The intent of this thesis is to explore the role religion has played in the Puerto Rican society. Growing up in this culture entails a deep and implicit connection with the religious world. Religious values, beliefs, and attitudes are firmly entrenched and amplified through the family, culture, and schools. Because it is so deeply entrenched, it is difficult to find a place to leverage a critique of its impact. Thus, in order to understand the societal matters and challenges the island faces, an in-depth study that explores the beliefs, attitudes, and behavior of Puerto Ricans is necessary.

This dissertation explores the creative responses of domestic violence advocates, activists, and other professionals working to address domestic violence in a South Atlantic U.S. state. Neoliberal political-economic policies have supported the development of nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) to address social ills that the state has increasingly relinquished responsibility for. While personal responsibility and the work of civil society is extolled as the best way to address social problems and offer social services to the public, state-level cuts of funding streams to NGOs have made it increasingly difficult for these entities to perform their missions. Moreover, reliance upon the state for funding leads to a slippery slope whereby missions shift and projects may be selected based on funding availability rather than what target communities could truly benefit from. Limited resources and time available to adequately conduct organizational missions within NGOs has helped promote new forms of community coalition building across agencies and systems. Based on ethnographic research within a quasi-state agency and multiple community coalitions, this dissertation examines the knowledge and practice of actors situated within these different sites and their relationships with the state. I address the following questions: 1) how are actors affected by and then in turn respond to the socioeconomic affects of neoliberalism; 2) how do socially defined categories of difference shape knowledge and practice; and 3) what is the relationship between dominant and alternative discourses of domestic violence and the differentially positioned actors who adopt them. My research sheds light on the process of community coalition building and activism in the context of a national financial crisis, which supports politically driven hostility towards domestic violence activist work. Through an in depth analysis of the early development of a community coalition to end domestic violence in the LGBTQQI community, I examine the ways actors heterogeneous social compositions and life experiences shape understandings of domestic violence, and receptiveness to alternative forms of knowledge and practice. Material constraints produced by neoliberal political-economic policies further hinder knowledge production and actors' capacity to contend with alternative frameworks for analyzing domestic violence. / Anthropology

Based on fieldwork with human rights organizations in New York City and Belize, Central America, this dissertation explores--through the prism of ethics--how non-governmental organizations (NGOs) represent violence against indigenous women--in text, image, and action--as human rights "evidence." By ethics I mean the deliberate use of morals, stated or unstated, in the representation of human rights abuses. In New York, my research focuses on the production, launch, and circulation of a United Nations shadow report on violence against indigenous women. In Belize, I contextualize indigenous women's experiences of gender violence within an indigenous movement to obtain collective land rights, a national women's movement, and national rhetoric on culture and gender. In both locales, I consider and compare: 1) how the "ethical" stance of NGOs shapes human rights activism; 2) how NGOs create visual and discursive "evidence" to represent violence and indigenous women's experiences; and 3) very real neoliberal state repression that immobilizes social movements for human rights and social justice. My concern is with the ways social movement NGOs struggle to maintain their feminist and social justice objectives as they interface with the demands of a transnational human rights system, and the strategies they use as they suffer from vilification, marginalization or mainstreaming, and lack of resources. Far from protective, human rights claims, explored here as "evidence," often obscure both social inequalities and the response of state-level policies to these inequalities, especially for marginalized women. / Anthropology

Estudo exploratório, com abordagem qualitativa, que teve como objetivo geral compreender os limites e as possibilidades avaliativas no que tange ao reconhecimento e enfrentamento de necessidades em saúde de mulheres que vivenciam violência no espaço de concretização das práticas da Estratégia Saúde da Família (ESF). Foi realizado em uma Unidade Básica de Saúde que opera sob a ESF em São Paulo (SP). Os dados foram coletados por meio de entrevistas em profundidade com vinte e dois profissionais de saúde que compõem as equipes multiprofissionais e com treze mulheres usuárias do serviço que vivenciaram situações de violência de gênero. As entrevistas foram gravadas, transcritas e submetidas à análise de discurso. Os resultados foram analisados segundo as categorias analíticas gênero, violência de gênero e necessidades em saúde. Os resultados revelaram a violência enquanto problema que tem interfaces com o processo saúde doença das mulheres. Entretanto, o fenômeno raramente aparece enquanto uma demanda imediata sendo expressiva como demanda implícita e submersa em outras queixas. Houve o reconhecimento de necessidades relacionadas às condições de vida e o contexto de exclusão social do território; necessidades que remetem à autonomia; medicalização das necessidades em saúde revelando a dicotomia mente-corpo no trabalho em saúde; e necessidades relacionadas à escuta e à criação de vínculos enquanto possibilidade de fortalecimento das mulheres que vivenciam violência. A prática biologicista, ainda hegemônica, limita o campo de ação das práticas profissionais, levando usuárias e profissionais a não reconhecerem os serviços de saúde enquanto possibilidade de apoio e enfrentamento da violência. A medicalização foi constatada enquanto a limitação mais significativa das práticas profissionais. As possibilidades relacionadas ao vínculo propiciado pela lógica de atenção instaurada com a ESF encontram-se ainda cerceadas pelas limitações do modelo biomédico e a ausência de tecnologias específicas para lidar com a violência. Concluiu-se que é premente o reconhecimento da violência enquanto problema cuja atenção deve ser inerente aos serviços de saúde, assim como a tradução das demandas trazidas pelas mulheres nas necessidades que a produziram. O reconhecimento dessas necessidades pressupõe ainda considerar a violência e a subalternidade de gênero como generativos desse processo. O trabalho que qualifica a atenção à saúde das mulheres em situação de violência deve superar o modelo biomédico de atenção, o que implica rever a prática profissional, posto que, na perspectiva da emancipação da opressão das mulheres, o saber crítico sobre as necessidades em saúde como conseqüência da situação de opressão que a abordagem de gênero encerra, constitui um de seus elementos, um dos instrumentos que deve orientar todo o trabalho das práticas profissionais nessa área. / The general objective of this exploratory study with a qualitative approach was to understand the limitations and possibilities of the Family Health Strategy (EFS) to recognize and meet the health needs of women experiencing violence. The study was carried out in a Primary Health Care Unit working within the ESF in São Paulo, SP, Brazil. Data were collected through in-depth interviews with 22 health professionals who compose the multidisciplinary teams and with 13 women who use the service and had experienced violence. Interviews were recorded, transcribed and submitted to discourse analysis. The results were analyzed according to analytical categories of gender violence and health needs. The results revealed that violence is an issue that interfaces with the womens health-disease continuum, although the phenomenon rarely appears as an immediate demand; it rather emerges as an implicit demand underlying other complains. The following was identified: needs related to living conditions and the context on social exclusion; needs related to autonomy; medicalizalization of health needs revealing a dichotomy between body-mind in health care delivery; and the need related to active listening and the establishment of bonds as an alternative to empower women experiencing violence. The biologicist practice is still predominant and limits the field of actions of professional practices, hindering users and professionals the possibility to recognize health services as a space where to seek support to cope with violence. Medicalization was identified as the most significant limitation of professional practices. The possibilities related to bonds enabled by the logic of care delivery established within the ESF are still surrounded by the limitations of the biomedical model and the absence of specific technologies to deal with violence. We conclude that acknowledging violence as a problem whose care should be inherent to the health services is urgent as well as the need to translate the demands of these women into the needs that produce them. Acknowledging these needs requires considering violence and gender subordination as elements that generate such a process. The work that qualifies care delivered to women experiencing violence should overcome the biomedical model. It implies a review of professional practices since, from the perspective of emancipation of womens oppression, critical knowledge concerning health needs as a consequence of oppression implied in gender approach, constitutes one of the instruments that should guide the work of professional practice in this field.

Este estudo tem como objetivo compreender os atravessamentos de gênero e violência nas concepções sobre o cuidado prestado por cônjugescuidadores e profissionais de saúde no contexto da Estratégia de Saúde da Família. O ato de cuidar de alguém é frequentemente atribuído às mulheres e a suas supostas capacidades de ser mais paciente, carinhosa e disponível ao outro que o homem em nossa sociedade. Os homens, por sua vez, quando cuidadores, sentem-se deslocados da masculinidade e de suas atribuições sociais. Isso é produto e produtor da ideologia de gênero que auxilia na manutenção da mulher nos espaços privados, dos homens nos espaços públicos, e evita mudanças na divisão sexual do trabalho. A ideologia de gênero também corrobora para que mulheres que sofreram violência perpetrada por seus parceiros íntimos venham a ser cuidadoras desses mesmos parceiros quando estes se encontram com deficiências/incapacidades/doenças sem prognóstico de cura. As ações de profissionais de saúde também são influenciadas pela ideologia de gênero, cuja reprodução torna invisível ou banal a violência de gênero. Esta é uma pesquisa qualitativa que entrevistou 12 cônjuges-cuidadores (2 homens e 10 mulheres) e 14 profissionais de saúde de duas Unidades Básicas de Saúde com Estratégia de Saúde da Família na periferia da Região Oeste do Município de São Paulo. Dentre os cônjuges entrevistados, 10 deles viveram situações de violência de gênero, sendo que 7 dessas situações de violência não eram conhecidas pelas equipes de saúde da família. As cuidadoras entrevistadas naturalizavam e reproduziam a violência de gênero vivida e compreendiam o cuidado como uma tarefa natural das mulheres, mesmo quando há/houve violência na relação com a pessoa de quem se cuida. Para os cuidadores cuidar significava gerência de cuidados, e sentiam-se na obrigação de justificar porque, sendo homens, cuidavam. A maioria dos profissionais de saúde reproduzia a ideologia de gênero em seus discursos, atribuindo à mulher a obrigação de cuidar, havendo uma banalização da violência de gênero. Todavia, alguns profissionais analisaram e questionaram as atribuições sociais de homens e mulheres, e a naturalização da mulher enquanto cuidadora e de escolha preferencial dos serviços de saúde para essa função. Para concluir, levanta-se a necessidade de criação de políticas públicas específicas para os cuidadores, ampliação de serviços públicos de cuidadores e outros serviços de suporte, como por exemplo, serviço de família acolhedora e repúblicas para idosos, centros de convivência, centros-dia, entre outros. Além disso, mostra-se necessário um investimento em formação profissional que contemple gênero e violência, a fim de que a atuação dos profissionais de saúde não recorra ao senso-comum e ao discurso ideológico no trabalho cotidiano com homens e mulheres / The aim of this study is to understand the crossings of gender and violence in conceptions about the care provided by family caregivers and health professionals in the context of the Family Health Strategy. The act of caring for someone is often attributed to women and their supposed ability to be more patient, affectionate and available to the other than a man in our society. The men, on the other hand, when caregivers feel dislocated from their masculinity and their social responsibilities. This is a product and producer of gender ideology that helps to keep the women in private, and men in public spaces, and avoids changes in the sexual division of labor. Gender ideology also reaffirms that women who experienced intimate partner violence may be caregivers of those partners when they are with disabilities / terminal disease. Actions of healthcare professionals are also influenced by gender ideology, whose reproduction makes the gender violence invisible or trivial. This is a qualitative study that interviewed 12 family caregiver (2 men and 10 women) and 14 health professionals from two Basic Health Units with Family Health Strategy in the suburb of the Western Side São Paulo City. Among the spouses interviewed, 10 of them have experienced situations of gender violence, 7 of these situations of violence were not known by the family health teams. The women caregivers interviewed thought violence as natural and reproduced the gender violence experienced and understood care as a natural task for women, even when there was violence in the relationship with the person who being cared for. For men caregivers take care meant care management, they felt compelled to justify why, being men, they used to care. Most health professionals reproduced the gender ideology in their speeches; attribute to women the obligation to care, with a trivialization of gender violence. However, some professionals have analyzed and questioned the social attributes of men and women, and how natural were for women working as caregivers and how they were the preferred choice of health services for this function. To conclude, the necessity to create specific policies for caregivers, expansion of public caregivers and other support services, such as welcoming family service for elderly and senior homesharing units, community centers, day centers, among others, increases. In addition, it appears necessary investment in training that addresses gender and violence, so that the performance of health professionals do not use the common sense and the ideological speech in everyday work with men and women

Este trabalho teve por objetivo compreender como as noções de gênero estão presentes no processo de elaboração e de implantação das políticas públicas de saúde no Brasil, com foco em uma rede de atenção à violência O trabalho está organizado em duas partes: na primeira, teórica, realizou-se uma revisão da literatura e de documentos de domínio público sobre as políticas públicas de Saúde, bem como sobre as políticas de gênero e de combate à violência contra a mulher e as interfaces desta com a Saúde. Na segunda parte foi realizado um estudo de caso tendo como foco o Programa Iluminar Campinas, uma rede criada pela Coordenadoria de Saúde da Mulher, em 2001, para atender os casos de violência doméstica contra crianças e adolescentes, de violência sexual em qualquer idade ou sexo e de exploração sexual comercial de crianças e adolescentes. Buscou-se entender se a transversalidade de gênero atravessa o programa de atendimento à violência nas diferentes práticas, bem como analisar o modelo de gestão de cuidado que o programa desenvolve no cotidiano das ações. A perspectiva teórica do estudo foi a Teoria Ator Rede (TAR) que apresenta ferramentas de pesquisa para acompanhar as diversas estratégias desenvolvidas; os atores envolvidos foram ouvidos e buscou-se identificar os papéis desempenhados pelas diversas materialidades envolvidas nestas ações. Assim, a metodologia envolveu a análise de documentos, entrevistas e observações de eventos do Programa Iluminar. A análise possibilitou identificar que a organização do cuidados em Campinas tem inovado no atendimento aos casos de violência sexual, articulando diferentes setores, como Educação, Assistência Social, Segurança Pública, Judiciário, Saúde e organizações não-governamentais para promover o acolhimento humanizado e diferenciado às pessoas em diversos pontos da rede de cuidados; reduzir o tempo de atendimento às urgências e emergências; possibilitar o transporte público gratuito e seguro e gerar políticas locais com os dados da notificação. O Programa agregou diversas materialidades na organização do cuidados e gerou um novo olhar para a questão da violência entre os profissionais e a população. Porém, a transversalidade da noção de gênero das diferentes ações de forma a contemplar casos como os de violência por parceiro íntimo - ainda é um desafio a ser superado pelo Programa Iluminar, para ampliar o acesso a serviços e programas que consigam intervir na violência de gênero / This study aims to understand how notions of gender are presented in the design and implementation of a public health policy in Brazil, with focus on a network on violence. The text is organized into two parts: the first part, theoretical, is a review of the literature and public domain documents on public health policies and policies on gender and violence against women, and its interface with the health sector. In the second part we conducted a case study that focused on the Programa Iluminar (Illuminating Program), a network created in Campinas, which was created by the Coordination of Women\'s Health in 2001, for dealing with cases of domestic violence against children and adolescents survivors of sexual violence at any age or sex, and commercial sexual exploitation of children and adolescents. We sought to understand whether gender mainstreaming through the assistance program to violence in their various practices and analyze the model of care management that the program develops in the daily actions. The theoretical perspective that guided the study was the Actor Network Theory (TAR), which provides tools for monitoring the various strategies developed, the stakeholders were heard and tried to identify the roles of various materiality involved in these actions. Thus, the methodology involved the analysis of institutional documents, interviews and observations of network meetings of the Iluminar Program.The analysis identified that the organization of the care network in Campinas has been an innovator in the care of patients with sexual violence, to articulate different sectors such as Education, Social Services, Public Safety, Judiciary, Health and nongovernmental organizations to promote the humane care and different people in different parts of the network of care, reduce the time to serve the emergency care, allow free public transport and insurance and generate local politics to the notification. The program has added a number of materiality in the organization of the care network and created a new look at the issue of violence among professionals and the public. However, the mainstreaming of gender concept of different actions such as including violence by intimate partners - is still a challenge to be overcome by the Programa Iluminar to expand access to services and programs that can intervene in gender violence

Cette thèse cherche à améliorer la connaissance et la compréhension des violences de genre. Elle s’attache plus particulièrement à comprendre comment leur prise en charge a émergé dans la sphère politique sous l'impulsion des féministes d’État espagnoles et comment les institutions étatiques française et espagnole se sont saisies et ont traduit législativement ce problème social. L'analyse de deux cadres nationaux, régionaux et locaux permet de mettre en relief l’évolution des pratiques judiciaires et médiatiques à différentes échelles. Cette étude comparative montre les répercussions financières, sanitaires et sociales et, donc, l’intérêt de l’intervention de l’État dans la lutte contre les violences exercées à l’encontre des femmes au sein du couple. Toutefois, ce problème social n’a pas émergé de la même façon en France et en Espagne. Ainsi, plusieurs facteurs permettent d’expliquer sa mise sur l’agenda politique espagnol : le contexte géopolitique, la faiblesse des politiques familiales, la capacité mobilisatrice du féminisme d’État et sa médiatisation. Après avoir présenté l’évolution législative des violences exercées à l’encontre des femmes au sein du couple dans les deux pays, cette recherche apporte une lecture explicative et comparative du fonctionnement de la justice face à ces situations de violences en étudiant les pratiques des tribunaux de Bordeaux et Barcelone entre 2003 et 2009. Enfin, elle dresse le portrait contrasté de deux nations dont le reflet médiatique de l’action politique dévoile des modes de traitement bien distincts. Pour cela, elle évoque le rôle des messages délivrés par les campagnes de communication gouvernementales de lutte contre les violences faites aux femmes et les lignes éditoriales des journaux télévisés d’information régionale en matière de traitement des violences de genre. Ainsi, l’étude de ces pratiques révèle l’influence d’une politique sociale genrée sur les taux de dénonciation et le profil des condamnés. / The aim of this thesis is to improve the knowledge and understanding of gender-related acts of violence. More particularly, it aims at understanding how their undertaking has emerged in the political sphere, spurred on by State feminists in Spain, and how the French and Spanish political institutions have taken up and brought this social issue before the courts. The analysis of these two national, regional and local frameworks helps to underline the evolution of judicial and media practices at different scales. This comparative study shows the financial, sanitary and social repercussions and, consequently, the interest for the State to intervene to combat the acts of violence against women within the couple. However, this social issue has not emerged the same way in France and Spain. That is why several factors can account for its integration into the Spanish political agenda: the geopolitical context, the weaknesses of family policies, the capacity of State feminism to attract people’s support and its media coverage. After presenting the legislative evolution of acts of violence against women within the couple, this research brings an explanatory and comparative reading of the functioning of justice in front of situations of violence by studying the practices of Bordeaux and Barcelona courts between 2003 and 2009. Finally, it draws a contrasted portrait of two nations whose media reflection of political action, reveals quite different ways of tackle the issue. For that, it evokes the function of messages conveyed by Government communication campaigns on fights against acts of violence against women as well as the editorial ways of TV regional news about the ways gender-related acts of violence are dealt with. So, the analysis of these practices unveils the influence of a gender social policy generated from the denunciation rates and the convicts’ profiles.

Submitted by Verena Bastos (verena@uefs.br) on 2015-07-31T13:39:35Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTACAO DE BIANKA 2015.pdf: 1088519 bytes, checksum: 3efca07e3a24a9e6cadd7b95dbe70562 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-07-31T13:39:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTACAO DE BIANKA 2015.pdf: 1088519 bytes, checksum: 3efca07e3a24a9e6cadd7b95dbe70562 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-03-21 / Objective: To assess factors related to the occurrence of gender violence in a population of northeastern Bahia in 2007 and identify risk behaviors in women who have witnessed family violence during their childhood and were victims of violence in adulthood. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study conducted with 4170 individuals, of both sexes, aged 15 years and living in the city of Feira de Santana , Bahia. A probabilistic sample of clusters derived from census tracts was used. Data were collected during home visits with use of household and individual questionnaire record. Bivariate and the Chi square test analyzes were performed considering IC95 % and p ? 0.05 for statistically significant association. To verify the factors associated with violence , we used a hierarchical logistic regression analysis. Results: The prevalence of physical and / or emotional violence was 18,63%. Regarding the history of violence in childhood prevalence was equal to 12,14%. Women had a higher prevalence (19,7%) than men (16,5%) with 1,31 times higher prevalence of victimization. It was observed that women who have never been to school (15,08%), non-white (12,61%) and had an income of up to 1 minimum wage (14.17%) had a higher incidence of physical violence in childhood. The women drinkers had 1,43 times higher prevalence of experiencing violence in childhood and, in relation to smoking, this prevalence increased to 1,56. Adjusted by hierarchical logistic regression analysis showed a positive association between women suffer physical and / or emotional violence with household type (RP = 1,28; IC95%: 1,10; 1,54), type of building (RP = 1,66; IC95%: 1,14; 2,41), smoking (RP = 1,36; IC95%: 1,10; 1,70) and violence in childhood (RP = 2,13; IC95%: 1,79; 2,53). Conclusions: Gender violence is a complex problem with social roots and that deserves to be addressed as a public health problem . Thus , it is urgent policies to combat poverty , interpersonal conflicts, especially those from the interior of the family system , substance use , particularly alcohol measures as well as preparation in the care of victims of violence and the deployment of a service to protect women victimized because many remain silent for fear of reprisals from their attackers. / Objetivo: Analisar os fatores relacionados ? ocorr?ncia da viol?ncia de g?nero em uma popula??o do nordeste da Bahia no ano de 2007 e identificar os comportamentos de risco de mulheres que presenciaram viol?ncia na fam?lia durante sua inf?ncia e foram v?timas de viol?ncia na vida adulta. M?todos: Trata-se de um estudo de corte transversal realizado com 4170 indiv?duos, de ambos os sexos, com idade acima de 15 anos e residentes no munic?pio de Feira de Santana-BA. Foi utilizada uma amostra probabil?stica de conglomerados derivados de setores censit?rios. Os dados foram coletados em visitas domiciliares com uso de ficha domiciliar e question?rio individual. Foram realizadas an?lises bivariadas e Teste do Qui Quadrado de Pearson, considerando IC95% e p ? 0,05 para associa??o estatisticamente significante. Para verificar os fatores associados ? viol?ncia, empregou-se a an?lise de regress?o log?stica hierarquizada. Resultados: A preval?ncia de viol?ncia f?sica e/ou emocional foi de 18,63%. Em rela??o ? hist?ria de viol?ncia na inf?ncia a preval?ncia foi igual a 12,14%. As mulheres apresentaram preval?ncia superior (19,7%) aos homens (16,5%) com preval?ncia 1,31 vezes maior de vitimiza??o. Foi poss?vel observar que mulheres que nunca foram ? escola (15,08%), n?o brancas (12,61%) e que tinham renda de at? 1 sal?rio m?nimo (14,17%) apresentaram maior ocorr?ncia de viol?ncia f?sica na inf?ncia. As mulheres etilistas tiveram preval?ncia 1,43 vezes maior de ter sofrido viol?ncia na inf?ncia e, em rela??o ao h?bito de fumar, esta preval?ncia aumentou para 1,56. A an?lise ajustada por regress?o log?stica hierarquizada mostrou uma associa??o positiva entre a mulher sofrer viol?ncia f?sica e/ou emocional com tipo de domic?lio (RP = 1,28; IC95%: 1,10; 1,54), tipo de edifica??o (RP = 1,66; IC95%: 1,14; 2,41), tabagismo (RP = 1,36; IC95%: 1,10; 1,70) e viol?ncia na inf?ncia (RP = 2,13; IC95%: 1,79; 2,53). Conclus?es: A viol?ncia de g?nero ? um problema complexo com ra?zes sociais e que merece ser abordada como um problema de sa?de p?blica. Assim, urge medidas pol?ticas para o combate da pobreza, conflitos interpessoais, sobretudo os oriundos do interior do sistema familiar, ao consumo de subst?ncias, principalmente o ?lcool, bem como o preparo no atendimento das v?timas de viol?ncia e a implanta??o de um servi?o de prote??o ?s mulheres vitimizadas, pois muitas se calam por medo de sofrer repres?lias por parte de seus agressores.

My thesis maps a genealogy of patriarchal structures that underpin Algerian history, culture, and institutions between the war of independence and the 1991-2001 civil war. More specifically, I contextualize the ways in which patriarchal lineages and origin stories—and thus the symbolic and structural promises of the family—underpin political struggle. In mapping these symbolic lineages found at work in the promise of independence, and the ways in which they underpin political struggle, I demonstrate how the war of independence reified and redefined familial and patriarchal kinships within political and social structures. I suggest that historical and social conditionings found at work at these different historical moments have legitimated, to a certain extent, the domination over women and a normalization of violence against them. My thesis examines social and political discourses at four central moments in Algerian history. Firstly, in the constructions of the Algerian nation-state post independence in 1962; secondly, in the Islamic Renaissance of the 1980s and the creation of the Family Code; and in a third moment, I draw connections between the Family Code, violent political clashes of 1990s and the civil war that ensued. Finally, I analyze laws and discourses created after the civil war and the resistance movements that have continuously contested power and oppression throughout these different periods. / Thesis (Master, Gender Studies) -- Queen's University, 2014-01-30 10:39:01.867

Cette thèse porte sur l’élaboration et la mise en pratique de politiques interculturelles dans le champ de la santé internationale, en se basant sur une ethnographie d’un programme de prévention de la violence de genre dans le canton de Loreto, en Amazonie équatorienne, mis en place par la Croix-Rouge suisse et aujourd’hui géré de concert avec l’Etat équatorien et une organisation kichwa locale. Suivant une approche qui fait varier les échelles d’analyses pour articuler le niveau local, national et international, elle met en évidence les lieux d’intersection et les hiatus entre l’idéal d’interculturalité tel qu’il est conçu « par le haut » et les pratiques qui sont mises en oeuvre au quotidien par des professionnels de la santé et du développement métis équatoriens. Elle révèle ainsi qu’au-delà de l’idéal du respect des « différences culturelles autochtones » et de la symétrie entre les « cultures », les discours et les pratiques de ces professionnels consistent en une entreprise de normalisation et de moralisation des comportements des destinataires kichwa en matière de rapports de genre. Pour affiner ces analyses et dépasser une approche critique de la santé publique, cette thèse explore également les représentations et les pratiques des destinataires – femmes agents de santé et « bénéficiaires » kichwa du programme – en matière de violence et de rapports de genre. Elle montre ainsi que le transfert de normes et de valeurs via la santé publique fait l’objet de multiples processus d’appropriations, et explore les différentes d’interprétations, de négociations et d’instrumentalisations de la part des destinataires, tant au niveau individuel que collectif. / This PhD thesis focuses on the development and application of intercultural policies in the field of international health. It is drawn on an ethnographic fieldwork conducted in canton Loreto, in the Ecuadorian Amazon, about a gender violence prevention program which was set up by the Swiss Red Cross and which is now managed in cooperation with the Ecuadorian State and a local Kichwa organization.Following a multiple-scale analysis in order to articulate the local, national and international dynamics, it highlights the intersections and the gaps between, on the one hand, the the institutional prescriptions about the ideal of interculturality and on the other hand, the daily practices of Ecuadorian mestizo health and development profesionals.It reveals that beyond the ideal of respect for "indigenous cultural differences" and of symmetry between "cultures", the discourses and practices of these professionals consist of a normalizing and moralizing enterprise concerning the gendered and, more broadly, social behaviors of Kichwa « beneficiaries ». In order to refine the analysis and to go beyond a critical approach of public health, this thesis also explores the violence and gender relations representations and practices of Kichwa women health workers and "beneficiaries", men and women. Thus it shows that the transfer of norms via public health is the subject of multiple processes of appropriation, interpretation, negotiation and instrumentalisation both on individual and collective levels by the « beneficiaries ».