, e que a Anexina A2 poderia estar envolvida na sinalização intracelular em resposta a este patógeno. No entanto, experimentos complementares, em curso, são necessários para comprovar esta hipótese. / Aspergillus fumigatus is the main etiological agent of invasive aspergillosis, the main opportunistic fungal infection of Hematologial Unitys patients, especially those with long-term neutropenia. Upon filamentation, this angioinvasive fungus can activate and damage the human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC), which in response switch to a pro-thrombotic phenotype. HUVEC activation is mediated by TNF-&#945; once cell-cell contact occurs. This activation is characterized by the expression of pro-inflammatory molecules such cytokines, chemokines and adhesion molecules. Recently, our group performed the comparison of HUVEC activation upon interaction with a wild type and the UGM1 mutant strains of A. fumigatus. The &#916;ugm1 strain, which presents an increased production of the cell wall galactosaminogalactan, showed a hyper adherent phenotype and an increased capability to cause endothelial cell stimulation and activation, when compared with the wild type strain. The receptors involved in the pathogen-host interaction or the signaling pathways after endothelial activation by A. fumigatus remain unknown. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate the differentially expressed proteins in HUVECs upon interaction with A. fumigatus, using the 2D-DIGE proteomic approach. Briefly, HUVECs were challenged with germlings of A. fumigatus wild type Af293 and &#916;ugm1 strains and then submitted to protein extraction. The total HUVEC protein extracts were labeled with different CyDyes and fractionated by 2D electrophoresis. Quantitative analysis to determine the differences in protein abundance amongst interacted cells vs. control endothelial cells was performed using the software DeCyder. Five differentially expressed proteins were identified by MS/MS including galectin-1 and annexin A2, both overexpressed after the interaction. These two proteins are described elsewhere to be associated with host-pathogen interaction. Besides, galectin-1 showed an ~25% increase after interaction with the &#916;ugm1 strain and it is plausible that this particular protein could be a putative receptor for galactose-containing polymers of the A. fumigatus cell wall and annexin A2 could be involved in signalizing pathways upon interaction. However, other experimental evidences, under development, are necessary to confirm this hypothesis.

A galectina-1 (LGALS1) participa em diferentes etapas da neoplasia, mas sua função na leucemia mielóide crônica (LMC) é desconhecida. Neste trabalho, a expressão etópica de BCR-ABL selvagem, mas não de BCR-ABL quinase deficiente, em linhagens celulares hematopoéticas, resultou em aumento de LGALS1. O efeito foi revertido com a inibição da tirosina quinase pelo mesilato de imatinibe. Este resultado indicou que a galectina-1 é modulada pela atividade tirosina-quinase de BCR-ABL. Em pacientes com LMC, a maior expressão de LGALS1 foi correlacionada a altos níveis de BCR-ABL, progressão da doença e a um tempo de sobrevida menor. Adicionalmente, as células K562 com LGALS1 inibida por RNA de interferência exibiram crescimento mais lento do que as células K562 com LGALS1 intacta, em camundongos nude. Portanto, o pior prognóstico de pacientes com altos níveis de galectina-1 sugere um efeito cooperativo de galectina-1 na tumorigênese de BCR-ABL reforçando o conceito de que a galectina-1 é um forte candidato para intervenção terapêutica na LMC. / Galectin-1 (LGALS1) participates in different steps of neoplasia but its role in chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is unknown. In this work, ectopic expression of wild-type but not kinase-deficient BCR-ABL in different hematopoietic cells resulted in LGALS1 upregulation. Tyrosine-kinase inhibition by imatinib mesylate reversed this effect. This result indicate that galectin-1 is modulated by tyrosine kinase activity. In CML patients, the elevated expression of LGALS1 was correlated with high BCR-ABL levels, disease progression and shorter survival time. Additionally, in nude mice, LGALS1-deficient K562 cells obtained by RNA interference were less efficient in tumor formation than control K562 cells. Therefore, the worst prognosis in patients bearing high LGALS1 levels suggests a cooperative role for galectin-1 in BCR-ABL-positive leukemia and support the concept that galectin-1 is a strong candidate for CML therapeutic intervention.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Giant axonal neuropathy (GAN) is a rare genetic disease that causes progressive damage to the nervous system. Neurons in GAN patients develop an abnormal organization of cytoskeletal proteins called intermediate filaments (IFs), which normally provide strength and support for the overall cell structure. The irregular IF structure in GAN patient neurons leads to a progressive loss of motor skills in children and subsequent death in adolescence. GAN is caused by reduced levels of the gigaxonin (Giga) protein. Giga functions to control the degradation of other cellular proteins, and the loss of Giga in GAN cells results in significantly elevated levels of the galectin-1 (Gal-1) protein. Gal-1 stabilizes the active form of the Ras signaling protein, which functions as a molecular switch to regulate the phosphorylation and subsequent organization of IFs. The connection between these pathways led us to propose that Giga regulates IF phosphorylation and structure by modulating Ras signaling through the degradation of Gal-1. Using GAN patient cells, we demonstrated that restoring Giga reduced Gal-1 protein levels, decreased IF phosphorylation, and reestablished normal IF organization. Similar effects of reduced IF phosphorylation and improved IF structure were also obtained in GAN cells by directly decreasing the protein levels of either Gal-1, or downstream Ras signaling proteins. Taken together, these results demonstrate that the loss of Giga induces Gal-1 mediated activation of Ras signaling, thereby leading to the increased IF phosphorylation and abnormal IF structure observed in GAN cells. Identification of aberrant Ras signaling is significant because it is the first to specify a mechanism by which the loss of Giga leads to the development of GAN and provides targets for novel drug therapies for the treatment of this currently immedicable genetic disease.

A exocitose de grânulos secretórios é o principal mecanismo efetor de células TCD8+. No entanto, pouco se sabe sobre a composição dos grânulos líticos dessas células. Resultados prévios do nosso grupo identificaram algumas dezenas de novas proteínas desses grânulos. Dentre elas foi identificada Gal-1. A literatura relata que Gal-1 age por via exógena através de sua secreção por via não convencional. Dados iniciais do nosso grupo apontam um novo cenário para esta proteína no qual ela está presente em grânulos citotóxicos. Através das técnicas de microscopia eletrônica e confocal e de ensaios de citotoxicidade, nossos resultados sugerem que Gal-1 participa do papel citotóxico das CTLs modulando a via dos receptores de morte FAS-FASL. Nós também mostramos que Gal-1 interfere com o tempo de contato entre APCs e linfócitos TCD8+, com a ativação dessas células e com o controle da proliferação dos linfócitos. Nossos resultados apontam um novo cenário para Gal-1, no qual ela está presente em grânulos líticos das CTLs e está relacionada a resposta efetora dessas células. / Exocytosis of secretory granules is the main effector mechanism of CD8+ T cells. In particular, little is known about CTLs lytic granules composition. Previous results from our group identified a few dozens of new proteins associated with these granules. Among them, we identified galectin-1. Literature reports the extracellular action of Gal-1. Initial data from our group suggested a new scenario for this protein, since Gal-1 was found inside cytotoxic granules. Here, we show by transmission electron and confocal laser scanning microscopy and cytotoxicity assays that Gal-1 has a role on CTL killing probably mediating the FAS-FASL pathway. We also show that Gal-1 is regulates the time of contact between APCs and TCD8+ lymphocytes, the activation of APCs and the proliferation of CD8 T cells. Taken together, our findings suggest a new scenario, in which Gal-1 is present in CTL granules and participates in cytotoxic effector response.

Chez l’adulte les premières étapes du développement hématopoïétique se déroulent dans la moelle osseuse (MO). La contribution de cellules d’origine mésenchymateuse, appelées niches stromales, a été démontrée dans le cas de la maintenance des cellules souches hématopoïétiques (CSH) et du développement des lymphocytes B (LB). Ainsi la maintenance des CSH dépend de niches périvasculaires sécrétant CXCL12 et SCF. Par ailleurs les LB les plus précoces (preproB) sont en contact de cellules stromales CXCL12+, puis migrent vers des cellules stromales exprimant l’interleukine-7 lors de leur différentiation en cellules proB. L’expression du préBCR, marque ensuite l’entrée dans le stade préB. À ce stade, les cellules sont au contact de cellules stromales galectine-1+.Malgré les progrès obtenus dans la compréhension du rôle des niches stromales, leur hétérogénéité et les mécanismes contrôlant la migration et l’adhésion des cellules hématopoïétiques en différenciation restent à mieux définir. Dans cet objectif, nous avons caractérisé phénotypiquement les cellules stromales de la MO mais aussi démontré l’existence d’une niche multi-spécifique, associée aux sinusoïdes et capable de soutenir les CSH et les LB.La contribution des niches dans le développement et la résistance aux traitements des Leucémies Aigues Lymphoblastiques de type B (LAL-B), équivalents pathologiques des LB en développement, a aussi été démontrée. Au cours de mon travail de thèse nous avons révélé l'influence d'un facteur exprimé par des cellules stromales de la MO sur la prolifération des LAL-B. À terme, ces travaux permettront de développer des traitements ciblant les fonctions protectrices des niches tumorales. / In adults, the early stages of hematopoietic development take place in the bone marrow (BM). The contribution of specialized cells of mesenchymal origin, called stromal niches, has been demonstrated in the case of hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) maintenance and B lymphocyte development. Indeed, the maintenance of HSC depends on perivascular niches secreting CXCL12 and SCF. Furthermore progenitor B cells (preproB) are in contact with CXCL12+ stromal cells and migrate towards interleukin 7 expressing stromal cells during their differentiation into proB cells. PreBCR expression then marks the entrance into the preB cell stage. At this point, the cells are in contact with galectin-1+ stromal cells.Although progress have been made in understanding the role of stromal cell niches, their heterogeneity and the mechanisms controlling migration and adhesion of differentiating hematopoietic cells are controversial and remain to be defined. With this objective, we characterized phenotypically BM stromal cells but also demonstrated the existence of a multi-specific niche, associated to sinusoids and able to support both HSC and early B cells.The contribution of BM niches in the development and resistance to treatment of B cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (B-ALL), pathological equivalent of developing B cells has also been demonstrated. During my PhD, our work revealed the influence of a factor expressed by BM stromal cells on the proliferation of B-ALL. Ultimately, this work will allow the development of treatments targeting the protective functions of tumor niches.

A exocitose de grânulos secretórios é o principal mecanismo efetor de células TCD8+. No entanto, pouco se sabe sobre a composição dos grânulos líticos dessas células. Resultados prévios do nosso grupo identificaram algumas dezenas de novas proteínas desses grânulos. Dentre elas foi identificada Gal-1. A literatura relata que Gal-1 age por via exógena através de sua secreção por via não convencional. Dados iniciais do nosso grupo apontam um novo cenário para esta proteína no qual ela está presente em grânulos citotóxicos. Através das técnicas de microscopia eletrônica e confocal e de ensaios de citotoxicidade, nossos resultados sugerem que Gal-1 participa do papel citotóxico das CTLs modulando a via dos receptores de morte FAS-FASL. Nós também mostramos que Gal-1 interfere com o tempo de contato entre APCs e linfócitos TCD8+, com a ativação dessas células e com o controle da proliferação dos linfócitos. Nossos resultados apontam um novo cenário para Gal-1, no qual ela está presente em grânulos líticos das CTLs e está relacionada a resposta efetora dessas células. / Exocytosis of secretory granules is the main effector mechanism of CD8+ T cells. In particular, little is known about CTLs lytic granules composition. Previous results from our group identified a few dozens of new proteins associated with these granules. Among them, we identified galectin-1. Literature reports the extracellular action of Gal-1. Initial data from our group suggested a new scenario for this protein, since Gal-1 was found inside cytotoxic granules. Here, we show by transmission electron and confocal laser scanning microscopy and cytotoxicity assays that Gal-1 has a role on CTL killing probably mediating the FAS-FASL pathway. We also show that Gal-1 is regulates the time of contact between APCs and TCD8+ lymphocytes, the activation of APCs and the proliferation of CD8 T cells. Taken together, our findings suggest a new scenario, in which Gal-1 is present in CTL granules and participates in cytotoxic effector response.

No description available.

El càncer de pàncrees és altament agressiu i representa la cinquena causa de mort al mon occidental. Anteriorment, en el nostre laboratori, vam identificar que el receptor tissular del plasminogen (tPA) hi està sobre-expressat i juga un paper important el la progressió tumoral. En la present tesi hem profunditzat en l'estudi del mecanisme molecular de tPA i seus receptors en aquest càncer. En primer lloc hem caracteritzat en detall la interacció de tPA amb Annexina A2 (principal receptor de tPA en endoteli i altament expressada en pàncrees) demostrant que les dades publicades sobre la seqüència responsable de la interacció no eren correctes. A més a més hem caracteritzat les proteïnes de lisats cel·lulars pancreàtics que interaccionen amb tPA mitjançant un assaig pull down i posterior anàlisi proteòmic. de tot identificant un conjunt de possibles lligands de tPA. D'entre aquests hem seleccionat galectina 1, una lectina que mai s'ha descrit que interaccioni amb tPA, per realitzar la caracterització bioquímica i funcional del seu paper com a nou lligand de tPA en càncer de pàncrees. / Pancreatic cancer is a highly aggressive disease and represents the fifth cause of death in occidental world. Our laboratory has previously reported tissue type plasminogen activator (tPA) over expression in this cancer and its role in tumoral progression. During the present thesis we have studied tPA and its molecular mechanism through its receptors in this tumor.We have first characterized tPA interaction with annexin A2 (its main receptor in endothelium and highly expressed in pancreas). Our results showed that published data about the sequence responsible of this interaction was not correct. We have also identified a set of new putative tPA receptors in pancreatic cell lisates using a pull down assay and proteomic analysis. One of the proteins identified was galectin 1, a lectin with not know relation with tPA. We performed a biochemical and functional characterization of the interaction between these two proteins in pancreatic cancer.