Syftet med detta examensarbete är att undersöka delaktigheten bland pojkar och flickor iämnet idrott och hälsa på högstadiet. Jag vill se om det är några skillnader och se över vilkabakomliggande faktorer det isåfall finns. Min frågeställning som jag har utgått ifrån ärföljande: Är det några skillnader på pojkar och flickors delaktighet i ämnet idrott och hälsa? / The purpose of this thesis is to investigate the participation of boys and girls in the subject of sports and health at the upper secondary school. I want to see if there are any differences and see what underlying factors there are. My question from which I was based is as follows: Are there any differences in boys’ and girls' participation in the subject of sport and health?

Pornography is today easy to find on the internet and is used by a majority of young women and men. This study aims to investigate how pornography use affects young women and men. Our study intends to answer if the are differences between young women and mens pornographic consumption and attitudes towards the material. The study also aims to investigaste if there are connections between young women and mens attitudes towards pornographic consumtion and views on gender. It will also investigate if there are connections between young women and men regarding perceptions and expectations about sex. Our study is based on a quantitative approach in the form of a survey study with 211 respondents (132 women and 79 men). The theoretical framework is based on Hirdmans gender theory and Gagnon and Simons theory about sexual scripts. Our main results shows that there are big differences in pornography use and attitudes towards the material. On one hand, men are more likely to use pornography and have a neutral attitude. On the other hand, women are more likely to have a negative attitude against pornography. The motives for consumption are the same for both sexes. Our study can show that there is a connection between women, the attitude against pornography and the view on gender. Women who have a negative attitude against pornography are more likely to think that it is important to question gender roles. Men don’t link pornography with gender equality, for them pornography is only sex. The respondents agrees that other peoples perceptions and expectations can be influenced by pornography, but not their own. Although our study shows interesting findings they may not be a consequence of pornography. Our respondents can be influenced by other factors than pornography use.

Fotbollen är den största idrotten i Sverige, med över tretusen förbund och över en miljon aktiva utövare där majoriteten är män. På grund av detta så kan det råda en maskulint dominant genusordning som gynnar manliga aktörer. Denna studie syftade till att undersöka hur manliga fotbollsspelare upplever genusordningen inom fotbollen. Detta gjordes genom kvalitativ datainsamling via intervjuer på byggde på Connells genusteori och genererade tre teman: 1) Genusregim, 2) Genusarrangemang och 3) Genusrelationer. Resultatet visade attmän inom fotbollen upplever att det råder en genusregim där manliga aktörer gynnas, vidare så upplevs de att genusarrangemanget inom idrotten bildas i hemmet likaså inom idrotten självt, främst genom observation och imitation. Till sist så visade det sig att männen upplevde genusrelationerna inom fotbollen som alltmer aggressiv bland manliga aktörer, där användandet av bland annat könsord genomförs utan tanke på dess effekt. Detta för att det ses som en del av språket och den roll som individer sätter sig i när de kommer till fotbollsplatsen. Fotbollens genus diskuteras därav som maskulint gynnande och kan leda till att individer som inte är maskulina missgynnas. / Football is the biggest sport practiced in Sweden, with over three-thousand associations and over one million active participants where men are the majority. Due to the majority consisting of men, there is a possibility of the gender system to be favorable for men. This study aimed to examine how male footballers experience their sport in accordance with the societal gender structures. This was done through a couple of qualitative interviews which built upon Connells Gender theory and three themes. These themes consisted of 1) Genderregime, 2) Gender arrangement, and 3) Gender relations. The results showed that the gender regime within football is beneficial for male participants, furthermore, the gender arrangement was built upon observation and imitation within the home and within the sport itself. Lastly, the gender relations practiced by male footballers were found to be far more aggressive, and the use of insults occurred without much thought of the impact it made. Rather it was all part of the language that was practiced within the sport and was part of the role that a footballer accepted when the partook in the sport. The gender system found within football is discussed as something that benefits masculine participants and could lead to individuals not seen as masculine being put at a disadvantage.

The aim of the thesis is to draw attention to and study the prerequisites of female sports journalists in the field of sports journalism as well as their relationship with colleagues, fans and athletes. This has been done through semi-structured interviews with Swedish female sports journalists, where the questions have been based on how they experience being a woman in a male-dominated field, and how they experienced their coverage of the football championship in Qatar 2022. The method of this study is semi-structured interviews with Swedish female sports journalists, where the questions will be based on how they experience being a woman in a male-dominated field and how they experienced their coverage of the football world cup in Qatar 2022. The material is analyzed with Alan Bryman’s model of thematic analysis. Through the chosen analysis method, the data is reviewed and a coding of the transcribed material is carried out, where the coding involves a process where the data itself is broken down into different categories/themes.  The study shows that the prerequisites for female sports journalists are good but not at the same level as men's. The study also shows that there have been major changes in recent years where women are increasingly invited to the field. Female sports journalists still experience questioning from their colleagues and other journalists, as well as rude behavior from fans and audiences. During the World Cup in Qatar, the experiences of the journalists were different and it depended on their role during the championship.

The study aims to answer the question of whether fashion can communicate meaning, by addressing how creators on Instagram challenge dominant gender norms through fashion, with a focus on the activist movement of #DeGenderFashion. The research questions will be answered using fashion theory and gender theory as guiding points, with literature on social media activism, representations of gender, and cultural studies giving further insight into the dynamics of the movement. Data has been collected from the hashtag #DeGenderFashion, created by social media personality Alok Vaid-Menon in 2019, using the algorithmic function of Instagram to provide the most relevant posts for analysis. After applying a set of criteria to limit the data to create a coherent data set, a visual analysis with an interpretive paradigm and inductive approach was applied. One of the main findings is the influence of patriarchal systems on gender expression, with the movement being led by male and non-binary individuals. However, feminine and androgynous styles are most common, highlighting how non-female individuals strive to adopt feminine fashion into their wardrobes, and breaking the patriarchal stigma surrounding feminine styles. The results of the study further imply that gender specificity in object design is an outdated concept, with the styles featured in the data sample oftentimes combining elements from across the gender spectrum with each other, creating a new fluid visual identity. The study implies that gender specificity in fashion is an artificial concept, urging the fashion industry to become more inclusive by catering to a wider range of bodies.

No More Odes to My Mouth is a collection of poetry exploring the effects of Complex Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder on a speaker as she moves through a patriarchal world. Dealing in themes of sexual assault, gaslighting, witness, art, family, and love, the collection is a careful balancing of colloquial storytelling and lyric curiosity.

Purpose: Rape is a wide-spread problem which incuse society. Rape leads to negative physical, mental, and social consequences for victims. The purpose of this study was to outline what previous research have concluded regarding men’s attitudes towards rape, and to examine intervention programs' effectiveness in changing participants attitudes regarding rape. Method: The design of this study is Scoping review. The analysis method used was manifest content analysis. Results: The results showed that men are more prone to agree with rape myths than women, that men are more likely to believe women deserve rape, that there is nothing wrong with sexual coercion and women are either fully or partly responsible for having been raped. The results also showed that intervention programs and educational courses are effective in changing participant’s attitudes regarding rape and strengthen participants confidence regarding interference in high-risk situations such as date rape. / Syfte: Våldtäkt är ett omfattande världsproblem som präglar samhället. Våldtäkt leder till negativa fysiska, psykiska och sociala konsekvenser för offer. Syftet med den här studie var att kartlägga vad tidigare forskning har kommit fram till gällande mäns attityder till våldtäkt och hur väl interventioner för attityder om våldtäkt fungerar. Metod: Studiens design var en Scoping review. Analysmetoden som användes var manifest innehållsanalys. Resultat: Resultaten visade att män är mer benägna att hålla med om våldtäktsmyter än kvinnor, att män är mer benägna att tro att kvinnor förtjänar våldtäkt, att det inte är något fel med sexuellt tvång och att kvinnor antingen är helt eller delvis ansvariga för att ha blivit våldtagen. Resultatet visade även att interventionsprogram och utbildningskurser är effektiva interventioner för att förändra deltagares attityder om våldtäkt samt att de stärkte delt agares självförtroende till att ingripa i högrisksituationer som dejtingvåldtäkt.

Roman Comedy is defined by the tensions between comic convention and humour’s ability to interrogate societal norms. The playwrights, Plautus and Terence, experimented with their generic restrictions to create unique and complexly structured plays that posed questions on personal and collective identity. This study identifies a critical framework of gender manipulation that shows how citizen men of comic plays transgressed traditional norms of masculinity on a relational, physical, and structural level. It is grounded on the idea that gender plays an integral role in constructing the self. Once characters transgress their gender, other aspects of their identity adjust accordingly until they assume a new social and comic role. I divide my analysis into three character studies from Plautus’ Menaechmi, Terence’s Eunuchus, and Plautus’ Casina. I argue that both playwrights follow the same pattern, where a citizen man performs a physical act of gender transgression in response to dissatisfaction with his emasculating relationship with a female counterpart. This act reveals tensions pertaining to cultural dissonance and citizenship, sexuality in the transition to adulthood, and the crisis of old age. It is followed by a structural manipulation that shifts character and narrative tropes to bring the play to some resolution. This study provides a new framework for investigating the relationship between character and narrative, as well as generic convention and comic subversion in Roman Comedy. It diverges from recent scholarship on comic gender roles to reveal the distinct ways that Plautus and Terence experimented with the patriarchal constructions of masculinity and femininity in addition to the binarism of gender. / Dissertation / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) / In the comic plays of 3rd- and 2nd-century BCE Rome, gender played an important role in the way that citizen men interacted with the world around them. This study identifies a pattern tracing how they were motivated to step outside the norms of traditional masculinity and how this performance affected their identities and plotlines. The pattern comprises three stages: emasculation from an overpowering woman, a physical change of clothes or scent in response to that emasculation, and a plot change to bring the play to a conclusion. The gendered instability experienced by these men at each stage exposes underlying tensions in cultural dissonance and citizenship, the role of sexuality in the transition to adulthood, and the crisis of old age. Investigations of the plays through this pattern reveal how the playwrights experimented with their genre and the impact they had in addressing the on-going concerns of their audiences.

The purpose of this study is to examine how gender stereotypes are portrayed and how stereotypes are being maintained through Swedish reality tv shows. The study aims to test the common-sense hypothesis that the Swedish Public Service is more attentive to equality and inclusiveness than commercial production companies, including the equal representation of genders. The first research question aims to investigate if and how stereotypes are being preserved in the programs. The second research question looks into what types of audiovisual means the reality shows use to portray men and women.    The study has compared two Swedish reality shows by the names of Vi eller Aldrig (Public Service) and True Love Sverige (commercial company) with a theoretical basis in framing and gender theory and applying a quantitative and qualitative method. Earlier research has shown that there are significant differences between the framing of men and women in tv commercials (Matthes & Prieler, 2020), and also in other reality tv shows such as Love Island UK where it is proven that sexist and heteronormative perspectives are maintained throughout the show (Denby, 2021).    The quantitative results of this study showed that there are differences regarding the framing of the genders between the two shows, where Vi eller Aldrig was less equal than True Love Sverige. The male participants were given significantly more space than the female participants in Vi eller Aldrig, while True Love Sverige was more equal. It also showed that stereotypes were maintained in both shows through the shows’ production strategies and through the representation of stereotypical character types. The qualitative results compared scenes from each program and concluded that the principal audiovisual means used were music, editing, set design and camerawork.   The results are of significance because they present evidence that these two reality shows contribute to upholding patriarchal structures by making men the focal points, main characters of the shows’ and also by continuing to portray men and women from stereotypical roles, women as stereotypically hysterical and men as stereotypically cool and poised.

The purpose of the study is to investigate how articles in Helsingborg's daily newspaper that dealt with rationing can say something about how the view of femininity is constructed at the beginning of the Second World War during 1939-1942. The articles deal with everything from tips on recipes to violations of rationing, topics taken from everyday life and are therefore good sources for everyday life, the rationing system, consumption habits, and gender during this specific period in Helsingborg. The question is what knowledge about everyday life, rationing, consumption history, and gender during the Second World War can the sources contribute to? The essay is arranged as follows: The background consists of an account of the Second World War and rationing. The method chosen is qualitative content analysis. It was chosen because the method allows one to analyze the material in depth. The material was divided and coded through the method to understand the purpose of each article. In this study, gender theory is used because the articles in the newspaper contain a lot of information about women and their roles during World War II. The previous research in this study consists of literature that all relates to the subject of the study. Since the study contains information about several different areas, the literature is used for different purposes. The survey is divided into different topics. The study examines how the articles have conveyed information about the rationing system and rationing violations, consumption and housekeeping, and also gender and housewife ideals. The conclusion of the work with the material provides further information about everyday life, rationing, consumption history, and gender in Helsingborg during the years 1939-1942. The material also shows the position of women during the war and the limited role they had. This leads to gender roles being reinforced during this period. / Syftet med studien är att undersöka hur artiklar i Helsingborgs dagblad som behandlade ransoneringarna kan säga något om hur synen på kvinnlighet konstruerades i början av andra världskriget under 1939-1942. Artiklarna behandlar allt från tips på recept till brott mot ransoneringen, ämnen hämtade från vardagslivet och är därför bra källor till vardagslivet, ransoneringssystemet, konsumtionsvanor och genus under denna specifika tidsperiod i Helsingborg. Frågeställningen är vilken kunskap om vardagslivet, ransoneringarna, konsumtionshistoria och genus under andra världskriget kan källorna bidra till? Uppsatsen är disponerad på följande sätt: bakgrunden består av en redogörelse om andra världskriget och ransoneringen. Metoden som är vald är en kvalitativ innehållsanalys, vilken bidrar till en djupare analys. Materialet delades upp och kodades genom metoden för att förstå vad syftet är med varenda artikel. I denna studie används genusteori eftersom artiklarna i tidningen innehåller en hel del information om kvinnor och deras roll under andra världskriget. Den tidigare forskningen i denna studie består av litteratur som alla förhåller sig till studiens ämne. Eftersom att studien innehåller information om flera olika områden används litteraturen till olika syften. Undersökningen är uppdelad i olika ämnen. Studien undersöker hur artiklarna har förmedlat information om ransoneringssystemet och ransoneringsbrott, konsumtion och hushållning och även genus och husmorsideal. Slutsatsen i arbetet med materialet ger vidare information om vardagslivet, ransoneringarna, konsumtionshistoria och hur kvinnligheten konstruerats i Helsingborg under åren 1939-1942. Materialet visar även på kvinnornas ställning under kriget och vilken begränsad roll de hade. Det ledde till att könsrollerna förstärktes under denna period.