Pinus nigra subsp. pallasiana is one of the most widespread and economically important forest tree species in Turkey. Primary objective of the present study was to to reveal the effects of forestry practices by determining genetic diversity of natural and managed seed sources by means of RAPD markers. Secondly, two varieties were also investigated to reveal their pattern of genetic variation. Seed stands, seed orchards and plantations were screened against 11 RAPD primers and generated 152 polymorphic DNA loci. Two varieties were compared with a reference seed source and 4 natural seed sources. Seven primers generated 66 polymorphic DNA loci. An overall average for effective number of alleles was 1.68&plusmn / 0.030 / observed heterozygosity was 0.49&plusmn / 0.024 / expected heterozygosity was 0.38&plusmn / 0.014 and proportion of polymorphic loci was 93% for all seed sources considered. Results revealed that there was no considerable variation between seed source categories but some degree of variation was observed within seed orchards and plantations. Mean FST value estimated for the natural populations revealed that 94% of the total genetic variation was within populations. Nei&rsquo / s genetic distance values were also estimated for seed source categories (0.03-0.14). Nevertheless, varieties&rsquo / genetic distance values were considerably higher than other natural seed sources (0.07-0.19). Their dendrogram also claimed that two varieties are genetically different from natural populations. The extent of genetic diversity explored by RAPD markers revealed that forestry practices caused no major changes in the managed populations with respect to natural populations. Moreover, further study is needed to illustrate genetic divergence of varieties.

The general aim of this research was to analyse the genetic diversity in Sclerotinia species. More specifically the aims of this research were: to separate the three species of Sclerotinia, S. sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary, S. minor Jagger and S. trifoliorum Erikss.; to determine the breeding mechanism in S. minor and S. sclerotiorum; to test S. minor for the possibility of causing head rot of sunflower; to examine isolate of S. sclerotiorum from sunflower for aggressiveness and to see if this correlates with underlying genetic diversity. Sclerotinia species were separated using a variety of morphological and molecular criteria. S. minor, S. sclerotiorum and S. trifoliorum were analyzed on characters including host, sclerotial diameters, ascospore morphism, breeding type and RFLP analysis. Cloned DNA fragments from S. sclerotiorum were used as probes, these were compared with a cloned rDNA probe from Neurospora. These probes enabled clear separation of the Sclerotinia species. Sclerotial diameters appear to be good criteria for separating S. minor from S. sclerotiorum and S. trifoliorum. Host species may be sufficient criteria for separating S. sclerotiorum and S. trifoliorum for the plant pathologist in the field, however it was inadequate to accurately separate all isolates. S. minor and S. sclerotiorum were found to be homothallic ascomycetes. Apothecia were raised from all eight ascospores of a single tetrad from four isolates of S. minor and from an isolate of S. sclerotiorum indicating that inbreeding may be the predominant breeding type mechanism of S. minor. Ascospores from asci of S. minor and S. sclerotiorum were predominantly monomorphic, but rare examples of ascospore dimorphism similar to S. trifoliorum were found. Ascospores of S. minor were shown to be capable of causing head rot of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) when inoculated onto the floral face during anthesis. This is the first record of the carpogenic germination of S. minor in Australia and demonstration of infectivity of the ascospores on sunflower. Isolates of S. sclerotiorum differ significantly in aggressiveness on sunflower. One hundred and twenty isolates were collected from head and basal stem rots of sunflower in two locations in south east Queensland. The inoculation of sunflower stems with mycelial plugs and the measurement of lesion development were found to be reliable and revealed differences in lesion lengths produced by the different isolates. The time of assessment after inoculation was found to be of significance. Assessment two days after inoculation was more reliable than after three days or the linear rate of lesion development. The significant differences between isolates indicated that the pathogenicity testing method would also be good for virulence testing. The significant differences between the isolates however, was not consistent with repetition and division of the isolates into groups with different aggressive levels was therefore not possible. Differences in aggressiveness were more indicative of a continuous variation in pathogenicity rather than discrete aggressive groups. The number of significantly different isolates was most associated with the statistical test employed. The different multiple comparison procedures used made more difference in interpretation of aggressiveness than the data itself. Isolate aggressiveness did not correspond to the location of collection. Isolates collected from both head and basal stem rots were capable of causing stem infections therefore no specificity for mode of reproduction or infection was found. S. sclerotiorum attacking sunflower in Queensland and New South Wales was found to belong to one large population. Hierarchical sampling only detected one example of a plant lesion infected by more than one genotype. Thus most diseased plants are the result of a single infection only. Population substructuring could not be detected using 11 single copy Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) loci, suggesting gene flow occurs within the Australian population. Mycelial Compatibility Groups (MCGs), Random Amplified Polymorphic DNAs (RAPDs) single and multicopy RFLPs analysis indicated differences amongst the genotypes identified by each criteria. From 120 isolates the number of genotypes ranged from 13 to 24 depending on the marker used. However there were many similarities in the assemblages of isolates within each genotype. Genotypic diversity could not be correlated with aggressiveness. Initial mode of infection could not be correlated with genotypic differences. Genotypes were also not specific to geographic locations around Australia. However, genotypes identified in Australia were unique from genotypes identified in Canada and United States. Temporal studies also indicated a single population as genetic uniformity was maintained between years. Frequent recovery of the same genotypes around Australia suggests a clonal population structure. The Australian S. sclerotiorum population attacking sunflower appears to have a large asexual component most likely due to the sclerotial production and homothallic sexual reproduction. Gametic disequilibrium was found for all the populations. However, clonal correction of the samples meant that the majority of populations were not at gametic disequilibrium, indicating random associations among loci. Therefore genetic exchange and recombination would appear to be a component of the reproductive cycle of S. sclerotiorum in Australia.

Το γένος Trachelipus περιλαμβάνει οργανισμούς σχετικά στενόοικους οι οποίοι ζουν είτε στην παρόχθια βλάστηση ρεμάτων και ποταμών είτε σε υγρά δάση. Στη χώρα μας έχουν καταγραφεί 8 από τα 50 είδη του γένους, 4 από τα οποία είναι ενδημικά της Ελλάδας. Το ένα από αυτά εξαπλώνεται από την Κρήτη μέχρι την Ήπειρο, ένα στα νησιά του κεντρικού Αιγαίου, ένα στην Κρήτη και ένα στο νότιο Ευβοϊκό. Η κατανομή κάθε είδους είναι ασυνεχής, είτε λόγω γεωγραφικών (νησιωτικοί πληθυσμοί κλπ) είτε λόγω ενδιαιτηματικών παραγόντων. Η διάκριση μεταξύ των ειδών έχει γίνει βάσει περιορισμένου αριθμού μορφολογικών χαρακτήρων και δεν είναι βέβαιο ότι αντανακλά τις πραγματικές φυλογενετικές σχέσεις τους. Από τα αποτελέσματα προηγούμενης μελέτης διαπιστώθηκε έντονη απόκλιση μεταξύ των προτύπων της γενετικής ποικιλότητας και εκείνης της τρέχουσας ταξινόμησης σε ορισμένες ομάδες πληθυσμών του γένους αυτού. Επιπλέον, φάνηκε σημαντικός βαθμός γενετικής απομόνωσης μεταξύ των πληθυσμών ενός είδους, ενισχύοντας την άποψη περί ισχυρής μεταπληθυσμιακής συγκρότησής τους. Στην παρούσα μελέτη, συλλέχθηκαν 47 πληθυσμοί στην ηπειρωτική Ελλάδα, οι οποίοι στη μεγάλη τους πλειοψηφία ανήκαν στο είδος Trachelipus kytherensis (σύμφωνα με την ισχύουσα ταξινόμηση). Σε αυτούς προστέθηκαν και τα δεδομένα των Parmakelis et al 2008 (16 πληθυσμοί) έτσι ώστε να είναι πιο ολοκληρωμένη η μελέτη και η εξαγωγή συμπερασμάτων για το γένος Trachelipus. Συνολικά μελετήθηκαν γενετικά 63 πληθυσμοί του γένους, χρησιμοποιώντας ως μοριακούς δείκτες τα μιτοχονδριακά γονίδια 16S rRNA και COI. Έπειτα από απομόνωση του DNA και τον πολλαπλασιασμό των συγκεκριμένων τμημάτων με PCR προσδιορίστηκε η αλληλουχία των βάσεων, και υπολογίστηκε η γενετική διαφοροποίηση εντός και μεταξύ των πληθυσμών. Για την ανάλυση των φυλογενετικών σχέσεων μεταξύ των πληθυσμών ή/και των ειδών χρησιμοποιήθηκαν οι μέθοδοι της Σύνδεσης Γειτόνων (Neighbor Joining-NJ), της Μέγιστης Φειδωλότητας (Maximum Parsimony-MP) και της Μπεϊεσιανής Συμπερασματολογίας (Bayesian Inference-BI). Το τελικό μήκος των αλληλουχιών μετά την επεξεργασία ήταν 386 θέσεις για το γενετικό τόπο 16S rRNA και 512 θέσεις για το γενετικό τόπο COI. Με τα δεδομένα αυτά δεδομένα πραγματοποιήθηκε τόσο ανεξάρτητη όσο και συνδυασμένη ανάλυση. Από τα αποτελέσματα φαίνονται πληθυσμοί οι οποίοι παρα το ότι είναι πολύ κοντινοί γεωγραφικά, και μέχρι σήμερα θεωρείται πως ανήκουν στο ίδιο είδος (Trachelipus kytherensis), εμφανίζουν μεγάλες γενετικές αποστάσεις μεταξύ τους και ομαδοποιούνται σε διαφορετικούς και αρκετά απομακρυσμένους κλάδους των δένδρων σε όλες τις αναλύσεις (NJ, MP, BI). Η τοπολογία των κλάδων, καθώς και η απουσία σαφούς γεωγραφικού προτύπου στην ομαδοποίηση των πληθυσμών του T. kytherensis, καταδεικνύει ότι πιθανότατα δεν έχουμε να κάνουμε με ένα μόνο είδος, αλλά με περισσότερα που είναι δύσκολο να διακριθούν μορφολογικά, τουλάχιστον με τους μέχρι σήμερα χρησιμοποιούμενους ταξινομικούς διαγνωστικούς χαρακτήρες. Αυτό ενισχύεται και από τις γενετικές αποστάσεις που καταγράφηκαν στην παρούσα μελέτη και εμφανίζονται ιδιαίτερα αυξημένες (μέγιστες παρατηρηθείσες γενετικές απόστασεις: 27,3% COI, 17,6% 16S rRNA) ακόμα και σε σχέση με αυτές που έχουν αναφερθεί σε άλλες έρευνες για τη διάκριση ειδών ισοπόδων. Επισημαίνεται η ιδιαίτερα μεγάλη γενετική διαφοροποίηση μεταξύ των αντιπροσώπων του γένους. Επιπλέον καταδεικνύεται πως η Πελοπόννησος φιλοξενεί τα είδη Trachelipus ‘kytherensis’ και T. aegaeus (τουλάχιστον στη χερσόνησο της Αργολίδας) αλλά και πιθανόν μια τρίτη μορφή στα βόρεια (νέο είδος;) η οποία εμφανίζεται ευρύτερα στην ηπειρωτική Ελλάδα. Θα είχε ιδιαίτερο ενδιαφέρον λοιπόν να μελετηθούν αυτές οι πιθανές «ζώνες επαφής» ως προς τη γονιδιακή τους ροή, ώστε να εκτιμηθεί το ποσοστό απομόνωσης των πληθυσμών και, κατ’ επέκταση, του κάθε είδους. / The phylogenetic relationships among terrestrial isopod species are still largely unknown because robust analyses have started to appear only relatively recently. Species-level taxonomy has been based mainly on a few secondary sexual characters of males, although recent analyses based on molecular markers have indicated that species definitions based on morphology may underestimate the true levels of divergence among populations. Furthermore, within several genera or species groups, morphological characters do not provide clear-cut taxonomic resolution, so that many changes in the interpretation of nominal species have appeared in the literature. The genus Trachelipus comprises of relatively stenoecious animals living in habitats generally threatened by human activities, such as humid forest sites and riparian habitats. It includes some 50 species distributed around the Palaearctic, with 8 species recorded from Greece, 4 endemic to the country. The distribution of species is discontinuous due to the increasing fragmentation of its habitats and the expansion of agricultural land and dry woodland. Projected climatic change will restrict further gene flow between Trachelipus populations, as dry habitats are expected to expand in Greece. Species–level taxonomy has been based on a few morphological characters, mainly the secondary sexual characters of males, exhibiting significant variation, and is controversial. Very high intraspecific genetic divergence among several populations has been documented. In this study we attempt a phylogeographic analysis among the Greek endemic species of the genus. We sampled 47 populations from several sites in mainland Greece. In our analyses we incorporated data from previous work (16 populations) in order to better estimate possible geographic structure in the patterns of divergence among populations, and to throw new light in the systematics of the species. Overall, 63 populations were considered. After total DNA extraction, we sequenced the two PCR amplified mtDNA gene fragments, namely 16S rRNA and cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI), and calculated the genetic divergence within and among the populations studied, as well as their phylogenetic relationships. The methods for phylogenetic reconstruction used were Neighbor Joining (NJ), Maximum Parsimony (MP) and Bayesian Inference (BI) for each mtDNA sequence data and the concatenated dataset. The phylogenetic trees obtained from the molecular data – from all three phylogenetic methods (NJ, MP, BI) - produced trees with quite congruent topologies. Some populations that are considered conspecific exhibit large genetic distances and cluster in different clades. The highly-structured phylogenetic tree and the lack of an overall geographic pattern in the clustering of Trachelipus populations indicates that very probably we are not dealing with a single species, but rather with a number of cryptic species, hardly distinguished by means of currently used morphological characters. This is further corroborated by the genetic distances separating the clades hosting nominal T. kytherensis populations (max_dCOI=27.3% and max_d16S rRNA=17.6%). In general, it can be argued that the genetic distances recorded in the present study are quite large compared with those reported for different species and even genera in other studies of terrestrial isopods. Furthermore, it is evident than there are two species present in the Peloponnese, i.e. Trachelipus ‘kytherensis’ and T. aegaeus (in Argolis peninsula). In northern Peloponnese, a third form is also present (new species?) that occurs throughout the central and northern part of mainland Greece. These ‘contact zones’ should be further investigated in terms of genetic flow and isolation of the populations and/or species. Both the phylogeny presented here and the genetic distances separating populations appear to justify the necessity of further investigation into the phylogeny of the Greek Trachelipus species using a population by population approach. It is likely that morphology inadequately describes real variation inside and among species; hence, diagnoses based on the morphological characters used so far for the delineation of Trachelipus species should be reconsidered under the light of more extensive molecular phylogenetic analyses.

No description available.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:23:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-06-17Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:50:20Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 mori_nt_me_botfca.pdf: 988090 bytes, checksum: 61ea693b25f67c44cb9358042b0c2f9c (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Handroanthus heptaphyllus (Vell.) Mattos, sinonímia Tabebuia heptaphylla ( Vell.) Toledo, popularmente conhecida por ipê-roxo, é uma espécie pertencente a família Bignoneaceae, muito apreciada pela sua beleza, madeira de excelente qualidade, além de algumas espécies dessa família possuírem substâncias as quais são usadas como produtos medicinais. A espécie é polinizada por abelhas, pássaros e outros visitantes que podem se alimentar das flores e dos frutos. Atualmente é utilizada em programas de reflorestamento de áreas degradadas, paisagismo e restauração. Ocorre em grande parte do Brasil, desde o Estado da Bahia até o Rio Grande do Sul, Minas Gerais, Mato Grosso do Sul, Santa Catarina e São Paulo, compreendendo as latitudes de 13ºS (BA) a 30ºS (RS). O trabalho teve como objetivos estudar a variabilidade genética entre e dentro das subpopulações de H. heptaphyllus, por meio de marcadores microssatélites e conhecer sobre o seu sistema reprodutivo. Para tanto, foram colhidas sementes de 30 árvores, na região de Botucatu, S.P., sendo grande parte na Fazenda Experimental Lageado pertencente a UNESP - Campus de Botucatu. As sementes foram semeadas no viveiro da UNESP e as folhas das mudas produzidas foram coletadas para a extração de DNA e posteriormente analisadas em géis de poliacrilamida. No total, foram estudados oito locos microssatélites polimórficos, que apresentaram desde seis alelos por loco (loco TAU22) a 14 alelos (locos TAU12, TAU30 e TAU31). A média de heterozigosidade esperada ( e H ˆ ) para as seis subpopulações foi de 0,732, sendo que a heterozigosidade observada ( o H ˆ ) foi de 0,618. Os índices médios de fixação variaram de -0,082 (subpopulação 4) a 0,255 (subpopulação 3), com média de 0,152. Os resultados das subpopulações estudadas mostraram os índices de fixação em níveis aceitáveis, com média de 15,2%, no entanto... / Handroanthus heptaphyllus (Vell.) Mattos, sinonímia Tabebuia heptaphylla (Velloso) Toledo, known as ipê-roxo, belongs to the Family Bignoniaceae. It is a very important Brazilian forest tree species because of its beautiful flowers, excellent wood quality, and medicinal properties. Its flowers are usually visited by animals, like bees, birds, bats, etc, for feeding and for pollination purposes. The species has also been used in programs of reforestation of degraded areas, landscaping, and restoration. The ipê-roxo is widespread throughout Brazil, from Bahia State to Rio Grande do Sul, Minas Gerais, Mato Grosso do Sul, Santa Catarina, and São Paulo States, from 13ºS (BA) to 30ºS (RS) latitudes. The research has as objectives to study the genetic diversity within and between subpopulations of H. heptaphyllus by microsatellite molecular markers and to understand its mating system. We collected seeds of 30 trees, through the Botucatu region, Brazil, mostly from the Lageado Experimental Station, São Paulo State University (UNESP) – Botucatu. The seeds were sown in a nursery and the leaves were collected, to extract the DNA, and analyzed through polyacrilamide gels. In a total of eight polymorphic microsatellite loci were analyzed that varied from six alleles (TAU22 locus) to 14 alleles (TAU12, TAU30, and TAU31 loci). The expected heterozygosity mean ( e H ˆ ) for the six subpopulations was 0.7318, the observed heterozygosity mean ( o H ˆ ) was 0.6183, and the average of fixation index (f) between pairs of the six population varied from -0,082 (subpopulation 4) to 0.255 (subpopulation 3), with an average of 0.152. The results of the studied subpopulations have shown acceptable levels of fixation index, presenting an average of 15.2%, therefore, the subpopulation 4 has shown a higher amount of heterozygous than expected. The total genetic diversity ( IT fˆ ) for the six subpopulations... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

A erva-mate, Ilex paraguariensis, é uma espécie dioica, clímax com ampla área de distribuição natural. A despeito de sua importância econômica e ecológica são escassos os estudos de conservação e genética da espécie. O objetivo geral do trabalho foi estudar a diversidade genética, a estrutura genética espacial e o fluxo gênico por dispersão de sementes em duas populações naturais de I. paraguariensis na área do entorno do Parque Nacional do Iguaçu, com uso de marcadores moleculares microssatélites. Foram encontrados baixos níveis de diversidade genética em oito loci analisados, com divergência genética maior entre do que dentro das populações. A I. paraguariensis apresentou baixa densidade populacional, com 0,27 a 0,29 árvores por ha-1 e distribuição espacial agregada, entretanto não foi observado evidência de estrutura genética espacial. A média da distância da dispersão de pólen foi de 393 m e a dispersão de sementes atingiu distância próximas a 2.000 m. Os resultados obtidos, sugerem que a base genética da espécie não é ampla, o que pode dispor a I. paraguariensis a um estado crítico de conservação, devido a de erosão genética provocada pela destruição de seus ambientes naturais. / The yerba mate, Ilex paraguariensis, is a species dioecious, climax with wide natural range. Despite their economic and ecological importance are few studies of genetics and conservation of the specie. The overall objective this work was to study the genetic diversity, spatial genetic structure and gene flow by seed dispersal in two natural populations of I. paraguariensis around the National Park of Iguassu, using microsatellite molecular markers. It found low levels of genetic diversity at eight loci analyzed, and greater genetic divergence between populations than within population. The I. paraguariensis showed low population density with 0.27 to 0.29 trees per ha-1 and spatial clustered distribution, however was not observed evidence of spatial genetic structure. The average distance of pollen dispersal was 393 m and seed dispersal reached near 2,000 m. The results suggest that the genetic basis of species is not large, which may carry the I. paraguariensis to critical state of conservation due to genetic erosion caused by the destruction of their natural environments.

O pinhão manso é uma pequena árvore tropical que adquiriu importância econômica pelo conteúdo de óleo em suas sementes e pela possibilidade de sua utilização para produção de biocombustível. As sementes e o óleo do pinhão manso são tóxicos devido principalmente à presença de ésteres de forbol, o que dificulta a sua utilização direta para o consumo humano e também dos resíduos para a alimentação animal. A falta de programas de melhoramento e cultivares comerciais e problemas com pragas e doenças estão desestimulando o cultivo do pinhão manso pelo mundo. Por se tratar de uma espécie semi-domesticada, a utilização de marcadores moleculares como ITS, PCR-RFLP, microssatélites e TRAP poderia auxiliar nos estudos de diversidade genética, visando o desenvolvimento de variedades adaptadas às necessidades dos agricultores. O objetivo deste estudo foi caracterizar a variabilidade genética de acessos de pinhão manso depositados no Banco de Germoplasma da Universidade Federal de São Carlos, além de possibilitar estudos sobre as relações entre as populações, centros de diversidade e determinar o sistema reprodutivo da espécie. Os resultados são discutidos destacando que a maior parte da diversidade encontra-se entre as populações estudadas. Os resultados derivados dos quatro marcadores utilizados corroboram que o centro de diversidade da espécie possivelmente está na América, com destaque para o México, Brasil e Colômbia. Os resultados apontam também para a diferenciação genética dos acessos atóxicos dos mexicanos quando comparados com os demais acessos tóxicos de pinhão manso. Os marcadores microssatélites desenvolvidos indicam que o pinhão manso apresenta um sistema misto de reprodução, combinando autofecundações, apomixia e cruzamento entre indivíduos aparentados, o que pode explicar a menor diversidade genética encontrada dentro das populações. Devido ao sistema misto de reprodução e aos acasalamentos correlacionados, a coleta de sementes de polinização aberta para fins de melhoramento ou conservação deve ser conduzida em um número de árvores acima de 100, visando garantir uma amostra estruturada / Physic nut (Jatropha curcas L.) is a tropical tree that has acquired economic importance for the content of oil in its seeds and the possibility of its use for biofuel production. However, oil seeds and physic nut are toxic because of the presence of secondary metabolites such as phorbol esters which makes its use directly for human consumption and also its waste for animal feed difficult. The lack of commercial varieties and problems with pests and diseases are making physic nut cultivation in the world unattractive. The use of molecular markers such as ITS, PCR-RFLP, microsatellites and TRAP can help in studies of genetic diversity, aimed at developing varieties adapted to farmers needs. The aim of this study was to characterize the genetic variability of physic nut accessions deposited in the Germplasm Bank of the \'Universidade Federal de São Carlos\', in addition to allowing studies on the relationship among accessions, centers of diversity and reproductive system. Results are discussed highlighting that most diversity is concentrated among populations. The four markers used indicated that the center of diversity of this species is probably in America with emphasis on Mexico, Brazil and Colombia. The microsatellite markers indicate that physic nut has a mixed system of reproduction, combining self-pollinations, apomixis and crossing between related individuals which may explain the small genetic diversity found within populations. Due to the mixed system of reproduction and correlated mating, the collection of open-pollinated seeds for plant breeding or conservation should be conducted in a number of trees above 100 in order to ensure a structured sample

Submitted by Juliana Rodrigues Larrosa Oler null (juliana.oler@gmail.com) on 2017-12-19T14:06:41Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Juliana_Oler_tese_completa_final.pdf: 7870655 bytes, checksum: a1e75032b62c41906b8acdebbc32a56b (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Aparecida Puerta null (dripuerta@rc.unesp.br) on 2017-12-19T17:05:32Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 oler_jrl_dr_rcla.pdf: 7822316 bytes, checksum: 3011bf0ec0e5719e972514d1352e442a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-12-19T17:05:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 oler_jrl_dr_rcla.pdf: 7822316 bytes, checksum: 3011bf0ec0e5719e972514d1352e442a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-11-06 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Sabe-se que os agricultores de pequena escala que praticam agricultura de modo tradicional desempenham um importante papel na manutenção da agrobiodiversidade, podendo complementar o trabalho de conservação ex situ. Um dos cultivos mais presentes na agricultura tradicional tropical é a mandioca (Manihot esculenta Crantz.), base alimentar de mais de 800 milhões de pessoas no mundo. No Brasil, encontra-se elevada diversidade intraespecífica da referida tuberosa, sobretudo entre os agricultores da Baixada Cuiabana, Mato Grosso, que ainda praticam agricultura nos moldes tradicionais por meio de técnicas que não apenas mantêm, mas também amplificam essa diversidade. O presente estudo teve como objetivo caracterizar a dinâmica de cultivo das variedades locais de mandioca das comunidades tradicionais contíguas Mutum (Mt), Vaquejador (Vq), Ribeirão das Pedras Acima (Ra) e Quilombo (Qb), localizadas no município de Jangada-MT e analisar a influência dos aspectos socioeconômicos, culturais e genéticos na manutenção da agrobiodiversidade local, bem como analisar as relações entre as comunidades estudadas e suas influências sobre o manejo da agrobiodiversidade. Os capítulos que compõem este trabalho consistem em: 1) Apresentação da problemática, área de estudo, métodos e análises utilizados; 2) Caracterização socioeconômica das comunidades estudadas e dos agricultores; 3) Descrição dos espaços de cultivo, técnicas de manejo e produção de farinha de mandioca; e 4) Levantamento etnobotânico e análise genética das variedades de mandioca cultivadas. Em linhas gerais, o perfil dos agricultores foi semelhante, sendo a atividade agrícola praticada principalmente por homens com idade mediana de 56 anos. Quanto à manutenção dos jovens no campo, a comunidade Mt foi a que apresentou maior saída de jovens da zona rural (63,9 %), enquanto que Ra exibiu a maior quantidade de novas unidades familiares no mesmo local (64,3 %). Falta de infraestrutura, de acesso à educação e a serviços de saúde, assim como a busca por melhores oportunidades profissionais destacaram-se entre os motivos para que os jovens deixassem as comunidades. A agricultura era praticada em quintais e roças nas quatro comunidades. O modo de fazer agricultura foi similar em todas elas, mesclando técnicas tradicionais e modernas, sendo que a mandioca constituía uma importante espécie para alimentação. A principal dificuldade para o cultivo da mandioca foi a escassez de mão de obra e de assistência técnica. A manufatura de farinha de mandioca era mais importante para as comunidades Ra e Vq. Os agricultores citaram a presença do atravessador como o maior entrave para a comercialização da farinha produzida. Foram catalogadas 31 variedades locais, sendo Mt a comunidade mais diversificada (H’ = 2,64). Elevada diversidade genética também foi observada, evidenciando o potencial das comunidades como mantenedoras da agrobiodiversidade. A rede de circulação de propágulos mostrou-se complexa e pode ser responsável pela semelhança genética das comunidades mais próximas entre si geograficamente. A existência de outras comunidades e até cidades abarcadas pela rede de circulação de propágulos indica a necessidade de uma abordagem regional em futuros estudos para melhor compreensão da dinâmica de conservação da agrobiodiversidade. / Small-scale farmers who perform agriculture in a traditional manner are known to play an important role in maintaining agrobiodiversity and, therefore, they may complement ex situ conservation work. Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz.) is one of the most important crops in traditional tropical agriculture, being considered as staple food for more than 800 million people in the world. There is a high intraspecific diversity in Brazil, especially among farmers located in the region of Baixada Cuiabana, Mato Grosso, which still cultivates it in a traditional way, using techniques that contribute not only to maintain but also to expand the diversity. Thus, this study aimed to characterize the dynamics of cultivation of local cassava varieties, given its relevance to small scale farmers, of four contiguous traditional communities located in the municipality of Jangada, State of Mato Grosso, Brazil; Mutum (Mt), Vaquejador (Vq), Ribeirão das Pedras Acima (Ra), and Quilombo (Qb); and it also aimed to analyze the influence of socioeconomic, cultural and genetic aspects in the maintenance of agrobiodiversity, as well as the relations between studied communities and their influences on the agrobiodiversity management. The chapters of this work consist of: 1) Problem presentation, study area, methods and adopted analysis; 2) Socioeconomic characterization of studied communities and farmers; 3) Description of crop spaces, management techniques and production of cassava flour; and 4) Ethnobotanical survey and genetic analysis of cultivated cassava varieties. In general, the farmers profile was similar, with agricultural activity being performed mainly by men with median age of 56 years. Regarding the maintenance of the youth in the countryside, Mt community presented the largest rural youth drop out (63.9 %), as Ra community showed the largest number of new local family units (64.3 %). The deficiency in infrastructure as well as in education and health services access, and the seek for greater job opportunities composed the main reasons why young people would leave the countryside. In the four communities, agriculture was being practiced in backyards and gardens. The way they used to perform it was similar in all of them, mixing traditional and modern techniques, with cassava being a fundamental species as for feeding. The main difficulty as to cassava cultivation was the lack of both labor force and technical assistance and its flour production was more relevant for Ra and Vq communities. Farmers mentioned the middleman presence as the major obstacle in marketing the produced flour. Thirty-one local varieties were surveyed, with Mt community being the most diversified (H’ = 2.64). The communities also presented high genetic diversity, revealing their potential as agrobiodiversity maintainers. Propagules circulation network has proved to be complex and may be responsible for the genetic resemblance of nearby communities. The existence of other communities and even towns within the propagules circulation network indicates the need for a regional approach in future studies in order to improve the comprehension about the dynamics of agrobiodiversity conservation.

Submitted by FABIANA CRISTINA DE FREITAS null (fafreitask@hotmail.com) on 2016-05-09T23:20:03Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese_Fabiana_Cristina_de_Freitas.pdf: 6423249 bytes, checksum: 5e7e10680dda7413ea60712e977a0792 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Felipe Augusto Arakaki (arakaki@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-05-12T20:09:29Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 freitas_fc_dr_jabo.pdf: 6423249 bytes, checksum: 5e7e10680dda7413ea60712e977a0792 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-05-12T20:09:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 freitas_fc_dr_jabo.pdf: 6423249 bytes, checksum: 5e7e10680dda7413ea60712e977a0792 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-04-15 / O parasitoide larval Cotesia flavipes (Cameron) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) é um importante agente de controle biológico da broca-do-colmo, Diatraea saccharalis (Fabricius) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae), na cultura da cana-de-açúcar. Este parasitoide é criado em biofábricas para liberação no campo; porém indicadores de parasitismo e capacidade de vôo sugerem que este parasitoide não está apresentando os mesmos níveis de controle que foram observados logo após a sua introdução. Insetos criados em laboratórios ou de campo são introduzidos na criação, porém sem estudos básicos ou critério. Insetos de oito biofabricas de 6 estados brasileiros (São Paulo, Minas Gerais, Paraná, Goiás, Maranhão e Alagoas) foram caracterizados e comparados com a utilização de microssatélites. Análise de quatro loci utilizando pelo menos 22 fêmeas de cada localidade foi realizada. A tíbia posterior direita de cada fêmea utilizada na extração de DNA também foi medida. Os resultados mostraram que o tamanho da tíbia dos insetos do Paraná foi significativamente maior do que o das demais regiões e, dessa forma, dando indicação de mais vigorosos. Com a análise molecular verificou-se que os quatro loci foram polimórficos. As frequências alélicas de três loci estavam de acordo com o Equilíbrio de Hardy-Weinberg para todas as populações de todas as regiões. Foi observada a presença de cinco alelos exclusivos em apenas dois loci. Os maiores valores de Ho e He foram encontrados para os indivíduos da biofábrica no estado de São Paulo (Ho= 0,6055 e He=0,4342). A porcentagem de variação entre e dentro das populações foi 24,65% e 75,34%, respectivamente. A estimativa de compartilhamento de genótipos entre os indivíduos de C. flavipes mostrou K = 2 como número de grupos genéticos mais provável que tenha originado a variação atual e alto compartilhamento de genótipos entre eles. Levando em consideração todos os loci analisados, a diferenciação genética foi moderada (Fst = 0,1656; IC=95%). Ainda é proposta uma mistura de materiais biológicos levando em consideração as distâncias genéticas e o grau de estruturação apresentado. / O parasitoide larval Cotesia flavipes (Cameron) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) é um importante agente de controle biológico da broca-do-colmo, Diatraea saccharalis (Fabricius) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae), na cultura da cana-de-açúcar. Este parasitoide é criado em biofábricas para liberação no campo; porém indicadores de parasitismo e capacidade de vôo sugerem que este parasitoide não está apresentando os mesmos níveis de controle que foram observados logo após a sua introdução. Insetos criados em laboratórios ou de campo são introduzidos na criação, porém sem estudos básicos ou critério. Insetos de oito biofabricas de 6 estados brasileiros (São Paulo, Minas Gerais, Paraná, Goiás, Maranhão e Alagoas) foram caracterizados e comparados com a utilização de microssatélites. Análise de quatro loci utilizando pelo menos 22 fêmeas de cada localidade foi realizada. A tíbia posterior direita de cada fêmea utilizada na extração de DNA também foi medida. Os resultados mostraram que o tamanho da tíbia dos insetos do Paraná foi significativamente maior do que o das demais regiões e, dessa forma, dando indicação de mais vigorosos. Com a análise molecular verificou-se que os quatro loci foram polimórficos. As frequências alélicas de três loci estavam de acordo com o Equilíbrio de Hardy-Weinberg para todas as populações de todas as regiões. Foi observada a presença de cinco alelos exclusivos em apenas dois loci. Os maiores valores de Ho e He foram encontrados para os indivíduos da biofábrica no estado de São Paulo (Ho= 0,6055 e He=0,4342). A porcentagem de variação entre e dentro das populações foi 24,65% e 75,34%, respectivamente. A estimativa de compartilhamento de genótipos entre os indivíduos de C. flavipes mostrou K = 2 como número de grupos genéticos mais provável que tenha originado a variação atual e alto compartilhamento de genótipos entre eles. Levando em consideração todos os loci analisados, a diferenciação genética foi moderada (Fst = 0,1656; IC=95%). Ainda é proposta uma mistura de materiais biológicos levando em consideração as distâncias genéticas e o grau de estruturação apresentado.

Resumo: Este estudo investigou os efeitos do corte seletivo sobre a diversidade genética, sistema de reprodução e dispersão de pólen em uma população de Hymenaea courbaril L., situado na Floresta Nacional do Tapajós, Estado do Pará, utilizando nove locos microssatélites. A espécie é uma das mais importantes na Amazônia Brasileira devido o alto valor comercial de sua madeira. Antes do corte seletivo, todas as árvores adultas foram mapeadas, amostradas e genotipadas e 367 sementes foram coletadas de 20 árvores matrizes. Após o corte seletivo de 61% das arvores com DAP>81 cm, foram amostradas e genotipadas 250 sementes de 14 árvores reprodutivas. A análise da herança, ligação e desequilíbrio de ligação mostraram que os nove locos utilizados segregam conforme as leis mendelianas, não estão ligados e estão em equilíbrio gamético.As plantas não reprodutivas tinham maior número de alelos (122 alelos) do que as plantas reprodutivas (103) e as progênies (84). Destes alelos, 29 alelos eram exclusivos as plantas não reprodutivas, nove as plantas reprodutivas e 14 as progênies. O número médio de alelos por locos e a heterozigosidade esperada foram significativamente menores nas progênies antes ( k =16,7; Ho =0,710) e após a exploração madeireira ( k =9,33; Ho =0,555). O índice de fixação foi positivo e significativamente diferente de zero em todas as amostras ( F ad=0,111 , F juv=0,160 e F prog=0,045 ), sugerindo endogamia. A estimativa da taxa de cruzamento multilocos populacional ( tm ) foi significativamente menor do que a unidade ( tm =0,962) e a diferença entre a taxa de cruzamento multilocos e unilocos ( tm−t s =0,066) sugere que ocorreram cruzamentos entre parentes. A estimativa do número efetivo de árvores doadoras de pólen antes da exploração ( Nep =3,79) foi significativamente menor que após a exploração de ( Nep =7,2). A taxa de imigração ... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: This study evaluated the effects of selective logging on the genetic diversity, reproductive system and pollen dispersal of a Hymenaea courbaril L. population by using nine microsatellite loci. Because of the characteristics of the wood, this species is one of the most logged in the Amazon resulting in significant reductions in its natural population. The study is located in the Tapajós National Forest, Para State, Brazil, in a 546 ha stand that is part of a governmental initiative for public forest concessions. To determine the effects of logging, both pre- and post-logging populations were analysed. Before logging, all adult trees of H. courbaril were mapped, sampled and genotyped; additionally progeny was analysed based on 367 seeds collected from 20 matrices. After logging took place (61% of the population above 81cm diameter at breast height), 250 seeds from 14 trees were collected and genotyped. Initially, tests for Mendelian inheritance, linkage and gametic disequilibrium were carried out which confirmed no linkage, deviation or disequilibrium for the used loci. The results for genetic diversity showed that the non-reproductive population presented a higher number of alleles (122) than the reproductive population (103) and progenies (84). From all alleles, 29 were exclusive to non-reproductive trees, nine to reproductive and 14 to progeny. The average number of alleles and expected heterozygosity were significantly lower for progenies in both pre- and post-logging situations ( k =16,7; Ho =0,710; k =9,33; Ho =0,555, respectively). The fixation index was positive and significantly different from zero for all sampled populations which suggests endogamy ( F ad=0,111 , F juv=0, 160 e F prog=0,045 ). The multilocus crossing rate was statistically significant ( tm =0,962) and the difference between multilocus and single-locus outcrossing rate was also significant ... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Orientador: Alexandre Magno Sebbenn / Coorientador: André Eduardo Biscaia de Lacerda / Banca: Miguel Luiz Menezes Freitas / Banca: Milton Kanashiro / Mestre