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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
91

Exploring the Use of Attention for Generation Z Fashion Style Recognition with User Annotations as Labels / Undersökande av uppmärksamhet för igenkänning av Generation Z:s klädstilar med användarannoteringar som träningsetiketter

Samakovlis, Niki January 2023 (has links)
As e-commerce and online shopping have increased worldwide, the interest and research of intelligent fashion systems have expanded. Given the competitive nature of the fashion market business, digital marketplaces depend on determining customer preferences. The fashion preferences of the next generation of consumers, Generation Z, are highly discovered on social media, where new fashion styles have emerged. For digital marketplaces to gain the attraction of Generation Z consumers, an understanding of their fashion style preferences may be crucial. However, fashion style recognition remains challenging due to the subjective nature of fashion styles. Previous research has approached the task by fine-tuning pre-trained convolutional neural networks (CNNs). The disadvantage of this approach is that a CNN leveraged on its own fails to find subtle visual differences between clothing items. Hence, this thesis seeks to approach the clothing style recognition task as a fine-grained image recognition task by incorporating a component that allows the model to focus on specific parts of the input images, referred to as an attention mechanism, into the network. Specifically, a convolutional block attention module (CBAM) is added to a CNN. Based on the results, it is concluded that the fine-tuned CNN without the attention module achieves superior performance. In contrast, qualitative analysis conducted on GradCAM visualizations shows that the attention mechanism aids the CNN in capturing discriminative features, while the network without the attention module tends to make predictions based on dataset bias. For a fair comparison, future work should involve extending this research by refining the dataset or using an additional dataset. / I takt med att e-handel har ökat världen över har intresset och forskningen för intelligenta modesystem ökat. Modemarknadens konkurrenskraft har gjort digitala marknadsplatser beroende av att bestämma deras kunders preferenser. Modepreferenserna för nästa generations konsumenter, Generation Z, upptäcks ofta på sociala medier, där nya klädstilar har skapats. För att digitala marknadsplatser ska kunna locka Generation Z kan en förståelse för deras klädstilpreferenser vara avgörande. Igenkänning av klädstilar är dock fortfarande svårt på grund av klädtilars subjektiva natur. Tidigare forskning har finjusterat faltningsnätverk. Nackdelen med detta tillvägagångssätt är att ett faltningsnätverk som utnyttjas på egen hand inte lyckas hitta dem subtila visuella skillnader mellan klädesplagg. Därför definierar denna avhandling problemet som finkornig bildigenkänning genom att addera en komponent som gör att modellen kan fokusera på specifika delar av bilderna, kallad en uppmärksamhetsmekanism, i nätverket. Specifikt läggs en convolutional block attention module (CBAM) till i arkitekturen av ett faltningsnätverk. Baserat på resultaten dras slutsatsen att det finjusterade faltningsnätverket utan uppmärksamhetsmekanismen uppnår överlägsen prestanda. Däremot visar kvalitativ analys utförd på Grad-CAMvisualiseringar att uppmärksamhetsmekanismen hjälper faltningsnätverket att fokusera på de diskriminerande egenskaperna, medan nätverket utan uppmärksamhetsmekanismen tenderar att klassificera baserat på bias i inputdatan. För en rättvis jämförelse bör framtida arbete innebära ett förfinande av datamängden eller använda en ytterligare datamängd.
92

Det sociala dilemmat inom generation Z:s konsumtion : En kvalitativ studie med fokus på hållbarhet och köpbeteende / The Social Dilemma in Generation Z's Consumption

Corneliusson, Ida, Welén, Oscar January 2024 (has links)
Today's society is characterized by consumption and materialism, with e-commerce contributing to increased availability of products and services, leading to overconsumption. Generation Z is an environmentally conscious generation, but previous research claims this is not always reflected in their consumption behavior. The aim of the study is to gain an increased understanding of how factors such as individual intentions, social influences and the dilemma between individuals and the collective interest affect the purchasing behavior of Generation Z. By examining the factors the study aims to contribute to and increase understanding of why Generation Z's attitude to sustainable consumption is not always reflected in their purchasing behavior. We examine this using the Theory of Planned Behavior, the social dilemma, and purchasing behavior. We worked with a convenience sample, limiting Generation Z to the ages 2002-1997. This delimitation is based on the conditions of strong purchasing power and personal responsibility for consumption that the older members of the generation possess. A qualitative method was used in the study, and data were collected through semi-structured interviews. From the 18 interviews conducted, transcription and coding created a result that through analysis led to our conclusions. The study's results show that Generation Z has a lack of knowledge about sustainable consumption and experiences significant pressure from marketing to consume more. The results also show that the decisive factor for changing Generation Z's consumption behavior towards sustainability is influence from close ones. The study has contributed to an increased understanding of why Generation Z's environmental awareness is not always reflected in their consumption behavior and what is required for them to focus on sustainability and the environment in their consumption.
93

Från Scroll till Köp : En kvantitativ studie av köpbeteende och impulsköp hos kvinnor födda mellan 1980 och 2005.

Kamal Mostafa, Al-Shemaa January 2024 (has links)
Titel – Från Scroll till Köp, en kvantitativ studie om köpbeteenden hos kvinnor födda mellan 1980–2005. Syfte - Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka hur olika faktorer såsom influencer marketing och användning av sociala medier påverkar kvinnors köpbeteenden online. Metod - Denna studie genomfördes med hjälp av noga utvalda vetenskapliga artiklar som är relevanta för mitt forskningsämne. Studien är baserad på kurslitteratur och peer-reviewed artiklar. Detta är en kvantitativ studie där en enkät skickas ut till kvinnliga respondenter inom den utvalda målgruppen. Detta gjordes för att få en bättre förståelse för vad som påverkar kvinnors köpbeslut. Slutsats - Studien har visat sammanband mellan demografiska faktorer, influencer marketing, sociala jämförelser och FOMO (Fear of missing out) gällande kvinnors impulsköp. Resultatet har visat att det finns en relativt svag påverkan från influencers på kvinnor. Interaktionen med influencers på sociala medier som Facebook, Instagram, TikTok och YouTube kan öka tendensen till impulsköp. FOMO och influencers trovärdighet har även bidragit till impulsköp men andra faktorer kan även spela roll såsom personliga preferenser och behov. Studien betonar även vikten att förstå influencers roll i kvinnors köpbeteenden och den lilla men ändå märkbara effekten av FOMO:s roll i kvinnors impulsköp. Studiens avgränsningar - Studien är begränsad till kvinnor mellan 18–43 år. Studiens bidrag - Denna studie bidrar till en ökad förståelse för företag gällande användning av influencers som marknadsföringsverktyg för att utveckla samt optimera försäljningen av produkter och/eller tjänster. / Title - From Scroll to Purchase: A Quantitative Study on Purchasing Behaviours Among Women Born Between 1980-2005. Purpose - The purpose of this study is to examine how various factors such as influencer marketing and the use of social media influence women's purchasing behaviours online. Method - This study was carried out using carefully selected scientific articles that are relevant to my research topic. It is based on course literature and peer-reviewed articles. This is a quantitative study where a survey was sent to female respondents within the selected target group. This was done to gain a better understanding of what influences women's purchasing decisions. Conclusion - The study has shown correlations between demographic factors, influencer marketing, social comparisons and FOMO (Fear of missing out) with women's impulse buying behaviours. The results have shown that there is a relatively weak influence from influencers on women. The interaction with influencers on social media such as Facebook, Instagram, TikTok and YouTube can increase the tendency towards impulse buying. FOMO and influencer credibility have also been shown to contribute to impulse buying but other factors can also play a role such as personal preferences and needs. The study also emphasises the importance of understanding the role of influencers in women's buying behaviours and the small but still noticeable effect of FOMO's role in women's impulse buying behaviours. Limitations of the Study - The study is limited to only women between the ages of 18-43. Contribution of the Study - This study contributes to an increased understanding for companies regarding the use of influencers as a marketing tool to develop and optimise the sales of products and/or services.
94

Arbetstidsförkortning : Arbetstidsförkortningens påverkan på attraktionsfaktorer för högutbildade personer inom Generation Z. / Work time reduction : The impact of reduced working hours on the attractiveness factors for highly educated individuals within Generation Z.

Eriksson, Zara, Steneld, Matilda January 2024 (has links)
Syfte: Syftet med uppsatsen är att ge en beskrivning av arbetstidsförkortningens påverkan på attraktionsfaktorerna, genom att studera högutbildade personer inom Generation Z samt arbetsgivare som har implementerat arbetstidsförkortning. Metod: Studien har avsett att undersöka arbetstidsförkortningens påverkan på attraktionsfaktorerna gentemot högutbildade personer inom Generation Z. Empirisk data har varit grunden för undersökningen som sedan har jämförts med befintlig teori, vilket innebär att en induktiv forskningsansats har antagits. Studien har tillämpat en tvärsnittsundersökning där kvalitativa intervjuer varit grunden för den empiriska datainsamlingen. Slutsats: Arbetstidsförkortning har visat sig ha en positiv effekt på attraktionsfaktorerna gentemot arbetstagare. Det kan däremot vara av vikt för företag som planerar att implementera arbetstidsförkortning i syfte att attrahera personal att se över dess påverkan på den sociala arbetsmiljön. Företag som har implementerat arbetstidsförkortning har visat sig ha ny kompetent personal mer lättillgängligt än andra företag. / Purpose: The aim of the paper is to provide a description of the impact of working time reduction on the attractiveness factors, by studying highly educated people within Generation Z and employers who have implemented work time reduction. Method: The study aimed to investigate the impact of work time reduction on the attraction factors towards highly educated people within Generation Z. Empirical data has been the basis for the study, which has then been compared with existing theory, which means that an inductive research approach has been adopted. The study has applied a cross-sectional survey where qualitative interviews have been the basis for the empirical data collection.  Conclusion: Work time reduction has been shown to have a positive effect on employee attraction factors. However, it may be important for companies planning to implement work time reduction in order to attract staff to consider its impact on the social working environment. Firms that have implemented work time reduction have been found to have skilled labour more readily available than other firms.
95

Digital nudging och generation Z:s köpbeslutsprocess : En kvalitativ studie om hållbar klädkonsumtion / Digital nudging and generation Z’s purchase-decision process : A qualitative study on sustainable clothing consumption

Forsman, Kajsa January 2024 (has links)
Bakgrund: Klädbranschen har genomgått en snabb utveckling till massproduktion, vilket resulterat i en ökad klädkonsumtion. Idag handlar den genomsnittlige svensken 15 kilo kläder per år, något som lett till överkonsumtion och en minskning av användningstiden för varje plagg. Den snabba tillgången på billiga kläder gör det svårt för konsumenter att göra informerade val, vilket ökar betydelsen av influencer-marknadsföring och digitala kanaler för köpbeslut. Generation Z, som spenderar mycket tid online, påverkas särskilt av sociala medier i sina köpbeslut. Med digitaliseringens framsteg har digital nudging blivit vanligare, särskilt för att nå en generation som är starkt närvarande på digitala plattformar. Trots nudgingens syfte att främja positiva beteenden, finns det risker för negativa konsekvenser såsom överkonsumtion och miljöförstöring om det används felaktigt. Därför är det viktigt att förstå hur digital nudging påverkar beslutsprocessen hos generation Z. Forskningsfråga: Är generation Z medvetna om digital nudging och i så fall, hur upplever generation Z att medvetenheten kring digital nudging påverkar deras beslutsprocess om hållbar klädkonsumtion? Syfte: Syftet med studien är att undersöka huruvida generation Z är medvetna om digital nudging samt att beskriva hur generation Z upplever att deras medvetenhet om digital nudging påverkar deras beslutsprocess om hållbar klädkonsumtion. Genom att analysera unga konsumenters reflektion kring deras erfarenheter av nudging i detta sammanhang syftar studien till att bidra med insikter om hur nudging kan forma och vägleda unga konsumenters köpbeslut inom klädindustrin. Metod: I studien har en deduktiv ansats använts för att utforma semistrukturerade intervjufrågor till studiens fokusgrupper. Studiens deltagare valdes med hjälp av ett snöbollsurval och innefattar individer från generation Z. Vidare användes en tematisk analys för att identifiera mönster och teman i resultaten. Slutsats: Studiens resultat visar att trots att generation Z är medveten om digital nudging och dess inflytande på deras köp av kläder, tenderar de ändå att prioritera andra faktorer som pris och bekvämlighet framför hållbarhet. För att främja en mer hållbar klädkonsumtion föreslår de att företag kan använda digital nudging för att framhäva miljövänliga alternativ och erbjuda bättre kampanjer för hållbara kläder. Sammantaget indikerar studien att även om generation Z är medveten om digital nudging, leder det inte alltid till ökad benägenhet att göra hållbara konsumtionsval. / Background: The clothing industry has undergone a rapid development towards mass production, which has resulted in increased clothing consumption. Today, the average Swede buys 15 kilos of clothes per year, something that has led to overconsumption and a reduction in the usage time for each garment. The rapid availability of cheap clothing makes it difficult for consumers to make informed choices, increasing the importance of influencer marketing and digital channels for purchasing decisions. Generation Z, who spend a lot of time online, are particularly influenced by social media in their purchasing decisions. With the advancement of digitization, digital nudging has become more common, especially to reach a generation that is heavily present on digital platforms. Despite nudging's purpose of promoting positive behaviors, there are risks of negative consequences such as overconsumption and environmental destruction if used incorrectly. Therefore, it is important to understand how digital nudging affects the decision-making process of Generation Z. Research question: Is generation Z aware of digital nudging and if so, how does generation Z feel that the awareness of digital nudging affects their decision-making process regarding sustainable clothing consumption? Purpose: The purpose of the study is to investigate whether generation Z is aware of digital nudging and to describe how generation Z feels that their awareness of digital nudging affects their decision-making process regarding sustainable clothing consumption. By analysing young consumers' reflection on their experiences of nudging in this context, the study aims to contribute with insights into how nudging can shape and guide young consumers' purchase decisions within the clothing industry. Method: In the study, a deductive approach has been used to design semi-structured interview questions for the study's focus groups. The study's participants were selected using a snowball sample and include individuals from generation Z. Furthermore, a thematic analysis was used to identify patterns and themes in the results. Conclusion: The study's findings show that despite being aware of digital nudging and its influence on their clothing purchases, Generation Z still tends to prioritize other factors such as price and convenience over sustainability. To promote more sustainable clothing consumption, they suggest that companies can use digital nudging to highlight environmentally friendly options and offer better campaigns for sustainable clothing. Overall, the study indicates that although Generation Z is aware of digital nudging, it does not always lead to an increased propensity to make sustainable consumption choices.
96

Generation Z - Den hållbara konsumenten? : En kvalitativ studie om unga kvinnors syn på hållbar modekonsumtion / Generation Z - The Sustainable Consumer? : A Qualitative Study on Young Women's Perspectives on Sustainable Fashion Consumption

Åsenlund, Emma, Winskog, Nellie, Arvidsson, Sanna January 2024 (has links)
Syftet med denna uppsats är att utforska och förstå nutidens unga kvinnliga konsumenters upplevelser och attityder gentemot hållbara klädesplagg för att finna drivkrafter, möjligheter och hinder för hållbart konsumtionsbeteende inom modeindustrin. Frågeställningarna som använts som låg till grund för studie och analys lyder: Hur reflekterar och agerar unga kvinnliga konsumenter kring den egna klädkonsumtionens hållbarhet? Vilka faktorer motiverar unga kvinnliga konsumenter att göra hållbara klädval och vilka hinder kan påverka processen? Tidigare forskning och litteratur har granskats tillsammans med teorier kring konsumentbeteende som Consumer Culture Theory (Arnould & Thompson 2005), samt betydande faktorer för konsumenter (Kotler & Armstrong 2019; Ekström, Ottosson & Parment 2017). För att kunna besvara frågeställningarna och få en djupare förståelse för ämnet har en kvalitativ metod använts i form av fokusgrupper, samt semistrukturerade intervjuer. Två fokusgrupper genomfördes parallellt med sju stycken enskilda intervjuer, där alla deltagare var kvinnor mellan 20 och 27 år. Under fokusgrupperna deltog studenter inom textil eller ekonomi. Resultatet av studien visar att unga kvinnliga konsumenter är medvetna om hållbarhetsfrågor inom modebranschen, men stöter på hinder vid sina försök att göra hållbara klädval. Deras köpbeteenden påverkas av ekonomiska begränsningar, bekvämlighet och bristande kunskap om miljökonsekvenser från modebranschen, trots positiva attityder. Sociala normer och påverkan från omgivningen spelar också en betydande roll inför köpbeslut. Behovet av en holistisk strategi för att främja hållbar modekonsumtion, inklusive bättre tillgång till information och ekonomisk tillgänglighet, framkommer som en potentiell förbättring. Dessa resultat styrker tidigare forskning som bedrivits inom ämnet och ger utrymme för vidare forskning i olika riktningar. / The purpose of this study is to explore and understand young female consumers' experiences and attitudes towards sustainable clothing in order to find driving forces, opportunities and obstacles for sustainable consumption behavior in the fashion industry. The questions used as the basis for the study and analysis are: ‘How do young female consumers reflect and act on the sustainability of their own clothing consumption?’ ‘What factors motivate young female consumers to make sustainable clothing choices and what obstacles can affect the process?’ Previous research and literature have been reviewed together with theories on consumer behavior such as Consumer Culture Theory (Arnould & Thompson 2005), as well as other significant factors for consumers (Kotler & Armstrong 2019; Ekström, Ottosson & Parment 2017). In order to answer the research questions and gain a deeper understanding of the subject, a qualitative method has been used in the form of focus groups and semi-structured interviews. Two focus groups were conducted in parallel with seven individual interviews, where all participants were women between the ages of 20 to 27. During the focus groups, students in textiles or economics participated. The results of the study show that young female consumers are aware of sustainability issues from the fashion industry, but encounter obstacles in their attempts to make sustainable clothing choices. Their purchasing behavior is influenced by financial limitations, convenience and lack of knowledge about environmental consequences from the fashion industry, despite positive attitudes. Social norms and influence from the social environment also play a significant role in purchasing decisions. The need for a holistic approach to promote sustainable fashion consumption, including better access to information and financial accessibility, emerges as a potential improvement. These results confirm previous research conducted on the subject and provide scope for further research in different directions.
97

Kan vi lita på oss själva som konsumenter? : En studie om gapet mellan intention och handling / Can we trust ourselves as consumers? : A study on the gap between intention and action

Rapp, Jennifer, Kungs, Lilly, Lindberg, Cecilia January 2024 (has links)
Denna studie undersöker hur unga kvinnor i Generation Z rationaliserar sina köp av fast fashion trots en växande medvetenhet om modeindustrins negativa aspekter gällande miljö och sociala konsekvenser. Genom att utforska gapet mellan konsumenternas intentioner kring hållbarhet och deras faktiska beteenden belyser studien faktorer som har en påverkan på konsumentens köpbeslut. Studien utgår från en kvalitativ metod där semistrukturerade intervjuer genomförts. Detta för att få en djupgående insikt i hur unga kvinnor inom Generation Z använder sig av rationaliseringar för att rättfärdiga sina köp av fast fashion. Analys av resultatet har utförts i form av en tematisk analys. Teorin Moralisk frikoppling har även tillämpats i ett försök att förklara det beteende som ligger till grund för gapet mellan konsumentens intention och handling. Studien visar att konsumenter i många fall använder sig av Moralisk frikoppling eftersom det ger en möjlighet att separera de negativa aspekterna av fast fashion, såsom miljöpåverkan, från de positiva aspekterna, exempelvis att plagget är billigt, snyggt eller trendigt. Resultatet visar att trots en ökad medvetenhet om fast fashions negativa aspekter, är det rationaliseringar som påverkar varför kvinnor inom Generation Z konsumerar, där pris och begär är de mest betydande drivkrafterna. Studien bidrar till en djupare förståelse av konsumentbeteende inom fast fashion samt en förståelse för de faktorer som påverkar gapet mellan konsumenters intentioner kring hållbarhet och dess faktiska handlingar. Ytterligare förväntas studien att bidra med en ökad självmedvetenhet hos konsumenter kring deras egen konsumtion av fast fashion och därav inspirera till mer medvetna val. Studien är skriven på svenska. / This study examines how young women in Generation Z rationalize their purchases of fast fashion despite a growing awareness of the fashion industry's negative aspects regarding environmental and social consequences. By exploring the gap between consumers' intentions regarding sustainability and their actual behaviors, the study highlights factors that have an impact on consumers' purchase decisions. The study is based on a qualitative method where semi-structured interviews were conducted. This is to gain an in-depth insight into how young women in Generation Z use rationalizations to justify their purchases of fast fashion. Analysis of the results has been done in the form of a thematic analysis. Additionally, the theory of Moral Decoupling has been applied in an attempt to explain the behavior that underlies the gap between the consumer's intention and action. The study shows that in many cases consumers use Moral Decoupling because it provides an opportunity to separate the negative aspects of fast fashion, such as environmental impact, from the positive aspects, for example that the garment is cheap, stylish or trendy. The result shows that despite an increased awareness of fast fashion's negative aspects, it is rationalizations that influence why women in Generation Z consume, where price and desire are the most significant driving forces. The study contributes to a deeper understanding of consumer behavior within fast fashion as well as an understanding of the factors that affect the gap between consumers' intentions regarding sustainability and its actual actions. Furthermore, the study is expected to contribute to an increased self-awareness among consumers regarding their own consumption of fast fashion and thereby inspire more conscious choices. The study is written in Swedish.
98

Assessing satisfaction of employee motivational needs in a selected explosive manufacturing plant / Ridovhona Tsanwani

Tsanwani, Ridovhona January 2014 (has links)
The main aim of the study is to compare the extent to which the need for autonomy, relatedness and competence of baby boomers, generation X, Y and Z employees of Denel Dynamics is being satisfied and how this influences motivational strategies. The issue of generation is becoming more important due to different ways and methods required to manage different generations. A quantitative study was done by means of a structured questionnaire which was used in to determine the motivational preferences of the participants. This questionnaire was developed by Van den Broeck, Vansteenkiste, De Witte, Soenens and Lens (2010) and is based on the self-determination theory developed by Deci and Ryan. Results indicate that baby boomers have a stronger need for autonomy as compared to the other generations. Similar needs for relatedness were shown by all the generations. In view of the findings, recommendations are made to management to optimize motivational strategies and these recommendations show how each generational needs relating to self-determination theory should be addressed. / MBA (Business Administration), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015
99

Assessing satisfaction of employee motivational needs in a selected explosive manufacturing plant / Ridovhona Tsanwani

Tsanwani, Ridovhona January 2014 (has links)
The main aim of the study is to compare the extent to which the need for autonomy, relatedness and competence of baby boomers, generation X, Y and Z employees of Denel Dynamics is being satisfied and how this influences motivational strategies. The issue of generation is becoming more important due to different ways and methods required to manage different generations. A quantitative study was done by means of a structured questionnaire which was used in to determine the motivational preferences of the participants. This questionnaire was developed by Van den Broeck, Vansteenkiste, De Witte, Soenens and Lens (2010) and is based on the self-determination theory developed by Deci and Ryan. Results indicate that baby boomers have a stronger need for autonomy as compared to the other generations. Similar needs for relatedness were shown by all the generations. In view of the findings, recommendations are made to management to optimize motivational strategies and these recommendations show how each generational needs relating to self-determination theory should be addressed. / MBA (Business Administration), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015
100

What if ethical buying behavior leads to boycotts? : The buying behavior of Generation Z

Helmersson, Filip, Svensson, Amanda January 2016 (has links)
The care for the environment has been a hot topic during the last fifteen years. Ecological and Fairtrade products made from sustainable materials and methods can be found in almost every store. It seems like awareness regarding our environmental impact has increased and therefore changed our purchase behavior. The awareness has also created pressure on the companies to behave in an ethical manner, if the consumers feel that their ethical needs are not acknowledged, they will tend to stop purchasing products from that company. In this new aware society there is a new player that in a few years will make up the new buying force. Generation Z is individuals born after 1995 and is expected to bring new demands to the market. The purpose of this thesis is to study if ethical products and ethical consumption have an effect on the buying behavior of Generation Z. To better understand if the ethical awareness affect the purchase behavior of Generation Z and if they are willing to boycott companies that misbehaves, theory within the fields of CSR, consumer behavior and ethical consumption has been collected to form questions for a survey. The findings show that the ethical awareness do not affect the purchase behavior of Generation Z, however there is discovered attributes such as ethical profile that affect the frequency of purchases. The findings also show that Generation Z will actively boycott a company if that company misbehaves.

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