Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-20T13:17:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Arthur- Piranema- da- Cruz- Dissertacao.pdf: 771597 bytes, checksum: 7d92370496f82c2964609a2649c412a9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-07-15 / This work seeks to sustain the particularistic view of Aristotle‟s Nicomachean Ethics as opposed to universal readings. The analysis of the passages on the method of practical philosophy, about virtue as mean and about prudence as perceptive ability of the virtuous man will show that Aristotle‟s Ethics is actually particularistic. Although you can not defend an extreme particularism, because the record of universalizations and generalizations also find shelter, yet there is a distinct particularistic base that gives priority to the perception of what is relevant in every situation. / Este trabalho busca sustentar a visão particularista da Ethica Nicomachea de Aristóteles em contraposição às leituras universalistas. A análise das passagens sobre o método da filosofia prática, sobre a virtude como mediedade e sobre a prudência como capacidade perceptiva do homem virtuoso mostrará que a ética de Aristóteles é efetivamente particularista. Embora não seja possível defender um particularismo extremo, pois o registro das universalizações e generalizações também encontram guarida, ainda assim se verifica a nítida base particularista que dá prioridade à percepção do que é relevante em cada situação.

Orientador: Wu Shin-Ting / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Eletrica e de Computação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-13T23:55:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Silva_AdlerCardosoGomesda_M.pdf: 2672358 bytes, checksum: 8e9b303b8bebb1d3e1aee1e46e01b4c9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / Resumo: A simplificação de linha é a operação da generalização cartográfica que remove os detalhes desnecessários de uma linha, preservando os principais aspectos da sua forma. A simplificação consistente de linha preocupa-se tanto em remover estes detalhes, quanto em gerar um mapa que seja consistente.ao original. Um mapa é dito consistente ao original se possuir a mesma topologia que este e conservar espaçamentos entre os seus objetos. Os trabalhos em simplificação consistente presentes na literatura ainda apresentam diversas limitações, das quais se destacam a aplicabilidade restrita a determinados tipos de objetos, a ineficácia na preservação da topologia em certos casos, a ausência da conservação de espaçamentos e o alto custo computacional. Este trabalho propõe uma nova solução para o problema dá simplificação consistente, procurando contornar estas limitações. Do ponto de vista teórico, ele determina um conjunto de condições que se aplicam a todos os tipos de objetos e garantem a consistência do mapa resultante. Do ponto de vista prático, ele apresenta um algoritmo que, com base nestas condições, é capaz de simplificar consistente e eficientemente as linhas de um mapa. O algoritmo proposto tambem apresenta outras características importantes para a simplificação consistente, tais como a capacidade de produzir de mapas independentes de escala e a invariância do mapa resultante em relação à ordem de processamento dos dados de entrada. / Abstract: Line simplification is the cartographic generalization operation that reduces the complexity of a line, while preserving its main shape features. Consistent line simplification involves not only the reduction of the line complexity, but also the consistency between the original and the simplified maps. A map is said to be consistent to the original one, if it preserves the topology and keeps the same proximity relation of the objects. Current works in consistent simplification still present drawbacks, such as the applicability to just certain types of objects, the failure while preserving topology in particular cases, the lack of proximity handling and the high computational cost. To overcome these drawbacks, this work proposes a new way for handling the consistent simplification problem. From the theoretical point of view, it presents a set of conditions applicable to all typesof objects, which guarantees the consistency between the original and simplified maps. From the practical point of view, it presents an algorithm that, based on these conditions, can consistently and efficiently simplify the lines of the original map. The algorithm also presents other important properties to the consistent simplification, such as the capacity of producing scale-independent maps and the ability of yielding the same simplified map for different data arrangements in the original map. / Mestrado / Engenharia de Computação / Mestre em Engenharia Elétrica

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This study aimed at examining and comparing the effects of phonological therapy in two groups of children with phonological disorder, one using words with favorable phonological environments and another one with unfavorable and neutral contexts, in the acquisition of the fricative consonants /z/, // and //. The sample consisted of six subjects with phonological disorder, aged between 4:7 and 7:8, who were authorized by their parents to participate in the research by signing the Term of Free Informed Consent. The subjects should: present alterations only in the phonological level of language; not have acquired at least two of the phonemes /z/, // and //; be aged between 4:0 and 8:0; be a member of a monolingual family speaker of Brazilian Portuguese; not have undergone speech therapy before. The following evaluations were made: interview with the parents, phonological evaluation, evaluation of the stomatognathic system, of language, of vocabulary, of phonological awareness skills and of auditory processing, in addition to the complementary exams: audiological and otorrinolaringological ones. The subjects were matched according to the severity of the phonological disorder, sex, age and aspects of the phonological system in relation to the altered phonemes. Half the children were treated with words in which the phonemes /z/, // and // were in favorable environments and the other half with unfavorable and neutral environments. The Modified Cycles Model was adopted and adapted to the research needs. There were eight sessions for each child and, after them, a new speech evaluation was performed, in order to check the changes in the phonological systems and the types of generalization obtained. For the analysis of the variables acquired phonemes in the phonological system, percentage of correct productions of the phonemes /z/, // and // and Percentage of Consonants Correct-Revised, the software SAS (Statistical Analysis System), version 8.02, was used with the Wilcoxon Test significance level of 5%. The analyses of the generalizations and of the routes of phonological acquisition were qualitative, by comparing the initial and the final evaluations. The results of the statistical analyses indicated that the therapeutic improvements were statistically significant (p< 0,05) for all the subjects in most variables, but in the comparisons between the groups favorable and unfavorable and neutral there was no statistically significant difference (p> 0,05). All types of generalization were observed and there was a certain advantage of the children who were treated with favorable environments in the generalizations to lexical items that were not used in the treatment , to another position in the word and inside a sound class , but the generalization to other sound classes was similar among the subjects. As for the route of phonological acquisition, there was a small advantage in the therapeutic improvements of two subjects treated with favorable environments in relation to their matches. However, a child treated with unfavorable and neutral environments obtained better results than her match. Therefore, it was possible to conclude that the favorable environments to the production of the fricatives /z/, // and // did not determine the therapeutic success, but positively influenced the occurrence of generalizations in this study. / Este estudo objetivou verificar e comparar os efeitos da terapia fonológica em dois grupos de crianças com desvio fonológico, um utilizando palavras com contextos fonológicos favoráveis e outro utilizando os contextos pouco favoráveis e neutros, na aquisição das consoantes fricativas /z/, // e //. A amostra constituiu-se de seis sujeitos com desvio fonológico, com idades entre 4:7 e 7:8, devidamente autorizados por seus responsáveis a participarem da pesquisa por meio da assinatura do Termo de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido. Os sujeitos deveriam: apresentar alterações somente no nível fonológico da linguagem; ter pelo menos dois dos fonemas /z/, // e // não adquiridos; idade entre 4:0 e 8:0; ser membro de uma família monolingue falante do Português Brasileiro; não ter realizado fonoterapia previamente. As avaliações realizadas foram: entrevista com os responsáveis, avaliação fonológica, do sistema estomatognático, da linguagem, do vocabulário, das habilidades em consciência fonológica e do processamento auditivo, além dos exames complementares: audiológico e otorrinolaringológico. Os sujeitos foram pareados de acordo com a gravidade do desvio fonológico, sexo, faixa etária e aspectos do sistema fonológico em relação aos fonemas alterados. Metade das crianças foi tratada com palavras em que os fonemas /z/, // e // encontravam-se em ambientes favoráveis e a outra metade com ambientes pouco favoráveis e neutros. Adotou-se o Modelo de Ciclos Modificado que foi adaptado às necessidades da pesquisa. Foram realizadas oito sessões para cada criança e, após essas, nova avaliação de fala foi realizada, a fim de verificar as mudanças ocorridas nos sistemas fonológicos e os tipos de generalização obtidos. Para a análise das variáveis fonemas adquiridos no sistema fonológico, percentuais de produções corretas dos fonemas /z/, // e // e Percentual de Consoantes Corretas-Revisado, utilizou-se o programa SAS (Statistical Analysis System), versão 8.02, aplicando-se o Teste de Wilcoxon - nível de significância de 5%. As análises das generalizações e dos percursos de aquisição fonológica foram realizadas de maneira qualitativa comparando as avaliações inicial e final. Os resultados das análises estatísticas indicaram que a evolução terapêutica foi estatisticamente significante (p< 0,05) para todos os sujeitos na maioria das variáveis analisadas, porém na comparação entre os grupos favorável e pouco favorável e neutro não foi observada diferença estatisticamente significante (p> 0,05). Quanto à generalização, todos os tipos puderam ser observados e houve certa vantagem das crianças tratadas com ambientes favoráveis nas generalizações a itens não utilizados no tratamento , para outra posição na palavra e dentro de uma classe de sons , entretanto a generalização para outras classes de sons ocorreu de forma equilibrada entre os sujeitos. Em relação aos percursos de aquisição fonológica, houve discreta vantagem na evolução terapêutica de dois sujeitos tratados com ambientes favoráveis, em relação a seus pares. Porém, uma criança tratada com ambientes pouco-favoráveis e neutros, obteve resultados mais positivos do que seu par. Dessa forma, concluiu-se que os ambientes favoráveis à produção das fricativas /z/, // e // não determinaram o sucesso terapêutico, porém influenciaram positivamente a ocorrência de generalizações nos casos estudados.

Production of cartographically correct countour lines from airborne laserscanning data in flat terrain Abstract The thesis is dedicated to the creation of contour lines from the data of airborne laserscanning in flat areas. For creation of contour lines in these parts is necessary specific generalization, that smooths unwanted artifacts, but does not delete the shapes, which are characteristic for the relief. The first part of the thesis is to serve as a short insight into the areas on which it is built, this thesis: the principle of airborne laserscanning and basic information on the contour line model. On the basis of technical literature are defined the requirements for the correct representation of the contour and cartographicly presented the different types of the DEM and generalization of contours. The main aim of this work is to design an algorithm that will combine several methods of generalization of contour while maintaining altitude accuracy as well as other requirements on their cartographicly the right terms, and to test this approach in several territories. In conclusion, the results of the methods of work and its implementation critically evaluated and outlined other possible developments of this issue. Keywords hypsography, airborne laserscanning, digital cartography, contour lines,...

Neophobia, the fear of novelty, is a behavioral trait found across a number of animal species, including humans. Neophobic individuals perceive novel environments and stimuli to have aversive properties, and exhibit fearful behaviors when presented with non-familiar situations. The present study examined how early life exposure to aversive novel stimuli could reduce neophobia in bobwhite quail chicks. Experiment 1 exposed chicks to a novel auditory tone previously shown to be aversive to naïve chicks (Suarez, 2012) for 24 hours immediately after hatching, then subsequently tested them in the presence of the tone within a novel maze task. Postnatally exposed chicks demonstrated decreased fearfulness compared to naïve chicks, and behaved more similarly to chicks tested in the presence of a known attractive auditory stimulus (a bobwhite maternal assembly call vocalization). Experiment 2 exposed chicks to the novel auditory tone for 24 hours prenatally, then subsequently tested them within a novel maze task. Prenatally exposed chicks showed decreased fearfulness to a similar degree as those postnatally exposed, revealing that both prenatal and postnatal exposure methods are capable of decreasing fear of auditory stimuli. Experiment 3 exposed chicks to a novel visual stimulus for 24 hours postnatally, then subsequently tested them within a novel emergence box / T-maze apparatus. Chicks exposed to the visual stimulus showed decreased fearfulness compared to naïve chicks, thereby demonstrating the utility of this method across sense modalities. Experiment 4 assessed whether early postnatal exposure to one novel stimulus could generalize and serve to decrease fear of novelty when chicks were tested in the presence of markedly different stimuli. By combining the methods of Experiments 1 and 3, this experiment revealed that chicks exposed to one type of stimulus (auditory or visual) demonstrated decreased fear when subsequently tested in the presence of the opposite type of novel stimulus. These results suggest that experience with novel stimuli can moderate the extent to which neophobia will develop during early development.

Observational learning (OL) occurs when an individual contacts reinforcement as a direct result of discriminating the observed consequences of other individuals' responses. Individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) may have deficits in observational learning and previous research has demonstrated that teaching a series of prerequisite skills (i.e., attending, imitation, delayed imitation, and consequence discrimination) can result in observational learning. We sequentially taught these prerequisite skills for three young children with ASD across three play-based tasks. We assessed the direct and indirect effects of training by assessing OL before and after instruction across tasks and task variations (for two participants) during both in-vivo and video-model probes using a concurrent multiple-probe design. All participants acquired the prerequisite skills and demonstrated observational learning during probes of directly-trained tasks. Generalization results varied across participants. Observational learning generalized to one untrained task for one participant. For the other two participants, observational learning generalized to variations of the trained tasks but not to untrained tasks. Generalization additionally occurred during the in-vivo probes for both participants for whom we assessed this response. Implications of these findings, as well as directions for future research, are discussed.

Behavioral skills training (BST) is often used to train caregivers to implement various behavior management procedures; however, additional strategies are sometimes required to promote the generalization of skills from a contrived setting to the natural environment. Generalizing skills to the natural environment requires that the caregiver's behavior transfer from control of stimuli in the contrived setting to stimuli in the natural environment, and the skill continues to be performed with high levels of accuracy. The purpose of this study was to assess the extent to which caregivers generalized the use of social reinforcement, in the form of descriptive praise, from the contrived setting to the natural environment. When caregivers failed to respond to opportunities, a progressive prompt delay was used to bring caregivers' responding under the control of relevant client behavior; feedback was used to improve the accuracy with which caregivers implemented reinforcement. Five caregivers in a large residential facility participated in the study; single-opportunity probes were used to assess caregiver's identification of opportunities and accuracy in implementing reinforcement for two defined client behaviors, compliance and appropriate attention-getting behavior. Results of the study suggest that skills failed to generalize from the contrived setting to the natural environment. However, prompting was effective in training caregivers to identify opportunities to provide reinforcement, and feedback improved implementation of reinforcement.

In nature, pollinators must navigate fields of resources presenting a variety of features, differing in shape, size, colour, etc. Foraging on a flower by flower basis is slow and maladaptive. Instead foragers must be able to differentiate between rewarding and unrewarding floral species while also generalizing learned information between flowers of the same species. The ability to categorize stimuli occurs on several levels of abstraction, laid out by Herrnstein (1990). In order to categorize objects, animals must first be able differentiate between them without memorizing each stimulus separately. Consequently, objects can be grouped by physical characteristics through perceptual categorization, or, on a more abstract scale, by the function they serve to the animal. This thesis explores the bees’ ability to categorize flowers, following the levels of categorization to answer two questions: Can bees form categories? And how abstract can their categorization become? There has been limited investigation previously in categorization in bees, and no research done on invertebrates addresses categorization beyond physical features. The bees’ ability to form categories was evaluated with four experiments of preference: 1) similar-but-different judgements; 2) perceptual categorization; 3) simple and mediated generalization; and 4) functional relevance. Results show firstly that bees can generalize characteristics within flower species, but also differentiate individual flowers. Secondly, bees can form perceptual categories, and while they rely on physical floral features for categorization, bees also demonstrated preliminary abilities for functional generalization as well. These results provide an explanation to natural foraging techniques adopted by the bees. The adaptive nature of categorization allows foragers to find resources more efficiently and better prepare in changing environments.

This diploma thesis deals with the topic of automatic classification of buildings. The main goal of this diploma thesis was to design an algorithm for the identification of building types for the purposes of cartographic generalization. For the purposes of this diploma thesis, a total of six types of development were defined with respect to different generalization of individual types on ZM 50. The first part of the proposed method is represented by an algorithm for segmenting buildings into clusters based on the use of already generalized road network and DBSCAN algorithm. The partial goal of this diploma thesis was to compare classifiers from the field of machine learning and neural networks and at the same time to compare classifiers using descriptive characteristics with classifiers using visual assessment. The resulting classifications were evaluated using data from a manually selected training set and using an algorithm comparing the resulting type of development with the type of cartographic representation used to represent the development on ZM 50. The whole method was implemented in Python using Arcpy, Scikit-learn and Tensorflow libraries. Testing took place on elements from the ZABAGED and Data50 databases. Keywords: Generalization of built-up areas, Classification, Machine learning,...

Supervised learning methods require vast amounts of annotated images to successfully train an image classifier. Acquiring the necessary annotated images is costly. The increased availability of photorealistic computer generated images that are annotated automatically begs the question under which conditions it is possible to leverage this synthetic data during training. We investigate the conditions that make it possible to leverage computer generated renders of car models for fine-grained car model classification. / Övervakade inlärningsmetoder kräver stora mängder kommenterade bilder för att framgångsrikt träna en bildklassificator. Det är kostsamt att skaffa de nödvändiga bilderna med kommentarer. Den ökade tillgången till fotorealistiska datorgenererade bilder som kommenteras automatiskt väcker frågan om under vilka förhållanden det är möjligt att utnyttja dessa syntetiska data vid träning. Vi undersöker vilka villkor som gör det möjligt att utnyttja datorgenererade renderingar av bilmodeller för finkornig klassificering av bilmodeller.