The purpose of this study was to analyze and discuss why historical consciousness may be expressed in different ways and possible causes for these differences. High school students' and history student teachers’ answers to a historical test were analyzed in relation to historical consciousness.  The German philosopher of history, Jörn Rüsen, has in numerous publications presented four forms or expressions of narratives and historical consciousness and these have been applied in the analyses. Rüsen’s four main categories of historical consciousness (i.e. traditional, exemplary, critical and genetic) stretch from a simple understanding of history to a more complex one. The main findings here show that expressions of historical consciousness differed significantly among the respondents. In view of these findings, education and age seem to affect respondents’ expressions of historical consciousness. Traditional expressions of historical consciousness were less prominent among history student teachers than among high school students, for instance. Gender differences were also prominent among the respondents: the female respondents manifested exemplary forms of historical consciousness to a higher degree than the male counterparts. There were also big differences among the gender groups as the high school student boys expressed traditional forms of historical consciousness and male history teacher students were more inclined towards a critical historical consciousness. Social background also seemed to influence the expression of historical consciousness to some extent, especially if the parents were university educated. However, some results in this study seem to indicate that social environment is more relevant to explain differences in historical consciousness than social background. For these reasons the school context has been highlighted in this study.

Psychopathy research has focused primarily on characteristics of male offenders. With little empirical knowledge on psychopathy in women, gender differences within psychopathy are not well understood. To gain a better understanding of these differences, the current study used prototypical analysis to compare ratings of 242 forensic experts when considering their most representative case of male or female psychopathy. The present study investigated gender differences for psychopathic traits and Cluster B personality disorder criteria. Most aspects of psychopathy were less prototypical of female psychopaths than males. In particular, the antisocial behavior facet does not appear to apply to males and females equally. The distinction between Cluster B disorders and psychopathy was more ambiguous in females than males; however, the affective deficits facet differentiated psychopathy from Cluster B disorders across genders. Current research also raises the question of potential diagnostic gender bias in the assessment of psychopathy.

This work addresses issues in the study of gene-environment interaction (GxE) through research of conduct disorder (CD) among adolescents and extends the recent report of significant GxE and subsequent replication studies. A sub-sample of 1,299 individual participants/649 twin pairs and their parents from the Virginia Twin Study of Adolescent and Behavioral Development was used for whom Monoamine Oxidase A (MAOA) genotype, diagnosis of CD, maternal antisocial personality symptoms, and household neglect were obtained. This dissertation (1) tested for GxE by gender using MAOA and childhood adversity using multiple approaches to CD measurement and model assessment, (2) determined whether other mechanisms would explain differences in GxE by gender and (3) identified and assessed other genes and environments related to the interaction MAOA and childhood adversity. Using a multiple regression approach, a main effect of the low/low MAOA genotype remained after controlling other risk factors in females. However, the effects of GxE were modest and were removed by transforming the environmental measures. In contrast, there was no significant effect of the low activity MAOA allele in males although significant GxE was detected and remained after transformation. The sign of the interaction for males was opposite from females, indicating genetic sensitivity to childhood adversity may differ by gender. Upon further investigation, gender differences in GxE were due to genotype-sex interaction and may involve MAOA. A Markov Chain Monte Carlo approach including a genetic Item Response Theory modeled CD as a trait with continuous liability, since false detection of GxE may result from measurement. In males and females, the inclusion of GxE while controlling for the other covariates was appropriate, but was little improvement in model fit and effect sizes of GxE were small. Other candidate genes functioning in the serotonin and dopamine neurotransmitter systems were tested for interaction with MAOA to affect risk for CD. Main genetic effects of dopamine transporter genotype and MAOA in the presence of comorbidity were detected. No epistatic effects were detected. The use of random forests systematically assessed the environment and produced several interesting environments that will require more thoughtful consideration before incorporation into a model testing GxE.

The thesis overviews a variety of approaches to understanding of dreams, covering the historical perspectives as well as the perspectives of modern psychologists and psychological schools. It presents information on quantitative analysis of dream content and possibilities of the use of statistical methods in dream research. It introduces the results of the research into the dream content in 100 Czech female psychology students, using the method developed by Hall and Van de Castle. The comparison of these results with a similar group of US female students revealed several differences: The Czech students reported slightly more Aggresion/Friendliness Percent, significantly more unknown environments and moderately more dreams containing aggression and efforts. Compliance with the American sample was shown mainly by percentages regarding the type of characters, negative emotions ratio and the percentage of physical aggression compared to non-physical. Correlation analysis applied to data revealed a moderate relationship between variables suggesting possible explanations of dream content. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)

Background: This thesis is based on the increasing number of mothers (using addictive substances), which are appearing in social services, particularly in the Authority For Social And Legal Protection Of Children Specificity of mothers using addictive substances requires a special approach by addictology services. It begs a question, whether such specifics as to meet workers of ASPLC in cooperation with these mothers. The aim of this thesis is to describe the specifics of the work ASPLC with these mothers. Other aims are to determine how the cooperation between the two sides takes place, whether and which problems can occure in cooperation with these mothers and describe the procedure for the removing of children of these mothers and the possible impact of abusing ilegal substances on the need for the children removing. Methodology: Respondents for the research were selected using the purposive sampling method. The research sample consisted 11 workers of ASPLC and three mothers using addictive substances). Data were obtained by using of a semi-structured interview. Data were prepared for the analysis by transcription and coding, for which I used elements of the cluster method. Results: Research confirms the increasing number of mothers which use addictive substances authorities in the service of...

In two unrelated papers, we examine different aspects of mutual fund performance and other issues. In the first chapter, we look at exchange-traded funds (ETFs) and how they differ from index funds in performance and tracking error. Using daily data and a more comprehensive sample than past research, we find abnormal returns associated with the ETFs are higher than the alphas of the index funds in most cases. The results are much more prevalent in funds that follow the S&P 500 than funds that do not. When examining the tracking errors, we find index funds are able to track their indexes much better than ETFs and domestic ETFs are better than ETFs that track international indexes. In our most significant finding, we find that tracking error affects fund flow in the following period. While fund flows are generally increasing for both ETFs and index funds, funds that track their respective index better increase their net assets by a larger percentage than funds that track their index less well. In the second chapter, we look at the differences in performance and characteristics of mutual funds as they relate to the manager's gender. Using a larger sample and different techniques than have been used in the past, we find some differences in our matched comparison which suggest female managers have a lower risk tolerance than males. Females also tend to hold a higher number of assets (stocks) and fewer assets in their top 10 holdings than do male managers. In, pooled regressions, we find weak, but significant evidence that current female fund managers, when analyzed as a group, show slightly lower performance than male managers. We then analyze performance within funds over time. Our most consistent result is that when changing the composition of fund management, regardless of gender, the new management has significantly greater performance than prior management. We also find some evidence, although not conclusive, that the percentage of female managers managing a fund is negatively related to the fund's performance over time. Finally, we find the determinants of abnormal returns cannot be attributed to the fund manager's gender.

Syfte: Syftet med studien är att ur anställdas perspektiv få en ökad förståelse för hur kvinnor och män som transformativa ledare använder inspirerande motivation, för att sedan kunna undersöka om könet på ledaren är av betydelse. Metod: Studien utgår från en kvalitativ metod med semistrukturerade intervjuer. Intervjuerna genomfördes på två större företag med sammanlagt 10 intervjupersoner. Det insamlade materialet har analyserats med hjälp av en tematisk analys. Resultat & slutsats: Resultatet av studien visar de egenskaper och karaktärsdrag som ledarna har vilka de anställda beskriver vara motivationshöjande. Respondenterna är överens om att ledarnas positivitet, deras optimistiska syn samt deras engagemang påverkar de anställdas motivation på arbetet. Studien visar att det inte finns någon betydande skillnad beroende på om ledaren är en kvinna eller en man i utövandet av delen inspirerande motivation. Förslag till fortsatt forskning: Då flertalet respondenter ansåg att ledarens erfarenhet var av betydelse och inte ledarens kön föreslår vi att fortsatta studier kan jämföra erfarna och oerfarna ledare. Det kan vara av intresse att undersöka om det finns olikheter i delen inspirerande motivation i det transformativa ledarskapet beroende på ledarens ålder och erfarenhet. Fortsatt forskning skulle även kunna innebära en mer omfattande studie för att få en bekräftelse på våra slutsatser. Studien genomfördes på två företag som arbetar med kundservice och det vore därför intressant att studera hur transformativa ledare använder sig av den inspirerande motivationen i andra branscher för att finna eventuella likheter eller olikheter. Uppsatsens bidrag: Studien har genomförts på två företag där de transformativa ledarna varit en kvinna och en man, vilket bidrar till den befintliga forskningen om könets betydelse i det transformativa ledarskapet. Vi menar också att studien bidrar till teorin då vi har uppmärksammat och studerat kvinnliga och manliga egenskaper och karaktärsdrag som påverkar de anställdas motivation. Att studien visar de ledarskapsbeteenden som de anställda önskar menar vi ger ett bidrag till att utveckla både befintliga och potentiella ledare i företag och organisationer. / Aim:The aim of the study is, from the employee’s perspective, to achieve a better understanding of how women and men as transformational leaders are using inspirational motivation, to discern whether the leader’s gender is of significance. Method:The study is based on a qualitative approach. In the study we have conducted semi-structured interviews at two major companies with a total of 10 interviewees. We analyzed our material using a thematic analysis. Result & Conclusions: The result of the study shows the characteristics and traits that leaders have which the employees are describing as motivational. The respondents agree that leaders positivity, their optimistic view, as well as their dedication affect employee motivation at work. The study shows that there is no significant difference depending on the gender of the leader in the performance of the area inspirational motivation. Suggestions for future research: As the majority of respondents felt that the manager's experience was of importance and not the leader's sex, we suggest that further studies compare the experienced and inexperienced leader. It may be of interest to investigate whether there are differences in the dimension inspirational motivation in transformationalleadership depending on the leader's age and experience. Further research couldalso lead to a more extensive study in order to receive a confirmation of our conclusions. The study was conducted in two companies working with customer service and it would be interesting to study how transformationalleaders use the inspirational motivation in other industries to find any similarities or differences. Contribution of the thesis: The study was conducted at two companies where the transformationalleaders was a woman and a man, which contributes to the existing research on the significance of gender in the transformationalleadership. We also believe that the study contributes to the theory, as we have noticed and studied male and female characteristics and traits that affect employee motivation. That the study shows the leadership behaviors that are of employees’ wishes is according to us a contribution to the development of both existing as well as potential leaders in companies and organizations.

Syftet med studien är undersöka huruvida killar och tjejers intressen skiljer sig åt inom de naturvetenskapliga ämnena och om dessa elever är intresserade av vidare naturvetenskapliga studier efter avslutad gymnasial utbildning. Studien syftar även till att undersöka elevers kunskaper kring vilka yrken som räknas till naturvetenskapsområdet. Data från 110 elever (53 tjejer, 56 killar och en ospecificerad) från två gymnasieskolor i Östergötland har samlats in via en digital enkät med flervalsfrågor. Resultaten visar att tjejer har ett större intresse för de biologiska ämnesområdena genetik, evolution, miljövård och biomedicin jämfört med killar, samt att killarna har ett större intresse än tjejerna för kvantmekanik, elektromagnetism samt vågor och optik, som alla ligger inom fysikområdet. Det var 56 % av eleverna (28 tjejer och 33 killar) som var intresserade av en fortsatt utbildning inom naturvetenskap och det fanns ingen signifikant skillnad mellan könen (p=0,69>0,05). Gällande de yrkestitlar som räknas till naturvetenskapsområdet är det de yrken vars namn påminner om biologi, kemi eller fysik som blivit igenkända av flest elever, samtidigt som yrken med mer komplicerade yrkestitlar inte har blivit lika igenkända. / The aim of the study is to investigate whether the interests of boys and girls differ in the natural sciences and if these students are interested in further scientific studies after completing upper secondary education. This study also aims to investigate students’ knowledge of which professions are included in the field of science. Data from 110 pupils (53 girls, 56 boys and one unspecified) from two upper secondary schools in Ostergotland have been collected via a digital questionnaire with multiple choice questions. The results show that girls have a greater interest in the field of biology, such as genetics, evolution, environmental protection and biomedicine compared to boys, and that the boys are more interested than girls in quantum mechanics, electromagnetism, waves and optics, which all lie within the field of physics. There were 56 % of the students (28 girls and 33 boys) who were interested in continuing education in the natural sciences after their upper secondary education and there was no significant difference between the sexes (p=0,69>0.05). Regarding the professions that are included in the field of science there were those with names that reminiscent of biology, chemistry or physics that were recognized the most by the students, while the professions of more complex titles did not get recognized as easily.

Följande studie har undersökt hur kvinnliga kriminalvårdare upplever att de behandlas på klass 1-anstalter för manliga klienter i Sverige. Studien undersökte även hur kvinnliga kriminalvårdare behandlades av sina manliga kollegor och klienter. Materialet samlades in genom semistrukturerade intervjuer med åtta kvinnor i åldrarna 21 till 25, som är eller har varit anställda vid en klass 1-anstalt i Sverige. Utifrån deltagarnas berättelser kunde det urskiljas att en tydlig machokultur präglade de berörda anstalterna. Deltagarna beskrev bland annat anstalterna som ojämställda, i form av att de kunde uppleva sig underordnade männen. En sexistisk och nedvärderande jargong riktat mot deltagarna framkom mellan både manliga klienter och manliga kriminalvårdare. Vissa egenskaper hos deltagarna visades dock medföra en upplevd trygghet i rollen som kriminalvårdare. En högre ålder och längre erfarenhet ansågs som två trygghetsfrämjande faktorer som förenklade deltagarnas arbete. Som slutsats visade sig resultatet av denna studie till stor del överensstämma med tidigare forskning som finns kring området. Förvånande var att machokulturen på anstalterna utmärkte sig i så pass hög grad, trots att Sverige visat sig vara ett av världens mest jämställda länder. Resultatet bekräftade att Kriminalvården är i behov av utbildning, för att förebygga den ojämställdhet som råder. / The following study examined how female correctional officers in class 1 prisons for male inmates in Sweden perceive how they are being treated based on their femininity. Furthermore, the study examined how female correctional officers are being treated by their male colleagues and inmates. Data was collected through semi-structured interviews with eight women between the ages of 21 to 25, who are or have been employed at a class 1 prison. The participants described themselves as subordinate to the men. Moreover, the male inmates as well as the male colleagues used a sexist and degrading jargon against women. Some characteristics, however, were shown to lead to higher perceived safety as a prison officer. A higher age and longer experience were considered factors that simplified the participants' work. In conclusion, the results were largely consistent with previous research in the area. Surprisingly, the results showed that the macho culture in the prisons distinguished itself to such a high degree, even though Sweden has been proven to be one of the most equal countries in the world. The results confirmed that the Prison and Probation Service is in a need of education, in order to prevent the inequality that prevails.

Bakgrund: Psykisk ohälsa bland barn och ungdomar är ett växande problem i Sverige. Skolan arbetar för att främja hälsa och lärande och skolsköterskan har en viktig roll i att identifiera psykisk ohälsa. Att identifiera elever med psykisk ohälsa kan vara avgörande för att dessa elever inte ska utveckla psykisk sjukdom. Forskningen visar att det finns ett tydligt samband mellan skolprestationer och psykisk ohälsa. Därför är det viktigt att alla som arbetar inom skolan strävar efter att försöka identifiera elever så tidigt som möjligt. Skolsköterskan har en viktig roll i detta då det är hen som träffar alla elever oftast vid flera tillfällen under skoltiden. Syfte: Studiens syfte är att beskriva skolsköterskans arbete med att identifiera psykisk ohälsa hos elever. Metod: Kvalitativ metod med induktiv ansats. Det insamlade data materialet analyserades enligt kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Enskilda intervjuer genomfördes med fem skolsköterskor. Resultat: Resultatet visar på fyra huvudkategorier: att möta eleven, vikten av att vinna elevernas förtroende, att samarbeta mot gemensamma mål, att synliggöra könsskillnader. Konklusion: I arbetet med att identifiera psykisk ohälsa krävs att skolsköterskan har kompetens inom flera olika områden och samarbetar med andra professioner och föräldrar samt en medvetenhet om könsskillnader och könsspecifika strategier vid psykisk ohälsa. / Background: Mental illness among children is a growing problem in Sweden. In order to promote health and learning, school nurse has an important role to identify mental illness. Research shows that there is a clear connection between school performance and mental health. Therefore, it is important for the school staff to cooperate and strives to identify mental illness in an early stage. The school nurse has an important role, she meets the students on several occasions during school. Purpose: To describe how school nurses work on identifying mental illness among pupils. Method: Qualitative method with inductive approach has been used and the data has been analysed according to qualitative content analysis. Individual interviews were conducted with five school nurses. Result: From the analysis four main categories with subcategories emerged: to meet the pupil, the importance of gaining the pupils’ confidence, to cooperate towards common objectives and to make gender differences visible. Conclusion: In order to identify mental illness the school nurse need competence in several different areas and to cooperate with other professions and parents, as well as knowledge of gender differences and gender-specific strategies in the case of mental illness.