OBJETIVO: Avaliar a qualidade de vida em portadores de Doença Arterial Coronária (DAC)submetidos a três tratamentos: clínico, cirúrgico ou por angioplastia, além de comparar possíveis diferenças entre gêneros. CASUÍSTICA E MÉTODO: O estudo incluiu 542 sujeitos com DAC submetidos a um dos tratamentos: cirúrgico, clínico ou por angioplastia. Dos participantes, 376 eram homens (58,5 dp 8,7 anos)e 166 mulheres (61,8 dp 9,2 anos). O instrumento de avaliação foi o Questionário Genérico de Avaliação de Qualidade de vida (SF-36), aplicado no início do tratamento, após seis e doze meses.A análise estatística foi realizada pelo teste ANOVA. RESULTADOS: Em relação aos componentes físicos do SF-36, o grupo cirúrgico exibiu escores de 46, 63 e 68, respectivamente, na fase inicial, seis e doze meses; o clínico 52, 65 e 62 e a angioplastia 57, 66 e 70. Os escores dos componentes mentais do tratamento cirúrgico foram 58, 71 e 74, do clínico 61, 69 e 69 e da angioplastia 64, 74 e 74. As diferenças foram significantes ao longo do tempo e entre os tratamentos (p<0,01). Na comparação entre os gêneros notou-se que os componentes físicos nos homens apresentaram respectivamente escores de 56*, 69 e 77* e nas mulheres 41*, 64 e 62*; os componentes mentais nos homens revelaram 61*, 73 e 80* e nas mulheres 51*, 68 e 62* (*p<0,0001). CONCLUSÕES: Os sujeitos submetidos ao tratamento cirúrgico mostraram evolução mais favorável. Os homens apresentaram melhor qualidade de vida no início e se beneficiaram progressivamente após seis e doze meses dos tratamentos realizados, enquanto nas mulheres a melhora ocorreu aos seis meses, reduzindo-se aos doze. / OBJECTIVE: To analyse the quality of life of people with coronary artery disease (CAD) who underwent distinct therapeutic interventions and to compare the possible differences between genders. METHOD: This study comprised 542 subjects, 376 men (58,5 years) and 166 women (61,8 years)with CAD, who underwent surgical, medical treatment or angioplasty. Quality of life was assessed with The Medical Outcomes Study 36-item short-form health survey (SF-36) that was administered at the beginning of the treatment, after 6 and 12 months; the applied statistical method was the ANOVA test. RESULTS: Those who underwent surgical treatment had scores of 46, 63 and 68, for SF-36 physical components; 52, 65 and 62 for medical treatment and 57,66 and 70 for angioplasty, respectively,in the inicial, 6 and 12 months phases. For mental components, results were 58, 71 and 74 for the surgical intervention; 61, 69 and 69 for the medical treatment and 64, 74 and 74 for angioplasty. The differences among treatments and repeted measures reached statistical significance (p<0,01). When comparing genders, physical components scores in men were 56*, 69 and 77* and 41*, 64 and 62* in women, respectively; mental components scores in men were 61*, 73 and 80* and 51*, 68 and 62* in women (*p<0,0001). CONCLUSIONS: Those subjetcts who underwent surgical treatment had the most favorable evolution. Men had better quality of life in the beginning of the treatment compared with that in women, with a progressive improvement after 6 and 12 months, while women, after an improvement at 6 months, present a decrease at 12 months.

Evidências recentes na literatura apontam um elevado consumo de álcool entre estudantes universitários. Expectativas relacionadas aos efeitos do uso de álcool têm sido associadas tanto ao início quanto à manutenção do beber de jovens. De forma análoga, o grupo de pares é um aspecto de destacada relevância sobre o comportamento dos jovens, inclusive no que se refere ao uso de álcool. Por sua vez, tanto expectativas quanto grupo de pares podem modular de forma diferente o comportamento do beber de homens e de mulheres. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar diferenças de gênero sobre o uso de álcool, expectativas relacionadas aos efeitos do uso de álcool e o envolvimento com o grupo de pares de risco para o uso de álcool entre estudantes universitários da área da saúde. Participaram 238 estudantes (105 homens) de todos os anos dos cursos de Medicina e Fisioterapia da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto da Universidade de São Paulo. Estudantes preencheram um questionário estruturado autoaplicável contendo os instrumentos AUDIT (Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test), para avaliar o uso de álcool, AEQ-A (Alcohol Expectancy Questionnaire Adolescent Form), para avaliar as expectativas dos efeitos do uso de álcool, e DUSI (Drug Use Screening Inventory), para avaliar o grupo de pares. A prevalência do uso de álcool no ano foi de 92,1% entre os homens e de 81,2% entre as mulheres (X²=10,87; p=0,02). Homens também apresentaram maior prevalência do padrão de uso problemático de álcool (X²=8,19; p<0,01) e de binge drinking (X²=8,13; p<0,01). Expectativas de transformações globais positivas (Z=-2,12; p=0,03) e de melhora no desempenho sexual (Z=-2,76; p<0,01) associadas ao consumo de álcool foram mais significativamente relacionadas ao gênero masculino. Entretanto, não houve diferenças de gênero na pontuação média para a escala de relação de pares do instrumento DUSI (Z=-1,67; p=0,09). Apesar do elevado uso de álcool para ambos os gêneros, homens apresentaram maior prevalência de uso de álcool no ano, uso problemático e binge. Grupo de pares parece ser um possível fator de vulnerabilidade para o uso de álcool, independente do gênero. Entretanto, expectativas se correlacionaram de maneira positiva com o uso de álcool apenas entre os homens. Esses resultados podem indicar que diferenças de gênero podem ter importante papel na elaboração de estratégias de prevenção mais precisas e eficazes sobre o uso de álcool. / Recent evidences in scientific literature have indicated an increasing alcohol consumption in university students. Alcohol expectancies have been associated to the beginning and maintenance of drinking by young adults. Peer group is also a relevant aspect on young behavior, mainly on alcohol use. Both, alcohol expectancies and peer group can modulate drinking behavior of men and women by different pathways. This study aimed to evaluate gender differences of alcohol use, alcohol expectancies and peer relationship in university students of the health area. Observational, transversal study design on a convenience sample of 238 university students (105 men) from Medicine and Physiotherapy courses of the School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto of University of São Paulo. Students completed self-reported questionnaire, including AUDIT (Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test), to evaluate alcohol use, AEQ-A (Alcohol Expectancy Questionnaire - Adolescent Form), to evaluate alcohol expectancies, and DUSI (Drug Use Screening Inventory), to evaluate peer group. 92.1% of men and 81.2% of women declared to have drank alcohol in the last 12 months (X²=10.87; p=0.02). Men scored significantly higher on prevalence of problematic alcohol use and binge drinking (X²=8.13; p<0.01). Expectancies of positive global transformations (Z=-2.12; p=0.03) and sexual enhancement (Z=-2.76; p<0.01) associated to alcohol consumption were more evident in male. However, no gender differences on peer relationship was observed (Z=-1.67; p=0.09). Despite of increased alcohol use for both gender, male have presented a greater prevalence of alcohol use in the last 12 months, problematic alcohol use and binge drinking. Peer group may be a possible vulnerability factor on alcohol consumption, independent of gender. However, alcohol expectancies presented a positive correlation to alcohol use only in men. Results indicate that gender differences may have an important role for the development of more efficient strategies for alcohol abuse prevention.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T20:56:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Simone Priscila Paludeto.pdf: 1061917 bytes, checksum: d1c42d323088f655fe807fd6e7f388c3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-10-18 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Sex is genetically inherited, but the child's participation in a particular social and cultural group must be built. Previous studies suggest that between 16 and 24 months old the child already has notions of gender identity, being able to categorize objects culturally appropriate to males and females. This research investigates the manifestations of gender identity in children between 21 and 30 months of age under the influence of the company of another child of the same sex or opposite sex. This study proposed to verify two hypotheses. The first is that children are influenced by the sex of their child partner selecting and manipulating objects. The second is that if this mentioned gender reference exists between boys and girls, the manifestation of imitative behavior will be influenced by the gender of the child partner. 12 children between 21 and 30 months old participated in the experiment, six boys and six girls, medium to high social-economic level. Dyads were formed using children of the same gender and children of mixed gender. The procedure consisted of placing the dyads of children in the presence of toys, some of them suitable for boys and other suitable for girls, and watch their choices and imitations. Each child dyad was videotaped during 20 minutes in the presence of objects considered appropriate for males and females. The following were analyzed: objects chosen by children, imitative behavior and time of manipulation of objects. The study showed that child s choices and objects manipulations were influenced by their partners. In dyads exclusively male prevail the manipulation of objects appropriate to the male gender, and in exclusively female dyads prevail the manipulation of objects appropriate to the female gender. However the frequency of choice and manipulation of female objects by male children increased in mixed dyads. With respect to imitation, the boys showed a greater tendency to imitate the girls than girls to imitate the boys / O sexo é herdado geneticamente, mas a participação da criança em um determinado grupo social e cultural deve ser construída. Estudos anteriores sugerem que entre 16 e 24 meses a criança já possui noções de identidade de gênero, conseguindo categorizar os objetos culturalmente apropriados ao gênero masculino e culturalmente apropriados ao gênero feminino. A presente pesquisa investiga as manifestações de identidade de gênero em crianças de 21 a 30 meses de idade, sob a influência da companhia de outra criança do mesmo sexo ou do sexo oposto. O estudo propõe verificar duas hipóteses. A primeira é a de que as crianças sejam influenciadas, durante a escolha e a manipulação de objetos, pelo sexo da criança parceira. A segunda é a de que se essa referência de gênero existe entre meninos e meninas, cuja manifestação de comportamentos imitativos será influenciada pelo gênero da criança parceira. Participaram desse experimento 12 crianças, com idades compreendidas entre 21 e 30 meses, sendo seis meninos e seis meninas, de nível socioeconômico médio alto. Foram formadas tanto díades de crianças do mesmo gênero quanto mistas. O procedimento consistiu em colocar as díades de crianças diante de brinquedos considerados ou masculinos ou femininos e observar suas escolhas e imitações. Cada díade de criança foi filmada durante 20 minutos na presença de objetos considerados apropriados ao gênero masculino e ao gênero feminino. Foram analisadas as escolhas das crianças, os comportamentos imitativos e o tempo de manipulação dos objetos. O estudo demonstrou que houve influência da criança parceira nas escolhas e nas manipulações de objetos. Nas díades de meninos predominou a manipulação de objetos apropriados ao gênero masculino e nas díades de meninas predominou a manipulação de objetos ao gênero feminino. No entanto, a frequência de escolha e manipulação de objetos femininos pelos meninos aumentou em díades mistas. No que se refere à imitação, os meninos mostraram uma tendência maior em imitar as meninas do que as meninas em imitar os meninos

Syfte och forskningsfrågor: Studiens syfte är att identifiera och jämföra män och kvinnors yttre och inre motivationsfaktorer vid följande av varumärken på sociala nätverk utifrån incitament, social kontext, intresse, underhållning, information samt känslomässigt nära. Studien ämnar även att tillföra kunskaper för ämnesområdet inom teoretiska och praktiska implikationer. Forskningsfrågan lyder därmed:   Vilka likheter och skillnader finns det mellan män och kvinnors yttre och inre motivationsfaktorer att följa varumärken på sociala nätverk?   Metod: Studien använder sig av en hypotetisk-deduktiv metod där forskaren via befintlig teori skapat studiens hypoteser. Hypoteserna har sedan testats genom en kvantitativ metod med hjälp av en webbenkät och ett Mann Whitney test. En analys och diskussion genomfördes därefter för att generera en slutsats för studien.   Slutsats: Resultatet från studien fann att det inte finns någon signifikant skillnad mellan män och kvinnors yttre motivation inom områdena incitament och social kontext att följa varumärken på sociala nätverk. Inom inre motivation fann dock studien både likheter och skillnader. Inom aspekterna intresse och underhållning fann studien ingen signifikant skillnad mellan män och kvinnors inre motivation till att följa varumärken på sociala nätverk. Däremot inom aspekterna information och känslomässigt nära fann studien att kvinnor visade en signifikant högre inre motivationsskillnad jämfört med män. Studiens praktiska implikationer fann att varumärken bör ta hänsyn till dessa genusskillnader vid inre motivation för att kunna anpassa innehållet efter deras målgrupp. De teoretiska implikationerna fann istället att incitament numera inte har någon signifikant skillnad mellan män och kvinnor, medan tidigare forskning visar på en större motivation från kvinnor. Dessutom fann studien samma resultat som tidigare forskning gällande att kvinnor motiveras mer känslomässigt av varumärken än män. / Purpose and research questions: The purpose of the study is to identify and compare men and women’s extrinsic and intrinsic motivation when following a brand on social networks by incentive, social context, interest, entertainment, information and relatedness. The study also intends to provide knowledge to the subject area within theoretical and practical implications. The research question therefore follows: • Which similarities and differences exists between men and women’s extrinsic and intrinsic motivation to follow a brand on social networks? Method: The study uses a hypothetical-deductive method where the researcher through existing theories creates the study’s hypotheses. The hypotheses have been tested through a quantitative method with a survey online and a Mann Whitney test. An analysis and discussion was then performed to generate a conclusion for the study. Conclusion: The result from the study found that there are no significant differences between men and women’s extrinsic motivation within the areas incentives and social context to follow brands on social networks. However, within the field intrinsic motivation the study found both similarities and differences between men’s and women’s motivation to follow brands on social networks. The study found no significant difference between men and women’s intrinsic motivation connected to interest and entertainment. However, within the aspects information and relatedness the study found that women showed a significant higher difference in intrinsic motivation compared to men. The practical implications of the study found that brands should take these gender differences into account in order to adapt the content to their target audience. Instead, the theoretical implications found that incentives now have no significant difference between men and women, while previous research shows a greater motivation from women. In addition, the study found similar results to previous research that women are more emotionally motivated by brands than men.

Evidências recentes na literatura apontam um elevado consumo de álcool entre estudantes universitários. Expectativas relacionadas aos efeitos do uso de álcool têm sido associadas tanto ao início quanto à manutenção do beber de jovens. De forma análoga, o grupo de pares é um aspecto de destacada relevância sobre o comportamento dos jovens, inclusive no que se refere ao uso de álcool. Por sua vez, tanto expectativas quanto grupo de pares podem modular de forma diferente o comportamento do beber de homens e de mulheres. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar diferenças de gênero sobre o uso de álcool, expectativas relacionadas aos efeitos do uso de álcool e o envolvimento com o grupo de pares de risco para o uso de álcool entre estudantes universitários da área da saúde. Participaram 238 estudantes (105 homens) de todos os anos dos cursos de Medicina e Fisioterapia da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto da Universidade de São Paulo. Estudantes preencheram um questionário estruturado autoaplicável contendo os instrumentos AUDIT (Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test), para avaliar o uso de álcool, AEQ-A (Alcohol Expectancy Questionnaire Adolescent Form), para avaliar as expectativas dos efeitos do uso de álcool, e DUSI (Drug Use Screening Inventory), para avaliar o grupo de pares. A prevalência do uso de álcool no ano foi de 92,1% entre os homens e de 81,2% entre as mulheres (X²=10,87; p=0,02). Homens também apresentaram maior prevalência do padrão de uso problemático de álcool (X²=8,19; p<0,01) e de binge drinking (X²=8,13; p<0,01). Expectativas de transformações globais positivas (Z=-2,12; p=0,03) e de melhora no desempenho sexual (Z=-2,76; p<0,01) associadas ao consumo de álcool foram mais significativamente relacionadas ao gênero masculino. Entretanto, não houve diferenças de gênero na pontuação média para a escala de relação de pares do instrumento DUSI (Z=-1,67; p=0,09). Apesar do elevado uso de álcool para ambos os gêneros, homens apresentaram maior prevalência de uso de álcool no ano, uso problemático e binge. Grupo de pares parece ser um possível fator de vulnerabilidade para o uso de álcool, independente do gênero. Entretanto, expectativas se correlacionaram de maneira positiva com o uso de álcool apenas entre os homens. Esses resultados podem indicar que diferenças de gênero podem ter importante papel na elaboração de estratégias de prevenção mais precisas e eficazes sobre o uso de álcool. / Recent evidences in scientific literature have indicated an increasing alcohol consumption in university students. Alcohol expectancies have been associated to the beginning and maintenance of drinking by young adults. Peer group is also a relevant aspect on young behavior, mainly on alcohol use. Both, alcohol expectancies and peer group can modulate drinking behavior of men and women by different pathways. This study aimed to evaluate gender differences of alcohol use, alcohol expectancies and peer relationship in university students of the health area. Observational, transversal study design on a convenience sample of 238 university students (105 men) from Medicine and Physiotherapy courses of the School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto of University of São Paulo. Students completed self-reported questionnaire, including AUDIT (Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test), to evaluate alcohol use, AEQ-A (Alcohol Expectancy Questionnaire - Adolescent Form), to evaluate alcohol expectancies, and DUSI (Drug Use Screening Inventory), to evaluate peer group. 92.1% of men and 81.2% of women declared to have drank alcohol in the last 12 months (X²=10.87; p=0.02). Men scored significantly higher on prevalence of problematic alcohol use and binge drinking (X²=8.13; p<0.01). Expectancies of positive global transformations (Z=-2.12; p=0.03) and sexual enhancement (Z=-2.76; p<0.01) associated to alcohol consumption were more evident in male. However, no gender differences on peer relationship was observed (Z=-1.67; p=0.09). Despite of increased alcohol use for both gender, male have presented a greater prevalence of alcohol use in the last 12 months, problematic alcohol use and binge drinking. Peer group may be a possible vulnerability factor on alcohol consumption, independent of gender. However, alcohol expectancies presented a positive correlation to alcohol use only in men. Results indicate that gender differences may have an important role for the development of more efficient strategies for alcohol abuse prevention.

An alarming portion of youth experience traumatic events during childhood, and there is a robust body of literature documenting the adverse consequences of trauma exposure on the developing child. Fortunately, numerous empirically-supported phase-based interventions have been developed for youth that target the deleterious effects of trauma. While several of these interventions have demonstrated symptom reduction from the baseline to completion of treatment, much less is known regarding the trajectory of posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) during the course of treatment. Information in this regard may have important implications for service delivery and help to illuminate the mechanisms of change responsible for treatment outcomes. Furthermore, gender-related differences in the prevalence and expression of PTSS following trauma exposure have been observed, but the reasons for these differences is unclear and there is a paucity of research concerning whether boys and girls may progress differently through trauma-focused treatment. As a result, the aims of this study were to (1) examine the progression of PTSS during the various components of Trauma-Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (TF-CBT); (2) assess whether symptoms progress differently for males and females; (3) examine whether (a) sexual abuse history or (b) age moderates any gender-related symptom differences identified; and (4) explore the trauma narratives of boys and girls. This study utilized an embedded sequential mixed methods design. For the quantitative strand, aggregate scores on the UCLA Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Reaction Index (UCLA PTSD-RI) were mapped for the entire sample and then according to gender at baseline, during various components of TF-CBT, and at termination among a sample (N = 138) of polyvictimized youth ages 7-18 who completed TF-CBT at a university-based child trauma treatment clinic. Mixed Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) analyses were conducted for each of the outcome measures (UCLA-PTSD RI overall, arousal, avoidance, and intrusion scores) to examine whether there were symptom differences between males and females from baseline to completion of TF-CBT, and 2 X 2 full factorial ANOVAs were conducted to determine whether sexual violence history or age moderated the relationship between gender and symptom severity during any phase of TF-CBT. For the qualitative strand, trauma narratives (N = 16) completed during TF-CBT were analyzed through the use of thematic analysis. Findings revealed that males and females reported differences in PTSS symptoms from baseline to termination of treatment, and during various phases of treatment. Additionally, thematic analysis of the trauma narratives augmented findings from the quantitative strand and revealed variations in the narratives of males and females. Although further investigation is warranted, study findings help to further understand the complex interplay between gender and the progression of PTSS during treatment. Implications for practice, policy and social work education are discussed.

Lack of STEM-related self-efficacy has impeded the growth of women in STEM fields. Out of school (OST) robotics programs and other STEM-related OST programs provide secondary students with opportunities to work in groups, brainstorm, and formulate ideas that require communication and teamwork. The purpose of this quantitative, quasi-experimental study was to compare STEM-related self-efficacy scores among male and female students who participated in OST robotics programs or other OST STEM-related programming. Independent variables were type of OST STEM program and gender. The dependent variable was students' STEM-related self-efficacy as measured by the Coping Self-Efficacy Scale. Responses from 149 students in 4 southeastern U.S. metropolitan high schools were analyzed using a 2x2 factorial ANOVA. Findings indicated the relationship between STEM-related self-efficacy scores and type of OST programming was not moderated by gender. There was a significant main effect for program type. Students in the robotics OST programs demonstrated significantly higher STEM-related self-efficacy than did students in other STEM-related OST programs. Findings may be used to inform educators, community leaders, parents, and policymakers regarding the benefits of OST robotics programs, which may encourage women to obtain STEM-related degrees and pursue STEM careers.

The purpose of this study was to investigate former high school students' resilience following the administration of the State of Texas Assessments of Academic Readiness (STAAR) exam based on the comparison of male and female students who passed the STAAR exam the first time and those who failed it at least 2 times. This study fills a gap in the literature by offering additional data and increased knowledge about the relationship of resiliency to school performance. A total of 133 adults aged 18-29 years who had been enrolled in 3 high schools in a large metropolitan area in Texas were referred by the Texas Education Agency to complete the Resilience Scale online survey. A cross-sectional survey based on Resiliency Scale scores was used to quantify the degree of individual resilience, considered as a positive personality characteristic that enhances individual adaptations. The data were analyzed using 2-way (2 X 2) ANOVA with 3 dependent variables (Resiliency Scale [overall resiliency, personal competency, and acceptance of life and self]), and STAAR passing grouping and gender (male or female) serving as the independent variables. Results indicated that there were no differences between males and females or between students who passed the STAAR the first time and those who failed the STAAR at least 2 times on the dependent variables of reliance, competency, and acceptance of life and self. Positive social change may result from encouraging the teaching of other coping skills and interventions for those who experience failure on high-stakes tests.

Introduktion: Sveriges befolkning är idag otillräckligt fysiskt aktiva enligt rekommendationerna som finns på minst 150 minuters fysisk aktivitet varje vecka. Detta trots att det finns många kända hälsofördelar med att vara fysiskt aktiv. Brist på motivation är en faktor som påvisats vara bidragande till att personer rör på sig för lite. Syftet med studien var därför att jämföra skillnader i typ av motivation och fysisk aktivitetsnivå och om det finns skillnader beroende på kön och ålder. Metod: Data samlades in via en onlineundersökning, där 251 deltagare mellan 18-64 år svarade på Behavioral Regulation in Exercise Questionnaire-2 (BREQ-2) och The Godin-Shephard Leisure-Time Exercise Questionnaire (GLTEQ). Resultat: ANOVA visade signifikanta skillnader mellan motivationstyper och aktivitetsnivå, där personer som klassades som högaktiva hade mest motivation till fysisk aktivitet. Kvinnor hade mer introjicerad reglering och män mer identifierad reglering. Personer 18-24 år visade signifikant mer yttre reglering. Konklusion: Utifrån resultaten är det svårt att fastställa vilken motivationstyp som är mest bidragande till att personer är fysisk aktiva, däremot finns det indikationer på att all typ av motivation krävs för att vara fysiskt aktiv. Framtida forskning skulle kunna göra mer omfattande undersökningar på en bredare population för att få en mer fördjupad förståelse. / Introduction: The Swedish population does not meet the recommendations for 150 minutes physical activity per week, even though the health benefits from being physically active is well known. Lack of motivation is a variable that contributes to this problem and results in insufficiently physical activity. This study aimed to explore differences in types of motivation and physical activity level, and also see if there is any differences between gender and age. Methods: Participants (n = 251) between 18-64 years of age completed an online survey, based on Behavioral Regulation in Exercise Questionnaire-2 (BREQ-2) and The Godin-Shephard Leisure-Time Exercise Questionnaire (GLTEQ). Results: ANOVA showed significant differences between type of motivation and activity level. The high-active group had more motivation to physical activity than less active groups. Women had more introjected regulation than men, while men had more identified regulation than women. People between 18-24 showed significant more extrinsic regulation. Conclusion: Based on the findings, it is difficult to define which motivation type that main contributes to physical activity, but there are indications that all types of motivation is important for being physically active. Future research could do a more extended investigation on a wider population to get a deeper insight.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of cooperative learning in a liberal arts mathematics course and to examine any gender-related differences in the effects of cooperative learning in terms of achievement, composition of the cooperative groups, mathematics anxiety, attitudes toward mathematics, attendance, and retention. The quasi-experimental design compared a control section using individualized learning methods with three treatment sections using cooperative learning methods based on the Learning Together model of Johnson and Johnson (1991). The compositions of the three treatment groups varied: heterogeneous ability/heterogeneous gender, heterogeneous ability/homogeneous gender, and self-selected. The Academic Skills Assessment Program (ASAP) was used as a pre-test to show that the groups were equal. The Revised Math Attitude Scale and the Mathematics Anxiety Rating Scale (MARS) were used as pre- and post-tests to measure changes in attitudes and anxiety. Achievement was measured by individual and group course grades. Group grades were determined by taking 67% of a student's individual exam score plus 33% of the group's average on the exam. Cooperative learning and composition of groups had no significant effect on achievement. The differences between individual and group grades were insignificant, and the group grading method benefited the grades of only five students. Attendance had a large effect on achievement, and the ASAP score and the Math Attitude Post-test were significant predictors of achievement. / The MARS post-test was negatively correlated with individual course grade. While no significant gender-related differences surfaced, some trends appeared. The ASAP, MARS, and Math Attitude pre-test scores were equal, however, females achieved slightly higher course grades than males. In each of the four research groups the individual course grades were higher for females than for males. Also, females had a larger decrease in mathematics anxiety with a drop of 22 points compared to the males' drop of 10 points. Males and females each improved their attitudes toward mathematics by only one point, however, in three of the four research groups, females had smaller attitude changes than males, and two of the cooperative learning groups had decreases in their attitude scores.