A crescente introdução de variados poluentes em matrizes ambientais de áreas urbanas causa prejuízos ao ecossistema e dificulta as medidas de controle ambiental. Essas substâncias, após liberadas, se distribuem e interagem de acordo com suas características e as do meio receptor. Indicadores precoces de contaminação permitem a adoção de medidas preventivas aos danos causados pela poluição ambiental. O presente estudo teve por objetivo investigar a ação de substâncias genotóxicas em diferentes frações de material particulado atmosférico e solos, analisando a presença de contaminantes orgânicos e inorgânicos. Para este fim, foi empregado o ensaio Salmonella/microssoma em amostras de áreas urbanas caracterizadas como urbano-residencial e urbano-industrial, na cidade de Rio Grande, RS. Amostras de material particulado atmosférico (PTS e PM2,5) e de solo superficial (composição granulométrica total e fração <0,5mm) foram preparadas por diferentes métodos de extração. Este estudo apresenta uma primeira caracterização de PM2,5, através do ensaio Salmonella/microssoma, no Brasil. O estudo de extratos orgânicos e aquosos de PTS e PM2,5 evidenciou a presença de compostos metálicos na fração aquosa, potencialmente biodisponíveis, bem como maior risco de exposição associado à fração de compostos orgânicos das partículas finas. A mutagênese foi detectada, mesmo em amostras de particulados que se encontravam em conformidade com os parâmetros de qualidade recomendados. A análise das extrações ácidas dos solos mostrou que as chuvas da região podem atuar como rota de contaminação ambiental, com risco adicional na disponibilização de substâncias tóxicas nos eventos de precipitação ácida. O estudo mostrou que o emprego do solo com mínima alteração é mais apropriado para os ensaios de mutagênese. A utilização conjunta de diferentes métodos de extração de compostos orgânicos e inorgânicos permite uma avaliação integradora da qualidade de matrizes ambientais complexas, favorecendo a adoção de medidas preventivas para a proteção do ecossistema. / The increasing introduction of different pollutants into the environmental matrices of urban areas damages the ecosystem and makes it difficult to perform environmental control. After these substances are released, they are distributed and interact according to their own characteristics and those of the receiving environment. Early indicators of contamination allow measures to be adopted to prevent damage caused by environmental pollution. The purpose of this study was to investigate the action of genotoxic substances in different fractions of atmospheric particulate matter and soils, analyzing the presence of organic and inorganic contaminants. For this, the Salmonella/microsome assay was used on samples of urban areas characterized as urban-residential and urban-industrial, in the city of Rio Grande, RS. Samples of atmospheric particulate matter (TSP and PM2.5) and of surface soil (total grain size composition and fraction <0.5mm) were prepared using different extraction methods. This study presents a first characterization of PM2.5 in Brazil, through the Salmonella/microsome assay. The study of organic and aqueous extracts of TSP and PM2.5 showed the presence of potentially bioavailable metallic compounds in the aqueous fraction, as well as a greater risk of exposure associated with the fraction of organic compounds of the fine particles. Mutagenesis was detected even in samples of particulates that were in accordance the recommended quality parameters. Analysis of acid extractions from the soils showed that rainfall in the region may act as an environmental contamination route, with an additional risk of making toxic substances available in acid precipitation events. The study showed that the use of minimally altered soil is more appropriate for mutagenesis assays. The joint use of different methods for organic and inorganic compound extractions allows an integrated evaluation of the quality of complex environmental matrices, favoring the adoption of preventive measures to protect the ecosystem.

Exposição a Hidrocarbonetos policíclicos aromáticos (HPAs) está relacionada com o aumento de risco de câncer. Esses carcinógenos dependem da sua ativação para intermediários eletrofílicos para causar danos em biomoléculas. As vias de ativação melhor estudadas incluem (i) a formação de diol-epóxido nas regiões de baía ou fjord dos HPAs através de epoxidações catalisadas pela citocromo P450 (CYP450), com uma hidrólise intermediária pela epóxido hidrolase e (ii) oxidação (CYP450 ou peroxidases) levando à formação de um cátion radical reativo. Outras vias incluem a formação de derivados metilados, quinonas e metabólitos de anel aberto cujas contribuições para a carcinogênese ainda são pouco estudadas, assim como o papel do estresse oxidativo na toxicidade dos HPAs. Neste trabalho foi investigado a citotoxicidade e genotoxicidade do indeno[1,2,3-cd]pireno, trifenileno e coroneno e seus produtos de oxidação (quinonas e hidroquinonas). Linhagens de carcinoma hepatocelular humano (HepG2) e de hepatócitos humanos normais (THLE-2) foram incubadas com os HPAs e suas respectivas quinonas e hidroquinonas acetiladas para análise de viabilidade celular (MTT) em diferentes condições de cultivo (por 16 horas, de 20 a 200 uM). Células HepG2 foram incubadas por 16 horas com indeno[1,2,3-cd]pireno (50 &#181;M), coroneno (20 &#181;M), trifenileno (10 uM) ou seus produtos de oxidação (quinonas e hidroquinonas acetiladas) para análise de dano oxidativo em DNA e peroxidação lipídica. Nas concentrações descritas acima, esses HPAs estruturalmente diferentes e seus produtos de oxidação são citotóxicos e levam ao aumento dos níveis de 7,8- dihidro-8-oxo-2\'-desoxiguanosina e malonaldeído. Tais danos podem contribuir para o aumento do risco de desenvolvimento de doenças, como o câncer, na população exposta. / Exposure to Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAH) is related to the increase in the risk of cancer. These carcinogens depend on their activation by electrophilic intermediates to cause damage on biomolecules. The best understood activation pathways include (i) the formation of diol-epoxide in the bay and fjord regions of the PAH through epoxidations catalyzed by cytochrome P450 (CYP450), with an intermediate hydrolysis by epoxide hydrolase and (ii) oxidation (CYP450 or peroxidases) leading to the formation of a reactive cationic radical. Other pathways include the formation of methylated derivatives, quinones and open-ring metabolites whose contributions to carcinogenesis, as well as the role of oxidative stress on PAH toxicity, have not been extensively studied yet. This work investigated the cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of indene[1,2,3-cd]pyrene, triphenylene and coronene and their oxidation products (quinones and hydroquinones). Strains of human hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2) and of normal human hepatocytes (THLE-2) were incubated with PAH and their respective quinones and acetylated hydroquinones and afterwards analyzed for cell viability (MTT) under different culture conditions (for 16 hours, 20 to 200 BM). HepG2 cells were incubated for 16 hours with indene[1,2,3-cd]pyrene (50 BM), coronene (20 BM), triphenylene (10 BM) or their oxidation products (quinones and acetylated hydroquinones) and afterwards analyzed for oxidative damage on DNA and lipid peroxidation. In the mentioned concentrations, these structurally different PAHs and their oxidation products are cytotoxic and lead to an increase in the levels of 7,8-dihydro-8-oxo-2\'-deoxyguanosine and malonaldehyde. Such damages may contribute to increase the risk of diseases like cancer in the exposed population.

L’utilisation excessive de pesticides engendre des pollutions et des dégradations importantes de l’environnement y compris sur les écosystèmes aquatiques. L’activité viticole ne fait pas exception à cette règle, et c’est pour cette raison que ce travail de thèse s’est intéressé aux réponses adaptatives ou délétères aux premiers stades de vie de poissons exposés à trois produits phytosanitaires utilisés en viticulture ainsi qu’à leur mélange et à des échantillons environnementaux. La thèse s’intéresse aux stades précoces de développement de la truite arc-en-ciel, mais également à la lignée cellulaire de foie de truite RTL-W1. Les embryons de truite ont été exposés au cuivre, au glyphosate et au chlorpyrifos seuls ou en mélange. Une autre partie de ce travail a consisté à étudier les effets toxiques des échantillons environnementaux d’eau et de sédiment provenant d’un cours d’eau, La Livenne, à proximité de parcelles viticoles. Toutes les expériences ont été faites en conditions contrôlées de laboratoire. Les réponses induites par ces expositions ont été mesurées à différents niveaux d’organisation biologique : au niveau moléculaire, phénotypique et comportemental pour l’étude in vivo (larves de la truite arc-en-ciel) ; et l’analyse des effets cytotoxiques de l’induction des espèces réactives de l’oxygène (ROS) et des dommages à l’ADN pour l’étude in vitro (lignée RTL-W1). Les résultats de ce travail ont montré que l’exposition aux pesticides individuels, ou en mélange, chez les larves de truites arc-en-ciel n’a pas produit d’effets létaux aux concentrations testés. En revanche, ces substances ont provoqués différents effets sub-létaux, selon le composé et les concentrations étudiés, dont des effets tératogènes, des perturbations du comportement natatoire, des effets génotoxiques et l’expression différentielle de gènes cibles. Le cuivre s’est avéré le plus toxique provoquant un échec d’éclosion important. Des effets cytotoxiques et une production d’espèces réactives de l’oxygène (ERO) ont été observés sur cellules de truite exposées à des extraits d’eau de rivière. Par ailleurs, des effets comportementaux ont été observés sur les larves de truites exposées pendant 48 h à des sédiments et de l’eau de la Livenne. En conclusion, ces travaux de thèse ont mis en évidence des effets sub-létaux sur les cellules et les stades précoces de développement de truite arc-en-ciel exposés à des concentrations environnementales de pesticides utilisés en viticulture. / The excessive use of pesticides generates significant pollution and degradation of the environment, including aquatic ecosystems. The viticultural activity is not an exception for this rule, and this is why the aim of this work is to study the adaptive or deleterious responses in the early life stages of fish exposed to three phytosanitary products used in viticulture as well as to their mixture and environmental samples. The thesis focuses on the early stages of development of rainbow trout, but also on the trout liver cell line RTL-W1. Trout embryos were exposed to copper, glyphosate and chlorpyrifos alone or as a mixture. Another part of this work consisted in studying the toxic effects of environmental samples of water and sediment coming from a river, La Livenne, close to vineyard plots. All experiments were done under controlled laboratory conditions. The responses induced by these exposures were measured at different levels of biological organization: at the molecular, phenotypic and behavioral level for the in vivo study (rainbow trout larvae); and the analysis of cytotoxic effects and induction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and DNA damage for the in vitro study (RTL-W1 line). The results of this work showed that exposure to individual or mixed pesticides in rainbow trout larvae did not produce lethal effects at the tested concentrations. In contrast, these substances caused different sub-lethal effects, depending on the compound and concentrations studied, including teratogenic effects, swim behavior disturbances, genotoxic effects, and differential expression of target genes. Copper was found to be the most toxic causing a major hatching failure. Cytotoxic effects and production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) were observed on trout cells exposed to river water extracts. In addition, behavioral effects were observed on trout larvae exposed for 48 h to sediments and Livenne water. In conclusion, these thesis studies revealed sub-lethal effects on cells and early stages of development of rainbow trout exposed to environmental concentrations of pesticides.

<p>Generation of DNA damage is regarded to be an important initial event in the development cancer. Consequently, a battery of tests have been developed to detect different types of genotoxic effects in order to be able to predict the potential genotoxicity and mutagenicity of chemicals, including both pharmaceutical drugs and various types of environmental and occupational agents, as well as dietary factors. The aim of this thesis was to evaluate whether the combination of the comet assay and the extended-term cultures of human lymphocytes (ETC) can be used as an alternative <i>in vitro</i> system to more commonly used transformed mammalian cell lines, and primary cell cultures from humans, when testing the potential genotoxicity of chemicals. </p><p>Using the comet assay, a panel of reference compounds showed that the ETC were found to detect the DNA-damaging effects with no remarkable difference to what has been reported in other cell types. Moreover, in comparison with a well-established rodent cell line, the mouse lymphoma L5178Y cells, the ETC showed similar sensitivity to the DNA damaging effects of the genotoxic agents hydrogen peroxide and catechol. Although there was an interindividual variation in induced DNA damage and the subsequent repair when using ETC from different blood donors, it did not seem to be of crucial importance for the identification of DNA-damaging agents. The demonstrated difference in sensitivity to catechol-induced DNA damage between freshly isolated peripheral lymphocytes and ETC may very well be due to their different proliferative status but despite this difference, both <i>in vitro</i> systems were able to identify catechol as a DNA-damaging agent at the same concentration.</p><p>Based on these results, it is proposed that the ETC and the comet assay are a useful combination when testing for the potential DNA damaging effects of chemicals. Representing easily cultivated cells possessing the normal human karyotype, where one blood sample can be used for numerous experiments performed over a long time, extended-term cultures appear to be a useful alternative, both to transformed mammalian cell lines, and primary cell cultures from humans. In fact, the extended-term lymphocytes, with or without S9 and/or lesion specific DNA repair enzymes, should be used more frequently when screening for the potential genotoxicity of chemicals.</p>

Generation of DNA damage is regarded to be an important initial event in the development cancer. Consequently, a battery of tests have been developed to detect different types of genotoxic effects in order to be able to predict the potential genotoxicity and mutagenicity of chemicals, including both pharmaceutical drugs and various types of environmental and occupational agents, as well as dietary factors. The aim of this thesis was to evaluate whether the combination of the comet assay and the extended-term cultures of human lymphocytes (ETC) can be used as an alternative in vitro system to more commonly used transformed mammalian cell lines, and primary cell cultures from humans, when testing the potential genotoxicity of chemicals. Using the comet assay, a panel of reference compounds showed that the ETC were found to detect the DNA-damaging effects with no remarkable difference to what has been reported in other cell types. Moreover, in comparison with a well-established rodent cell line, the mouse lymphoma L5178Y cells, the ETC showed similar sensitivity to the DNA damaging effects of the genotoxic agents hydrogen peroxide and catechol. Although there was an interindividual variation in induced DNA damage and the subsequent repair when using ETC from different blood donors, it did not seem to be of crucial importance for the identification of DNA-damaging agents. The demonstrated difference in sensitivity to catechol-induced DNA damage between freshly isolated peripheral lymphocytes and ETC may very well be due to their different proliferative status but despite this difference, both in vitro systems were able to identify catechol as a DNA-damaging agent at the same concentration. Based on these results, it is proposed that the ETC and the comet assay are a useful combination when testing for the potential DNA damaging effects of chemicals. Representing easily cultivated cells possessing the normal human karyotype, where one blood sample can be used for numerous experiments performed over a long time, extended-term cultures appear to be a useful alternative, both to transformed mammalian cell lines, and primary cell cultures from humans. In fact, the extended-term lymphocytes, with or without S9 and/or lesion specific DNA repair enzymes, should be used more frequently when screening for the potential genotoxicity of chemicals.

Disinfectants in drinking water can interact with natural organic matter (NOM) to form disinfection by-products (DBPs). Halogenated furanones (including MX and MCA) are a group of emerging DBPs that can account for a significant amount of the total mutagenicity found in drinking water. Source water characteristics and NOM removal capabilities of coagulation can greatly influence the formation of DBPs. This project examines the effects of bench scale coagulation and chlorination tests on NOM removal, DBP formation, and genotoxicity. NOM was characterized using liquid chromatography-organic carbon detection (LC-OCD). Experiments with Ottawa River, Otonabee River, and Lake Simcoe waters show that DBPs decreased with increases in coagulant dosage, due to the removal of NOM during coagulation. DBP formation and speciation was then compared with NOM content to identify specific fractions that contribute to the formation of these DBPs. Genotoxicity was directly linked to MX presence in chlorinated waters.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / In Brazil, the economic potential of the germplasm of medicinal species is a treasure to be preserved and utilized, increasingly becoming a form of alternative therapy available for the population to use. However, the indiscriminate and uncontrolled use can, cause more harm than benefits to health and it is important to understand these plants, from cellular levels and the action on living organisms. The medicinal species Echinodorus grandiflorus and Sagittaria montevidensis belong to the family Alismataceae, known respectively as leather hat and false leather hat in Brazil. For E. grandiflorus the attributed medicinal potentials are depurative, diuretic, anti-inflammatory, antiophidic and anti-rheumatic action, were leaves are the main part of the plant used, either as a tea or infusion. S. montevidensis has no known medicinal properties and having a wide range of leaf morphologies, leading to population confused with leather hat . The present study evaluated the genotoxic and antiproliferative extracts of the dried leaves of E. grandiflorus and S. montevidensis using the cell cycle of Allium cepa, and performing analysis by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC-DAD) for the quantification of the extracts of the compounds. The test system is well suited for the analysis of genotoxicity, being validated by the International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS, WHO) and can alert on the possible damages that can be caused to organisms exposed to the substances in the plants. For the test, plant material was collected in the field in Rio Grande do Sul, in the municipalities of: Santa Maria, São Sepé, Silveira Martins and Pinhal Grande and in the commercial form of E. grandiflorus, separated into two experimental groups. The extracts were prepared, by infusing dry leaves for 15 min., at two concentrations, 6g.L-1 e 24g.L-1, and two controls, water (negative control) and glyphosate 15% (positive control). The chromatographic analysis (HPLC-DAD), revealed the presence of flavonoids and phenolic acids for both species, higher concentrations of caffeic acid and flavonoid glycoside in E. grandiflorus and phenol glycoside in S. montevidensis. This study showed that extracts of E. grandiflorus and S. montevidensis show genotoxic potential and when used in high concentrations, antiproliferative potential. / No Brasil, o potencial econômico de germoplasma de espécies medicinais é uma riqueza a ser preservada e utilizada, tornando-se cada vez mais uma forma de terapia alternativa acessível para o uso da população. No entanto, o uso indiscriminado e sem controle pode causar mais danos à saúde do que benefícios, sendo importante o conhecimento dessas plantas, desde os níveis celulares bem como ação sobre os organismos vivos. As espécies medicinais Echinodorus grandiflorus e Sagittaria montevidensis pertencem à família Alismataceae, conhecidas respectivamente como chapéu-de-couro e falso chapéu-de-couro. Para E. grandiflorus é atribuído potencial medicinal como ações depurativa, diurética, antiinflamatória, antiofídica e antirreumática, sendo as folhas a principal parte utilizada da planta, seja na forma de chá ou infusão. S. montevidensis não apresenta suas propriedades medicinais conhecidas e tendo uma grande variedade morfológica das folhas, isso leva a população a confundi-la com chapéu-de-couro . O presente estudo teve o objetivo de avaliar o potencial genotóxico e antiproliferativo de extratos das folhas secas de E. grandiflorus e S. montevidensis, sobre o ciclo celular de Allium cepa, bem como realizar análise por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência (CLAE-DAD) para quantificação dos compostos dos extratos. O sistema teste A. cepa é bem aceito para a análise da genotoxicidade, sendo validado pelo Programa Internacional de Segurança Química (IPCS, OMS), podendo vir a alertar sobre possíveis danos que substâncias podem causar aos organismos a elas expostos. Para o teste foi coletado material vegetativo no habitat natural no Rio Grande do Sul, nos munícipios de: Santa Maria, São Sepé, Silveira Martins e Pinhal Grande e na forma comercializada de E. grandiflorus, separados em 2 grupos experimentais. Os extratos preparados, por infusão de 15 min. das folhas secas, em duas concentrações 6g. L-1 e 24g.L-1, para cada espécie e 2 controles, água (controle negativo) e o glifosato 15% (controle positivo). A análise cromatográfica (HPLC-DAD) revelou a presença de flavonóides e ácidos fenólicos para ambas as espécies. Sendo, maiores teores de ácido cafeico e flavonóide glicosídeo em E. grandiflorus e glicosídeo fenol em S. montevidensis. Este estudo mostrou que os extratos de E. grandiflorus e S. montevidensis apresentam potencial genotóxico e quando usadas em elevadas concentrações, potencial antiproliferativo.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / The double-strand DNA breaks are considered one of the most lethal forms of damage that can compromise the ability of stem cells self-renew and differentiate. Therefore, additional studies are necessary to identify genome damage biomarkers that help the researchers to choice the better cell line to apply in clinical use. Here, we evaluated the potential use of DNA Comet Assay, DNA fragmentation fluorimetric assay using Picogreen dye and reactive oxygen species (ROS) level by DCFH-DA fluorimetric assay as potential biomarkers to identify the genome conditions of dental stem cells (DSCs) isolated from dog´s canine teeth. The results showed important differences among the three initial DSCs passage when compared to > 4th passages. In general, the initial DSCs passages presented higher cell proliferation, lower DNA damage and ROS. However, we noticed a large number of nucleus with some level of DNA damage (30 to 40% in the initial DSCs passage and > 50% in the late passage) that indicates an in vitro DSCs genomic fragility. The results suggest that these relatively simple and inexpensive approaches as Comet, DNA fragmentation could to help for sorting stem cell with less DNA damage used to research or therapeutic use. / Quebras na dupla-fita do DNA são consideradas uma das formas mais letais de dano que podem comprometer a capacidade das células-tronco de se autorenovarem ou de se diferenciarem. Portanto, estudos adicionais são necessários para identificar biomarcadores de danos genômicos que possam ajudar os pesquisadores a escolher as melhores linhagens celulares para estudos e seu uso clínico veterinário. Para tanto o presente estudo teve como objetivo implantar uma técnica de obtenção de células-tronco a partir de polpa de dente (dental stem-cells, DSCs) de cães avaliando a taxa de proliferação celular, a morfologia das células e a qualidade celular através de indicadores de dano de DNA e estresse oxidativo em oito diferentes passagens de cultura em fase indiferenciada. A escolha de obtenção de células-tronco a partir da polpa dentária se deu por ser de fácil acesso, as células possuírem crescimento rápido e ótimo potencial de diferenciação celular. Para avaliar a qualidade das células em oito diferentes passagens foi feita análise da taxa de proliferação celular, de danos no DNA por duas técnicas complementares (Ensaio do DNA Cometa e Fragmentação do DNA por análise fluorimétrica utilizando-se o corante Picogreen) e dos níveis de espécies reativas de oxigênio (EROs) que causam estresse oxidativo via ensaio fluorimétrico do DCFH-DA. Os resultados mostraram importantes diferenças entre as passagens iniciais em relação as mais tardias. Em geral até terceira passagem a taxa de proliferação celular foi mais alta, com menor dano genômico e produção de EROs, sendo a segunda passagem a que apresentou melhor qualidade. Entretanto outra questão observada foi o grande número de células com DNA danificado observado em todas as passagens. Os resultados sugerem que testes relativamente simples e baratos como o DNA cometa e a análise de fragmentação do DNA podem ajudar na escolher a passagem celular em que as células apresentam melhor qualidade genômica e funcional tanto para as pesquisas quanto na aplicação clínica regenerativa.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:54:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 RichellyCD_DISSERT.pdf: 2320293 bytes, checksum: 0a60ecea735c1b5c6fe1a9d05e141fe9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-02-06 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / Contamination by complex mixtures of various origins has been explored and studied for decades. Radon is a naturally occurring environmental contaminant that causes carcinogenic effects. These emissions can cause mutations in the lung tissue, which can initiate a carcinogenic process. Thus the dam Creek Falls, located in the municipality of Lajes Pintadas, was chosen for the development of this study, since cancer rates in the region reach 9% of the population annually, with this, the main objective of this study was evaluate the mutagenicity and toxicity of Riacho da Cachoeira damunder the influence of radon. The methodology ecotoxicological tests were performed with Ceriodaphinia dubia, as well as tests with Tradescantia pallida genotoxicologicos and Oreochromis niloticus. To understand how the population of Pintadas Slabs realizes the environment, we performed a study of environmental perception. The test results indicated that the reservoir water is toxic to test organimos exposed, found heavy metals, chloride, total and fecal coliforms as well as radon levels above the maximum allowed under Brazilian law. These results can be justified because it is so complex samples composed of different compounds that interact only with each other or causing synergistic effects. It was concluded that the dam Creek Waterfall, is contaminated with radon, as well as heavy metals, coliforms and chloride, causing toxic effects to the natural community. Thus, further studies should be performed with the human population of the region, to verify that the high rates of cancer in the population of the municipality may be linked to the presence of natural radiation. Thus, it is expected that the competent bodies that administer the municipality of Lajes Pintadas take reasonable steps to minimize risks and ensure the health of the community that still makes use of the weir / A contamina??o por misturas complexas de origens diversas vem sendo explorada e estudada por d?cadas. O rad?nio ? um contaminante ambiental de origem natural, que provoca efeitos carcinog?nicos. Estas emiss?es podem levar as muta??es no tecido do pulm?o, que podem iniciar um processo carcinog?nico. Assim o a?ude Riacho da Cachoeira, localizado no munic?pio de Lajes Pintadas, foi escolhido para o desenvolvimento do presente estudo, j? que h? altas taxas de c?ncer na regi?o que chegam a 9% da popula??o, anualmente, com isso, o objetivo principal do presente estudo foi avaliar a mutagenicidade e toxicidade do a?ude Riacho da Cachoeira sob a influ?ncia do Rad?nio. Como metodologia, foram realizados ensaios ecotoxicologicos com Ceriodaphinia dubia, assim como ensaios genotoxicologicos com Tradescantia pallida e Oreochromis niloticus. Para entender como a popula??o de Lajes Pintadas percebe o meio ambiente, foi realizado um estudo de percep??o ambiental. Os resultados dos ensaios indicaram que a ?gua do a?ude ? toxica aos organimos-teste expostos, foram encontrados metais pesados, cloreto, coliformes totais e fecais assim como os n?veis de rad?nio acima dos limites m?ximos permitidos segundo a legisla??o brasileira. Os resultados encontrados podem ser justificados pelo fato de se tratar de amostras complexas constitu?das assim de diferentes compostos que interagem s? ou entre si causando efeitos sin?rgicos. Concluiu-se que o a?ude Riacho da Cachoeira, est? contaminado com rad?nio, assim como por metais pesados, coliformes e cloreto, causando efeitos toxicol?gicos ? comunidade natural. Assim, novos estudos devem ser realizados com a popula??o humana da regi?o, para verificar se os altos ?ndices de c?ncer na popula??o do munic?pio podem estar ligados a presen?a da radia??o natural. Desta forma, espera-se que os ?rg?os competentes que administram o munic?pio de Lajes Pintadas tomem medidas cab?veis para assegurar e minimizar os riscos a sa?de da comunidade que ainda faz uso do a?ude

L’hygiène des mains (HDM) est déterminante dans la prévention du risque infectieux associé aux soins. Les pratiques actuelles privilégient l’utilisation de produits hydro-alcooliques (PHA), généralement formulés avec de l’éthanol, de l’isopropanol et/ou du n-propanol, en présence de co-formulants pour une meilleure acceptabilité cutanée. L’efficacité antimicrobienne sur un temps court, nécessaire en raison des situations fréquentes de pratique d’HDM, est atteinte par des teneurs élevées en alcools pouvant excéder 80 % p/p. Cela soulève la question de la toxicité cutanée et respiratoire associée à l’utilisation des PHA. L’évaluation de la toxicité cutanée basée sur les données publiées et des essais in vitro d’irritation cutanée (OCDE 439) et de phototoxicité (OCDE 432) conclut à l’absence d’irritation cutanée aiguë et de phototoxicité en relation avec l’exposition cutanée à ces alcools, y compris en présence de co-formulants, tels que fournis dans les PHA. Il est ressorti de nos essais le possible manque de spécificité, déjà décrit dans la littérature, des modèles d’épidermes humains reconstitués (RhE) vis-à-vis de certaines substances, qu’il convient de garder à l’esprit dans le cadre de l’évaluation de l’irritation cutanée in vitro. Des investigations complémentaires et une évaluation par l’approche Weight of Evidence peuvent être utiles avant de conclure aux propriétés irritantes d’un item d’essai. En termes de génotoxicité, une différence entre les alcools ressort de la revue bibliographique, avec des propriétés génotoxiques décrites uniquement pour l’éthanol. Dans une certaine mesure, nos essais ont confirmé une différence de profil. L’isopropanol et le n-propanol testés dans une batterie de tests in vitro permettant d’appréhender les différents mécanismes génotoxiques (test d’Ames et test du micronoyau (MN) sur cellules humaines p53 compétentes : cellules lymphoblastoïdes TK6 et cellules pulmonaires NCI H292) ont donné des résultats négatifs, y compris lorsqu’ils étaient formulés avec des co-formulants, ou administrés sous forme de vapeurs sur les cellules NCI H292 cultivées en interface air-liquide (IAL). Pour l’éthanol, la réalisation de la même batterie de tests a conduit à des résultats équivoques uniquement dans le test du MN sur cellules TK6 avec l’éthanol seul. Un test du MN supplémentaire sur cellules TK6 en co-culture avec un RhE mimant la barrière cutanée a donné des résultats négatifs. Par ailleurs, aucune exposition systémique significative aux alcools induite par les pratiques d’HDM ne ressort des études publiées chez l’homme, avec des taux indiscernables des valeurs endogènes existantes pour l’éthanol et l’isopropanol. L’ensemble de ces données est en faveur de l’absence de risque génotoxique systémique consécutif à l’utilisation des PHA, et de l’absence de génotoxicité pulmonaire locale liée à l’exposition aux vapeurs d’alcools. En conclusion, en situation d’utilisation des PHA pour l’HDM, aucun risque pour la santé humaine en termes d’irritation cutanée aiguë, de phototoxicité et de génotoxicité ne ressort de ce travail de recherche. / Hand hygiene (HH) is a key factor in preventing healthcare-associated infections. Current practices favor the use of alcohol-based hand rubs (AbHR), generally formulated with ethanol, propan-2-ol and/or propan-1-ol, in the presence of co-formulants for a better skin acceptability. The antimicrobial efficiency within a short time, essential because of the frequent situations of HH practice, is achieved by high levels of alcohols which can exceed 80% w/w. This raises the question of dermal and respiratory toxicity associated with the use of AbHR. The assessment of dermal toxicity based on published data and in vitro skin irritation (OECD 439) and phototoxicity tests (OECD 432) conclude to non acute dermal irritation and phototoxicity risk linked to dermal exposure to these alcohols, even in the presence of co-formulants, as provided in the AbHR. We encountered in our trials the possible lack of specificity, already described in the literature, of the reconstructed human epidermis (RhE) models for some substances, which should be kept in mind in the context of the evaluation of skin irritation in vitro. Additional investigations and an assessment using the Weight of Evidence approach may be useful before concluding the irritant properties of a test item. In terms of genotoxicity, a difference between the alcohols emerges from the bibliographic review, with genotoxic properties described only for ethanol. To a certain extent, our tests confirmed a difference in profile. Propan-2-ol and propan-1-ol tested in a battery of in vitro tests to explore the various genotoxic mechanisms (Ames test and micronucleus test (MN) on p53 competent human cells: lymphoblastoid cells TK6 and pulmonary cells NCI H292) gave negative results, even in the presence of co-formulants, or administered as vapors on air-liquid interface (ALI) NCI H292 cells. For ethanol, the same battery of tests gave equivocal results only in the MN test on TK6 cells with ethanol alone. An additional MN test on TK6 cells co-cultured with a RhE mimicking the existing skin barrier gave negative results. In addition, no significant systemic exposure to alcohols induced by HH practices is apparent from published studies in humans, with indiscernible levels of existing endogenous values for ethanol and isopropanol. All of these data support the absence of an increased systemic genotoxic risk resulting from the use of AbHR and the absence of local pulmonary genotoxicity due to exposure to alcohol vapors. In conclusion, during AbHR use for HH, no risk to human health in terms of acute skin irritation, phototoxicity and genotoxicity is apparent from this research.