In recent decades, the negative effects of artificial light at night on natural ecosystems have attracted the attention of ecologists. Studies have shown that artificial light at night leads to a considerable reduction in insects and has a worrying impact on terrestrial ecosystems, including nocturnal insects (e.g. Lepidoptera) such as moths. Warm white light is generally expected to have a lower ecological impact compared with cold white light which has a higher proportion of blue light (< 500 nm). The aim of this study is to investigate the impact of three light emitting diode (LED) light sources with different spectral power distributions on the responses of the greater wax moth (Galleria mellonella) under controlled experimental settings. In this experiment, three light sources with different spectral power distribution and dark condition were used and the start response time, time active, time flap wings, time flap wings / time active, main activity area and stop area of the greater wax moth were investigated. The light treatment used were: (1) darkness (n = 13); (2) warm-white light (correlated color temperature of 2675 K, n = 12); (3) white light (4070 K, n = 4); (4) cold white light (6200 K, n = 8). The experiment was performed in a rectangular light-tight box under controlled conditions. Main activity area showed significant difference between warm-white light and cold white light. With cold white light, a larger proportion of the moths were active in the area with the highest light levels, while the main activity area in the warm white light was in the zone with the lowest light levels. Other variables, however, did not show significant differences. The conclusion is that warm white light had a lower ecological impact than cold white light due to a larger proportion of moth is attracted to areas with stronger light. The results support the notion that in outdoor environments, warm white LEDs (maximum 3000 K) should be preferred compared to cold white light LEDs (over 3000 K), to reduce the impact on insects such as moths. The low correlated color temperature light sources used outdoors deserves more in-depth development and research.

Campylobacter enteritis in humans is primarily associated with C. jejuni/coli infection. Other species cause campylobacteriosis relatively infrequently; while this could be attributed to bias in diagnostic methods, the pathogenicity of non-jejuni/coli Campylobacter spp. such as C. upsaliensis and C. helveticus (isolated from dogs and cats) is uncertain. Galleria mellonella larvae are suitable models of the mammalian innate immune system and have been applied to C. jejuni studies. This study compared the pathogenicity of C. jejuni, C. upsaliensis, and C. helveticus isolates. Larvae inoculated with either C. upsaliensis or C. helveticus showed significantly higher survival than those inoculated with C. jejuni. All three Campylobacter species induced indistinguishable histopathological changes in the larvae. C. jejuni could be isolated from inoculated larvae up to eight days post-inoculation whereas C. upsaliensis and C. helveticus could only be isolated in the first two days. There was a significant variation in the hazard rate between batches of larvae, in Campylobacter strains, and in biological replicates as random effects, and in species and bacterial dose as fixed effects. The Galleria model is applicable to other Campylobacter spp. as well as C. jejuni, but may be subject to significant variation with all Campylobacter species. While C. upsaliensis and C. helveticus cannot be considered non-pathogenic, they are significantly less pathogenic than C. jejuni.

Titel - En gallerias kommersiella miljö: Besökarens individuella upplevelse Ämne - Företagsekonomi, kandidatuppsats på C-nivå Författare - Hilda Gustafsson, My Kristiansson & Camilla Romberg Handledare - Dan Halvarsson Frågeställningar - Hur är den individuella besöksupplevelsen i en gallerias kommersiella miljöer, utifrån människans fem sinnen och dess multisensoriska sinnesupplevelse? Vad påverkar den individuella besöksupplevelsen i en gallerias kommersiella miljöer, utifrån människans fem sinnen och dess multisensoriska sinnesupplevelse? Syfte - Syftet med denna studie är att studera och skapa förståelse för hur besökaren uppmärksammar en gallerias kommersiella miljö, samt hur denna miljö påverkar besökarens individuella upplevelse utifrån sinnesmarkandsföring. Detta då få studier inom ämnet i sinnesmarkandsföring har genomförts. Metod - Studien innefattar ett induktivt synsätt och en kvalitativ metod. Studien har fokuserat på två torg som finns i gallerian Emporia i Malmö. Där har det utförts semistrukturerade intervjuer vid insamling av empirisk data. Analys - Utgångspunkten i studien är sinnesmarknadsföring, som handlar om hur olika sinnen enskilt samt i kombination har stimulerat besökare och påverkat deras upplevelse i en galleria. Empirin har sedan sammankopplats med teorier inom sinnesmarknadsföring. Slutsats - Båda torgen väckte stor uppmärksamhet hos intervjupersonerna. Generellt upplevdes det Gröna torget som positivt för intervjupersonerna medan det Blå torget upplevdes som både positivt och negativt. / Title - The servicescape in a shopping mall: The visitors’ individual experience Subject - Business Economics, bachelor thesis Authors - Hilda Gustafsson, My Kristiansson & Camilla Romberg Tutor - Dan Halvarsson Presentation of the questions - How is the visitors’ individual experience in a shopping mall, on the basis of the human five senses and multisensory? What affects the visitors’ individual experience in a shopping malls servicescape, on the basis of the human five senses and multisensory? Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to study and create an understanding of how the visitor recognizes the shopping mall produced servicescapes, and how this servicescapes affects the visitor's individual experience based on sensory marketing. This is because few studies are conducted on the subject sensory marketing. Method - The study includes an inductive approach and a qualitative method. The study have been focused on two servicescapes that are in the shopping mall Emporia in Malmö, where there were used semi-structured interviews to gather empirical data. Analyse - The starting point was based on sensory marketing. It was about how different senses individually and combined had stimulated visitors and affected their experience in a shopping mall. The empirical data has then been linked with theories of sensory marketing. Conclusions - Both of the servicescapes attracted attention from the interviewed people. The interviewed people at the Green servicescape had a positive experience and at the Blue servicescape, did they have both positive and negative experience.

The subject of my thesis was to genetically modify a potato for increased resistance against its pathogens and pests. In developing a resistant plant, it is quite common to use the same type of molecules that plants use themselves in their defense reactions. In this work I used the gene SPI-2 originating from a honeycomb moth (Galleria mellonella). The protein SPI-2 is a member of serine protease inhibitors. Since the previous attempts of the team to detect the protein in transformed plants haven't been successful, the basic form of the gene was modified by adding a Kozak sequence near the start codon, which should have increased the translation initiation and hence increase the level of the protein. Two constructs were prepared for the transformation: SPI-2-T a SPI-2-Y. They differ by one amino acid, which slightly changes their inhibitory activity. First, the construct SPI-2-T was used for a transient transformation of tobacco Nicotiana benthamiana by agroinfiltration of its leaves. Then both constructs were used for a stable transformation of Solanum tuberosum cv. Desireé. The detection of the protein has not been successful, although the inserted gene was transcribed and his sequence was verified by sequencing. It is therefore most likely that the protein has a low stability in the cytoplasm....

The increased use of antibiotics, antifungal agents and disinfectants in the last decades has resulted in development of microbial resistance to these drugs. Candida species are the fourth most common cause of hospital-acquired bloodstream infection and kill 40% of those patients. Natural antimicrobial peptides are promising candidates for the development of new agents to treat yeast and bacterial infections, as their presumed mechanism of action differs significantly from the mechanism of action of current drugs. This work is focused on several peptides isolated from the venom of wild bees and their synthetic analogues and the identification of the most effective ones against non-pathogenic Saccharomyces cerevisiae and several pathogenic Candida species. Antifungal activity of eight cationic antimicrobial peptides was tested and compared under various conditions. The overall susceptibility of pathogenic yeast species to currently used antifungal drugs and the antimicrobial peptides was screened with the aim to identify potential synergistic and species-specific effects. The effect of antimicrobial peptides on membrane potential was measured by a fluorescent probe (diS-C3(3)), and the relative hyperpolarization of plasma membrane was shown for each peptide. The effect of antimicrobial peptides on...

La tesi considera la varietà di formule espressive e di destinazioni funzionali della fotografia in rapporto alla costruzione di spazi e architetture nella Milano del primo cinquantennio dell’unità d’Italia. Strumento di lavoro per architetti e ingegneri, la fotografia delle principali operazioni edilizie eseguite nella città lombarda a partire dagli anni sessanta dell’Ottocento rappresenta per la nuova classe dirigente un fondamentale strumento di legittimazione del proprio operato amministrativo e di illustrazione dei progressi compiuti dalla città sulla via della modernizzazione. Attraverso un itinerario storico della ‘fotografia di cantiere’, costruito anche grazie al confronto con casi italiani e internazionali, lo studio presenta una puntuale analisi del fenomeno in ambito milanese. Tra i progetti affrontati, il piano di riforma del centro cittadino (1865-1878) di Giuseppe Mengoni e i restauri del Castello Sforzesco (1893-1907) di Luca Beltrami, oltre a una serie di interventi minori, documentati da alcuni dei principali fotografi attivi in città e dai redattori della pubblicistica illustrata, tipologia editoriale che tra Otto e Novecento si serve con sempre maggiore consapevolezza del mezzo fotografico. L’evoluzione del linguaggio fotografico viene dunque indagata nel suo contributo alla costruzione di un’iconografia nazionale della modernità, fenomeno che vede la città di Milano porsi in prima fila nel contesto italiano. / The study investigates the variety of expressive formulas and functional destinations of the photography production concerning the architectural renovation occurred in the city of Milan between 1861 and 1911. Design tool for architects and engineers, construction photography reveals itself as a fundamental tool of political legitimation for the new ruling class and illustrates the progress made by the city in terms of modernization. Through a historical reconstruction of the genre of construction photography, which also considers Italian and international cases, the study presents a detailed analysis of the Milanese phenomenon. Among the projects, the reform plan of the city center (1865-1878) developed by Giuseppe Mengoni and the restoration of the Sforza Castle (1893-1907) led by Luca Beltrami , as well as a number of minor operations. The inquiry considers the production by some of the main photographers working in the city and the iconographic apparatus of the most important illustrated press of the period, which during the late nineteenth century uses with increasing awareness the narrative qualities of the photographic medium. The evolution of the photographic language is therefore inquired with regard to his contribution to the construction of a national iconography of modernity , a phenomenon that sees the city of Milan in the front line.

I Sverige sker det ständig en ökning av antal köpcentrum, vilket medför att konkurrensen om kunderna ökar. För att möta en ökande konkurrens och kunders krav har olika köpcentrumägare i allt större utsträckning börjat differentiera köpcentrumen. Syftet med vår uppsats är att undersöka hur val av inriktning påverkar utformning och strukturering av två olika köpcentrum, Triangelns Köpcentrum och Gallerian Storgatan, i Malmö. Vi ska dessutom undersöka hur differentiering och profilering påverkas beroende av deras inriktning.Beroende av inriktning är ett köpcentrum riktat till olika kundsegment. För att nå och tilltala denna kategori försöker köpcentrumets förvaltare stärka varumärket och profilera sig med hjälp av marknadsföring och utformning. Mixen av hyresgäster och deras placering är också viktiga faktorer för att skapa en attraktiv atmosfär för den kategori människor man valt att vända sig till. Gallerian Storgatan är ett köpcentrum som riktar sig till en smal målgrupp genom en typ av produkter, medan Triangelns Köpcentrum riktar sig till en bredare målgrupp genom flera produktgrupper. De olika inriktningarna påverkar mixen av hyresgäster och hur förvaltarna arbetar med mångfald av butiker. I köpcentrumen styrs utformning och strukturering på olika sätt, vilket påverkar valet av butiker, caféer och restauranger. Med detta som utgångspunkt försöker de skapa en egen profil och koncept. / The property owners' strategies for shopping centers - A comparative study of two shopping centers. In Sweden there are a constantly increasing number of shopping centers, which proportionally increases the competition for customers. To meet escalating competition and customer demands, shopping centers have begun diversifying, some quite extensively.The purpose of our study is to examine how the concept affects the design and structure of two different shopping centers in Malmö, Triangelns Köpcentrum and Gallerian Storgatan. We shall also examine how this diversification affects the profile and marketing strategies of these two shopping centers depending on which target groups they aim to obtain.The shopping center owners target different customer groups depending on marketing strategies. Managers try to strengthen their images toward the right customer groups through the use of attractive marketing and profiling policies. Using a correct mixture of tenants creates a harmonic feeling throughout the shopping center and this plays an important roll in attracting the desired customer groups.Gallerian Storgatan wants to attract a smaller target group of customers and therefore has a limited product range, while Triangelns Köpcentrum that wants to attract a larger customer group and therefore has a larger product range. The range of tenants in a shopping center and the placement of shops, cafés and restaurants are strongly influenced by the managers different structuring and design ideas. With this under consideration, we can conclude that the managers are trying to create their own unique concept and profile.

<p>  </p> <p>Fungal pathogens are an increasing threat to humans, plants, and animals worldwide. Death and disease caused by fungal pathogens results in the loss of over 1.5 million lives, 12 million tons of crops, and even entire species every year. <em>Candida </em>species are the leading cause of invasive fungal species lead by <em>Candida albicans, </em>and <em>Candida glabrata </em>in second. <em>Candida glabrata </em>intrinsically has a low susceptibility to azole treatment, and multidrug resistant isolates are becoming more common. Additionally, new emerging <em>Candida </em>species have been found, and most clinical isolates are resistant to one or more drugs. There is a critical need to better understand drug resistance and pathogenesis to generate new therapies. </p> <p>Drug resistance can be caused by several different genetic factors, but until recently epigenetic factors have been frequently overlooked. Epigenetic research has revolutionized the treatment and detection of many cancers. And now, early research has shown epigenetic mechanisms play a role in drug resistance and pathogenesis in fungal species. Limited resources exist to combat fungal infections and understanding the epigenetic mechanisms that contribute to drug resistance and pathogenicity will provide new drug targets for future treatment.</p> <p>Previous publications from the Briggs’ lab showed Set1-mediated histone H3K4 methylation was necessary for proper ergosterol homeostasis and Brefeldin A resistance. One of the three classes of antifungals, azoles, target the ergosterol pathway. The ergosterol connection resulted into this thesis project, investigating the role of Set1-mediated histone H3K4 methylation in drug resistance and pathogenicity in <em>Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Candida glabrata, Candida albicans, </em>and <em>Candida auris. </em>This research was the first to characterize the Set1 complex in <em>C. glabrata </em>and show it is the sole histone H3K4 methyltransferase in <em>C. glabrata </em>and <em>C. auris. </em>Additionally, it shows loss of <em>SET1 </em>in <em>C. glabrata </em>and <em>C. auris </em>reduces pathogenicity and alters drug efficacy. Interestingly, although the loss of <em>SET1</em> seems to cause a similar pathogenic defect in all three <em>Candida </em>species, the role Set1 plays in drug efficacy including which drug and severity varies amongst species and isolates. Altogether, this research project provides new possible drug targets for fungal treatment and knowledge added to the scientific community on the role of epigenetics in fungal pathogens. </p>