Submitted by MARIANA VICENTE GALLI null (mariana.galli@hotmail.com) on 2017-05-02T22:57:55Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Bullying .pdf: 854907 bytes, checksum: a7f3a3b323e0451184d927a90863d0ea (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luiz Galeffi (luizgaleffi@gmail.com) on 2017-05-03T13:23:24Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 galli_mv_me_bauru.pdf: 854907 bytes, checksum: a7f3a3b323e0451184d927a90863d0ea (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-03T13:23:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 galli_mv_me_bauru.pdf: 854907 bytes, checksum: a7f3a3b323e0451184d927a90863d0ea (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-03-24 / O corpo, a mente, o cérebro e o comportamento humano passaram, ao longo do tempo, por pressões evolutivas, ou seja, alguns mecanismos foram mantidos e aprimorados com a seleção natural. Desta forma, o comportamento humano seria o resultado do predisposto biologicamente e a influência do ambiente. Assim, alguns comportamentos foram mantidos como, por exemplo, a tendência de viver em grupos que podem tanto beneficiar o indivíduo quanto distorcer e fazer com que o mesmo abandone suas concepções e ideais. O preconceito, o estigma e o estereotipo são exemplos de situações em que o sujeito enfrenta dificuldade na interação grupal. Há de se considerar também que, quando este indivíduo deseja realmente fazer parte do grupo, o mesmo é capaz de manipular seus comportamentos a fim de convergir com o grupo, modificando assim a sua imagem pública. O bullying também pode ser apontado com uma situação em que ocorre a dificuldade de ajustamento grupal, caracterizado por agressões, ações desrespeitosas e assédios, que ocorram de maneira recorrente e intencional sem uma motivação específica do agressor. Desta forma, esta pesquisa se justificou pela necessidade de se compreender por que alguns indivíduos são mais vulneráveis ou propícios a serem vítimas de bullying, e assim evoluir o conhecimento sobre o fenômeno, para se obter um recurso a mais no campo científico, bem como a possibilidade de intervenção e prevenção no âmbito social. Desta maneira, objetivou-se investigar qualitativa e quantitativamente quais as características das vítimas de bullying, com distinção entre homens e mulheres em diferentes fases do ciclo vital, que desencadeiam tais práticas na opinião de universitários. Participaram 76 universitários (38 homens e 38 mulheres), com faixa etária de 17-29 anos, que estavam no primeiro e segundo ano de faculdade, nos cursos de Psicologia, Engenharia Elétrica, Biologia e Jornalismo, de uma faculdade pública do interior de São Paulo. Utilizou-se como instrumento um questionário elaborado pelos pesquisadores, que buscou obter características femininas e masculinas, que os participantes julgavam desencadear as práticas de bullying na escola no Ensino Fundamental II (9º ano) / Ensino Médias (1ª a 3ª série) e Ensino Superior. Como resultado observou-se que as mulheres obtiveram maior variabilidade ao mencionarem as características, em relação aos homens. Notou-se que no passado (Ensino Médio) as características estavam relacionadas a aspectos psicológicos, sociais e, sobretudo físicos, enquanto no presente (Ensino Superior) houve prevalência de aspectos psicológicos e social. As cinco características mais citadas no passado foram: gordo, homossexualidade, racismo, nerd, comportamento sexual livre. No presente foram: ideologia, homossexualidade, comportamento sexual livre, racismo e classe social. Outro ponto foi que as mulheres apresentaram mais facilidade para mencionar características de ambos os sexos, enquanto os homens apresentaram mais aptidão para mencionarem características relacionadas ao próprio sexo. Como conclusão, o estudo apontou que as marcas ou sinais que desencadeiam as práticas de bullying são reais, além de comprovar que a distinção de gênero ligada às características das vítimas de bullying, está relacionada a fatores biológicos que se acentuam quando analisados sob uma perspectiva cultural. Também se confirmou a existência de características específicas que vulnerabilizam o indivíduo, além de se observar que a práticas hostis também ocorrem na universidade, sendo necessários projetos para promoção de práticas de respeito e aceitação das diferenças. / The body, mind, brain and human behavior have, over time, passed through evolutionary pressures, that is, some mechanisms have been maintained and improved with natural selection. In this way, human behavior would be the result of biological predisposition and the influence of the environment. Thus, some behaviors have been maintained, such as the tendency to live in groups that can both benefit the individual and distort them and cause them to abandon their conceptions and ideals. Prejudice, stigma and stereotype are examples of situations in which the subject faces difficulty in group interaction. It must also be considered that when this individual really wants to be part of the group, he is able to manipulate his behavior in order to converge with the group, thus modifying his public image. Bullying can also be pointed out with a situation in which the difficulty of group adjustment occurs, characterized by aggressions, disrespectful actions and harassment that occur in a recurrent and intentional way without a specific motivation of the aggressor. Thus, this research was justified by the need to understand why some individuals are more vulnerable or susceptible to be victims of bullying, and thus to evolve the knowledge about the phenomenon, to obtain an additional resource in the scientific field, as well as Possibility of intervention and prevention in the social sphere. In this way, the objective was to investigate qualitatively and quantitatively the characteristics of victims of bullying, with a distinction between men and women in different phases of the life cycle, that trigger such practices in the opinion of university students. Participants were 76 university students (38 men and 38 women), aged 17-29, who were in the first and second year of college, in the Psychology, Electrical Engineering, Biology and Journalism courses of a public college in the interior of São Paulo. A questionnaire developed by the researchers was used as instrument, that sought to obtain feminine and masculine characteristics, that the participants judged to initiate the bullying practices in the school in Elementary School II (9th grade) / Teaching Medium (1st to 3rd grade) and Higher Education. As a result, it was observed that women obtained greater variability when mentioning characteristics, in relation to men. It was noted that in the past (Teaching Medium) the characteristics were related to psychological, social and, above all, physical aspects, while in the present (Higher Education) there was a prevalence of psychological and social aspects. The five characteristics most cited in the past were: fat, homosexuality, racism, nerd, free sexual behavior. At present they were: ideology, homosexuality, free sexual behavior, racism and social class. Another point was that women were easier to mention characteristics of both sexes, while men were more apt to mention characteristics related to their sex. In conclusion, the study pointed out that the marks or signs that trigger the practices of bullying are real, besides proving that the gender distinction related to the characteristics of the victims of bullying, are related to biological factors that are accentuated when analyzed from a cultural perspective. It was also confirmed the existence of specific characteristics that vulnerabilize the individual, besides observing that hostile practices also occur in the university, and projects are needed to promote practices of respect and acceptance of differences.

Estima-se que, no ano de 2025, 23% da população total dos países desenvolvidos estarão com mais de 60 anos, evidenciando-se assim o envelhecimento gradativo do contingente populacional destes países. Deste modo, é perceptível o contingente de mulheres que estarão vivenciando a fase da menopausa com seus efeitos biológicos, psicológicos e sociais. As mudanças hormonais e fisiológicas que acontecem nas mulheres durante a fase da menopausa, acompanhadas pela desvalorização estética do corpo e por toda uma sintomatologia física e psíquica, têm sido interpretadas como perda da feminilidade, sinalizando o envelhecimento inevitável e a finitude. No entanto, muitos dos desconfortos que as mulheres vivenciam nesta fase não se devem às mudanças biológicas, mas ao seu processo de socialização, caracterizando a influência de gênero. Neste contexto, este trabalho teve como objeto o estudo da influência da relação de gênero na vivência e no significado do processo da menopausa, tendo como objetivos: descrever a vivência da menopausa a partir da perspectiva de mulheres que a vivenciam e identificar as particularidades relacionadas ao gênero diretamente envolvidas na experiência da menopausa a partir da perspectiva das mulheres. Para desenvolvimento do trabalho foi utilizada abordagem qualitativa de natureza descritiva com vinte mulheres de idade entre 45 e 55 anos que apresentavam menopausa espontânea e eram clientes das Unidades Básicas de Saúde da cidade de Curitibanos-SC, no período de 1 a 15 de outubro de 2009. Para a coleta de dados foi utilizado um roteiro de entrevista semi-estruturada com uma questão norteadora: Fale-me como é para você estar vivenciando a menopausa. A interpretação e análise foram feitas através de análise de conteúdo do tipo temática descritas por Bardin. Nas narrativas, identificaram-se categorias que foram integradas em quatro temas principais: 1- Vivenciando a Menopausa, 2- Identificando Transformações no Corpo e na Vida, 3- Cuidando de Si, 4- Buscando Informações/Influências e Construindo Conhecimento. Foi possível identificar nessas categorias que as mulheres trazem o conceito de que a fase da menopausa é uma doença, e relacionam essa fase com envelhecimento e declínio físico, a qual traz grandes sofrimentos, o que demonstra a influência de gênero no vivenciar desta fase. As entrevistadas explicitaram em suas falas diversos sintomas que as incomodavam e interferiam em suas atividades diárias e na sua maneira de ser, repercutindo muitas vezes no seu comportamento familiar e profissional. O conhecimento sobre a menopausa, neste grupo de mulheres, foi construído ao longo de suas vidas e reflete as suas realidades culturais e sociais, deixando evidente a escassez de fontes de informação e os tabus relacionados com relação à fase da menopausa. Este estudo contribui com a geração de conhecimentos levando em consideração os efeitos que a influência de gênero pode ter na vivência e percepção da menopausa, desmistificando-a para que a vivência das mulheres durante esse período não seja condicionada por estereótipos e crenças relacionadas ao gênero. / They is esteem that, in the year of 2025, 23% of the total population of the developed countries will be with more than 60 years, what show the gradual aging of the population contingent of these countries. In this way, is perceivable the contingent of women who will be living deeply the phase of the menopause with its biological, psychological and social effects. The physiological and chemical changes that happen in the women during the menopauses phase, followed with the aesthetic depreciation of the body, have been interpreted as loss of the feminine characteristics, signaling the inevitable aging and the end of the life. However, many of the discomforts that the women live in this phase not must to the biological changes, but to its process of socialization, characterizing the genre influence. In this context, this work had as object the study of the influence of the relation of genre in the experience and meaning of the process of the menopause, having as objective: describes the experience of the menopause on the perspective of women and to identify the particularitities involved to the genre in the experience of the menopause on the perspective of the women. For development of the work, was done one research descriptive-qualitative with customers of the Basic Units of Health of the city of Curitibanos-SC, in the period of 1 to 15 of October of 2009. For the collect of data, one structured interview was used with an orienting question: It speaks to me, as are for you to be living the menopause. The interviews were done with 20 women, with ages between 45 and 55 years and that had presented spontaneous menopause. The interpretation and analysis was done by analysis of content of the thematic type described by Bardin. In the narratives, was done the identification of categories that was integrated in four main subjects: Living on the Menopause, Identifying Transformations in the Woman Body and in the Life, Cares Myself, Research Information/Influences and Building Knowledge. Was possible identify in these categories that the women bring the idea that the menopause phase is an illness, and relate this phase with aging and physical decline, which brings great sufferings, what it demonstrates to the influence of genre in this phase. The interviewed ones showed diverse symptoms in its words, this bother and intervene in the daily activities and its way to be, and this situation, influence many times in its familiar and professional behavior. The knowledge on the menopause, in this group of women, was constructed throughout its lives and reflects its cultural and social realities, leaving evident the scarcity of information sources and the taboos related with the subject. This work improve of knowledge in consideration the effect that the genre influence can have in the experience and perception of the menopause, demystifying the experience mode of the women during this period, not conditioning for stereotypes and beliefs related to the genre.

nÃo hà / A prÃtica drag queen diz respeito a um processo de adequaÃÃo que desloca a aparÃncia corriqueira de uma pessoa para uma outra que pode transitar entre gÃneros (masculino, feminino, polimorfo, diversos) e espÃcies (humano e animal, como à o caso de drags que se apresentam como animais e atà alienÃgenas). O presente trabalho tem por objetivo observar e participar dessa prÃtica na cidade de Fortaleza â CE com intuito de absorver seus processos de criaÃÃo, adaptaÃÃo, montagem e desmontagem. Entender as mutaÃÃes as quais essa prÃtica està sujeita, as influÃncias externas e a capacidade de adaptaÃÃo das drag queens estudadas. Usar lentes analÃticas que possibilitem enxergar as prÃticas atravÃs de uma epistemologia da performance que leve em consideraÃÃo a decolonizaÃÃo do pensamento e a apreensÃo crÃtica da tradiÃÃo cientÃfica europeia. O estudo se configura por meio de uma experiÃncia etnogrÃfica embasada no exercÃcio da descriÃÃo densa e de entrevistas pontuais. Os registros foram feitos mediante diÃrio de campo, fotografias, vÃdeos e gravador de voz. Concluiu-se que a prÃtica drag queen na cidade de Fortaleza â CE passou e passa por mudanÃas constantes no que diz respeito à tradiÃÃo e ao surgimento de novas formas de fazer drag. Formas essas impactadas pelo reality show americano RuPaulâs Drag Race e sua tendÃncia de transformaÃÃo da drag queen em um produto passÃvel de ser comercializado mundialmente atravÃs da TV. Observou-se ainda que, ademais da forte influÃncia trazida por esse reality show, o contexto local tem se mostrado resistente Ãs tentativas de suplantaÃÃo da tradiÃÃo, tendo como elementos de resistÃncia o bate- cabelo e o dialeto yorubà que se contrapÃem à forÃa histÃrica de opressÃo conhecida como colonizaÃÃo.

Syftet med detta arbete har varit att studera hur barn tänker kring musik till dataspel och vilka val de gör i förhållande till sina tidigare erfarenheter av musikkonventioner inom dataspelsgenrer. Dessa frågor undersöktes genom att en artefakt skapades utifrån kunskaper från tidigare forskning och två förstudier. Artefakten bestod av tre musikstycken, samtliga med olika genrer för att stämma överens med tre valda trailerna. En kvalitativ gruppundersökning utfördes med fyra grupper bestående av barn. Barnen var mellan åtta till tio år gamla. Grupperna fick i uppgift att kombinera en vald trailer med ett musikstycke. Resultatet av studien visar att de fyra grupperna valde de vedertagna kombinationerna. Det som utgjorde gruppernas val var framförallt tempot i musikstyckena, men även instrumenteringen. Dessa frågor skulle kunna undersökas igen på en större skala och i andra miljöer.

La reconnaissance des biomètries douces (genre, âge, etc.)trouve ses applications dans plusieurs domaines. Les approches proposéesse basent sur l’analyse de l’apparence (images 2D), très sensiblesaux changements de la pose et à l’illumination, et surtout pauvre en descriptionsmorphologiques. Dans cette thèse, nous proposons d’exploiterla forme 3D du visage. Basée sur une approche Riemannienne d’analysede formes 3D, nous introduisons quatre descriptions denses à savoir: lasymétrie bilatérale, la moyenneté, la configuration spatiale et les variationslocales de sa forme. Les évaluations faites sur la base FRGCv2 montrentque l’approche proposée est capable de reconnaître des biomètries douces.A notre connaissance, c’est la première étude menée sur l’estimation del’âge, et c’est aussi la première étude qui propose d’explorer les corrélationsentre les attributs faciaux, à partir de formes 3D. / Soft-Biometric (gender, age, etc.) recognition has shown growingapplications in different domains. Previous 2D face based studies aresensitive to illumination and pose changes, and insufficient to representthe facial morphology. To overcome these problems, this thesis employsthe 3D face in Soft-Biometric recognition. Based on a Riemannian shapeanalysis of facial radial curves, four types of Dense Scalar Field (DSF) featuresare proposed, which represent the Averageness, the Symmetry, theglobal Spatiality and the local Gradient of 3D face. Experiments with RandomForest on the 3D FRGCv2 dataset demonstrate the effectiveness ofthe proposed features in Soft-Biometric recognition. Furtherly, we demonstratethe correlations of Soft-Biometrics are useful in the recognition. Tothe best of our knowledge, this is the first work which studies age estimation,and the correlations of Soft-Biometrics, using 3D face.

Au travers de ses six romans, Jane Austen a revisité sans cesse une seule et même histoire, l’accession d’une héroïne au mariage. Dans Histoire de Madame de Montbrillant, Madame d'Épinay dresse le portrait de l’échec d’un mariage, et plus généralement de l’échec d’une femme à conférer un sens à une existence décevante. A priori, rien de plus éloigné que ces deux manières de relater une existence féminine. Pourtant, les deux œuvres s’avèrent extrêmement proches dès lors que des fissures apparaissent dans le tableau brossé par Austen : loin de dessiner l’accomplissement d’une existence, les romans de cette femme de lettres font toujours ressortir les multiples déceptions et échecs d’une existence traversée par la soumission et par les clichés. Bien plus, est-ce seulement de la vie des femmes que traitent les deux auteures ? À travers leurs héroïnes, et à travers une écriture qui délaisse la fluidité au profit de l’accroc, de la rature, de la mise en évidence des faiblesses, ces deux femmes s’interrogent sur les moyens dont disposent les femmes pour acquérir une voix qui leur soit propre : trop marquée par l’autorité des siècles passés, la voix féminine est-elle irrémédiablement vouée à répéter des codes sur lesquelles elle n’a pas prise ? Les œuvres de Jane Austen et de Madame d'Épinay s’inscrivent dans un courant littéraire apparu dans la seconde moitié du XVIIIe siècle, caractérisé par l’épanouissement des romans écrits par des femmes et par la reconduction de stéréotypes d’un ouvrage à l’autre, dont les principaux, inspirés en grande partie de Samuel Richardson, sont le respect accordé à la tradition, un schéma diégétique invariable, l’autorité indéfectible de la voix narratrice, et la focalisation autour de l’héroïne. Cette reconduction presque inchangée de traits communs permet de réunir ces romans sous la commune appellation de romans de l’immuable. Si les deux femmes de lettres étudiées n’attaquent pas frontalement ce courant, et même en réutilisent de nombreux traits caractéristiques, elles fondent leur écriture sur sa contestation, en soulignent les insuffisances et mettent en évidence son inadéquation à la réalité. Ainsi, l’écriture se trouve saturés par des références qui sont l’une après l’autre dénoncées comme inappropriés pour le monde contemporain : l’héroïne perd son rayonnement exclusif, le schéma dramatique est montré comme artificiel, et le narrateur est dépossédé de sa toute-puissance (si Jane Austen utilise l’ironie pour contester cette figure, Madame d'Épinay emploie la multiplicité des voix narratives propres au roman épistolaire). Les clichés du roman de l’immuable sont donc violemment attaqués ; cependant, ils continuent d’occuper l’espace romanesque, comme autant de cicatrices dans une écriture qui ne parvient pas à se débarrasser entièrement d’eux. Cela signifie-t-il que les deux auteures sont impuissantes à expulser des préceptes adoubés par la tradition et destinés à imprégner leurs œuvres ? Ou bien Austen et Madame d'Épinay posent-elles comme préalable à cette expulsion la dénonciation systématique, fût-ce au prix de la pureté idéale d’une écriture affranchie de toute tutelle antécédente ? L’impossibilité de se détacher d’un passé omnipotent dissimule en effet un questionnement autour des moyens dont dispose l’expression féminine pour exister, qui sont étudiés au travers des différentes héroïnes et des autres personnages féminins. Austen et Madame d'Épinay se concentrent ainsi sur le moment où l’expression naît, plus que sur une parole achevée : c’est l’éclosion qui est considérée, non l’aboutissement. Et de fait, toutes ces personnes nées de la fiction échouent à construire un langage commun ; bien plus, les stratégies utilisées dans l’avènement du discours sont invariablement débusquées ou contournées par leurs homologues masculins, qui s’assurent ainsi la mainmise sur le dialogue. Mais cet échec du discours féminin n’est pas seulement celui des personnages. Il concerne tout aussi bien les auteures, incapables de congédier définitivement les influences qui pèsent sur leur expression, et contraintes de montrer cette impuissance au cœur de leurs ouvrages. Il s’agit donc bien d’ouvrages de dénonciation, mais qui, pour faire éclore cette dénonciation, sont obligés d’en exhiber les stigmates. Nulle tranquillité née d’un accomplissement total chez les deux auteures, mais au contraire l’inquiétude d’une parole forcée de s’avouer sous tutelle, et toujours menacée de se découvrir vaine (les personnages féminins, de même que les narrateurs, ne cessent de proclamer leur incapacité à rendre compte du réel, et craignent perpétuellement de tomber dans l’ineffable). Pourtant, de cet échec naît aussi une ambition : Jane Austen et Madame d'Épinay fixent les exigences pour la constitution d’une écriture nouvelle. L’expression féminine doit s’édifier dans la conscience de ce carcan primordial, et les deux auteures ont pour tâche de faire ressortir la puissance, mais aussi les limites de celui-ci. Si bien que l’on assiste à une écriture inquiète, mécontente d’elle-même, mais aussi une écriture qui se refuse à la naïveté, et qui fait du roman un espace complexe où la mise en perspective devient possible : les auteures n’écrivent plus dans la droite ligne d’écrits et d’autorités antérieurs, elles contestent ceux-ci en les confrontant à leurs impasses, et, si elles ne proposent pas de voie résolument nouvelle, font du roman le lieu d’un nouveau scepticisme. Les certitudes anciennes sont abolies, et leur est substituée une expression insatisfaite mais consciente d’elle-même, prélude, peut-être, à l’avènement d’une autre écriture, que les deux auteures se refusent, ou échouent, à envisager. / In her six novels Jane Austen has constantly revisited the same and only story of a heroine eventually acceding to marriage. In Histoire de Madame de Montbrillant Madame d’Épinay has described the failure of married life and more generally the impossibility for a woman to give meaning to her disenchanted life. At first glance nothing could be farther removed than those two ways of relating a woman’s existence. Yet the works of both writers prove quite close from the moment that some cracks appear in the picture painted by Jane Austen : far from depicting the fulfilment of a lifetime, she keeps bringing out in her novels the many disappointments and setbacks suffered by women tangled up in submission and mediocrity. But do the authors only deal with women’s lives after all ? Through their heroines, and through an écriture where fluidity is abandoned and leaves the field clear for cutting and slashing and the uncovering of all kinds of weaknesses, the two women-writers wonder about the means left to women to win a voice of their own — because the authority of past centuries has imprinted too heavy a mark on woman’s voice, would it then not be irrevocably doomed to repeat codes which it has no hold on ? The works of Jane Austen and Madame d’Épinay fit in with a new literary movement that appeared in the second half of the 18th century and which was characterized by a blossoming of novels written by women and the re-using of the same stereotypes novel after novel. Those stereotypes, mostly inspired by Samuel Richardson, dealt with the respect of tradition, an invariable diegetic pattern, the unfailing authority of the narrative voice and focalization on the heroine. The recurrence of these dominant features in 18th century fiction has led us to distinguish the novels that shared the same characteristics as novels of the immutable. If the two women-writers have made no frontal attack upon this literary movement and have even used for themselves most of its relevant features, they have nevertheless based their writing on the contestation of it, stressed its weaknesses and emphasized its inadequacy to reality. As a consequence their writing is overloaded with references that are denounced one after the other as unsuitable to the contemporary world : the heroine has lost her particular radiance, the dramatic pattern is shown as artificial and the narrator is deprived of her omnipotence (if Jane Austen makes use of irony to dispute this figure, Madame d’Épinay uses all of the narrative voices that belong to the epistolary novel). The clichés of the immutable novel are thus vigorously questioned but they are maintained in the fictional space like as many scars in an écriture that could not get rid of them. Does that mean that both authors are powerless to do away with precepts dubbed by tradition and intended to permeate their works ? Or do Austen and Madame d’Épinay have systematically recourse to denouncement as a prerequisite, should it be at the expense of absolute purity of writing freed from all previous constraints ? The impossibility for Jane Austen and Madame d’Épinay to get rid of an overpowering past actually conceals their questioning about the means — explored through their heroines as well as other female characters — for feminine expression to exist. Austen and Madame d’Épinay focus their attention on the very moment when expression is revealed rather than on the accomplished parole, on birth rather than achievement. And it is a fact that all these characters born out of fiction fail to construct a common language, with the result that the strategies used to bring speech into existence are invariably driven out or bypassed by their masculine counterparts who thus secure their hold on dialogue. The failure of feminine discourse does not only belong to the characters but is also due to the authors who are unable to do away with the influences that weigh heavy on their manner of writing, and who are compelled to show their impotence to the core of their novels. We are thus faced with novels of denouncement in which the stigmatae have to be displayed for denouncement to be brought to light. No peace then after full achievement for our two women-writers but the restlessness of an expression forced to admit its dependance and always threatened to be faced with its uselessness — the female characters, and the narrators as well, keep proclaiming their inability to account for reality and never-endingly fear to fall into the ineffable. Yet, an ambition has been born of that defeat : Jane Austen and Madame d’Épinay have set the requirements for new writing. Feminine expression has to be built while the two writers are being aware of its original shackles and have to bring out the power as well as the limits of it. So much so that we can observe a kind of restless écriture, unhappy with itself but an écriture that refuses naïvety and turns the novel into a new complex space where a new viewpoint has been made possible. The two authors no longer write in the main thread of former writings and authorities which they dispute and set against their dead ends and impossibilities, and if they have proposed no really new way, they have nonetheless turned the novel into a locus for new scepticism. Old certainties have been done away with and have left the room for a new expression, unhappy with itself but self-aware, as a possible prelude to the rise of another écriture that the two women-writers have refused or failed to consider.

A l’instar d’autres villes africaines et d’ailleurs, le phénomène des enfants en situation de rue prend de l’ampleur et est de plus en plus visible à Djibouti. La majorité alterne entre le foyer, la rue et un programme d’assistance (en l'occurrence celui de Caritas). Ces enfants investissent les rues, les espaces publics, où ils organisent astucieusement leur nouveau mode de vie, en fonction des contraintes qui leur sont imposées. Une vie qui demande une certaine maîtrise des lieux, un esprit de débrouillardise pour pouvoir survivre et éviter le danger. Grâce à la réalisation d'entretiens semi-dirigés avec 5 filles et 5 garçons (entre 9 et 14 ans), avec des intervenants et des bénévoles à Caritas et plusieurs observations directes et participatives, en plus d'une connaissance du terrain, cette thèse de maîtrise circonscrit plusieurs variables de leur expérience : des contraintes socio-économiques, socio-politiques, l’immigration, l’exode rural, la pauvreté, la structure familiale et sa précarité, sans oublier la violence. Comment vivent-ils ? Comment négocient-ils leur place dans les lieux publics ? Comment les parcourent-ils quand ils sont des garçons ? Quand elles sont des filles ? Malgré les efforts déployés par Caritas Djibouti pour les accueillir et les réintégrer dans leur famille et dans la société, l'écart entre leur quotidien et les principes de la Convention relative aux droits de l'enfant est immense.

Le féminisme s’est avéré au fil des décennies un lieu d’élaboration, de partage et de transformation d’idées sans équivoque. Dans tous les mouvements féministes de la planète, c’est à travers un échange d’idées sur la situation particulière des femmes dans différentes régions du monde que le féminisme progresse. Influencées par les critiques sociales provenant des milieux de la nouvelle gauche intellectuelle des années 1960 et de son penchant pour la déconstruction des structures et superstructures qui gouvernent la société, les féministes ont emprunté et adapté plusieurs de ces cadres analytiques qu’elles ont ajouté à leur propre bassin d’approches théoriques. Au Japon comme ailleurs, le féminisme s’est inspiré des grands courants intellectuels pour former une pensée féministe distincte. La présente analyse cherche donc à mettre en évidence les influences théoriques de la nouvelle gauche internationale ainsi que le particularisme national de l’approche déconstructiviste du féminisme japonais à partir de la fin des années 1960 jusqu’à aujourd’hui. Pour ce faire, nous proposons une analyse en profondeur des écrits de trois auteures féministes japonaises prolifiques aux approches déconstructiviste variées. En premier lieu, une attention particulière sera portée aux écrits d’Ueno Chizuko (1948-), souvent reconnue comme l’une des féministes la plus importantes de sa génération, dont l’approche déconstructiviste remet en question la modernité japonaise en abordant les thèmes fondamentaux de la famille, de l’État-Nation, du discours et de l’histoire. En second lieu, les écrits d’Ide Sachiko (1939-), sociolinguiste à la renommée internationale, permettront de mettre en lumière les différences de genre qui caractérisent la langue japonaise, notamment en matière des formes linguistiques de politesse et dans l’usage d’un langage spécifique pour les femmes. Finalement, une analyse de l’oeuvre de Takahashi Takako (1932-) explore la déconstruction du genre au sein de la littérature japonaise en matière d’identification, d’inversion de genre et de maternité.

Cette recherche est une contribution à l’identification des conditions d’efficacité des procédures d’apprentissage entre pairs dans le domaine des activités physiques sportives. Elle vise à explorer l’intérêt d’une formation au tutorat réciproque entre pairs pour l’acquisition d’habiletés motrices complexes en tennis de table au collège. Le cadre théorique est celui de la psychologie sociale du développement et des acquisitions. Notre démarche empirique prend en compte à la fois un contexte quasi-expérimental (1e étude) et un contexte de classe (2e étude). Ensemble, les études confirment la nécessité de préparer les élèves à l’interaction réciproque. Nos résultats indiquent que les participants de la condition de tutorat formé ont retiré des bénéfices moteurs, (méta)cognitifs et socio-émotionnels supérieurs à ceux de leurs homologues de la condition de tutorat spontané. Ils montrent également l’absence d’effet de la mixité dans les dyades et révèlent une mise en œuvre de la procédure, par l’enseignant lui-même, conforme aux attentes. Par ailleurs, ce travail se propose de clarifier la nature des processus sous-jacents à l’efficacité du tutorat réciproque, au moyen notamment d’une analyse des interactions dyadiques. Enfin, une attention particulière est accordée à l’explicitation des dispositifs de formation employés dans chacun des contextes. / This research is a contribution to the identification of efficacy conditions of peer learning strategies in the domain of sport and physical activities. It aims at exploring the interest of a reciprocal peer tutoring training for the acquisition of complex motor skills in table tennis at secondary school level. The theoretical framework is social development and learning psychology. Our empirical intervention considers both a quasi-experimental context (1st study) and a classroom context (2nd study). Together, studies confirm the necessity of preparing students for reciprocal interaction. Participants from the trained tutoring condition got higher motor, (meta)cognitive and socio-emotional gains than those of their counterparts from the untrained tutoring condition. No differences between mixed vs. non-mixed dyads were found and the implementation of the procedure by the teacher himself was in accordance with our expectations. Furthermore, this work intends to clarify the mechanisms underlying the effectiveness of reciprocal tutoring, using notably an analysis of dyad interactions. Finally, a particular interest is given to details of the training procedures implemented in each context.

La guerre est une pratique essentiellement masculine : les femmes n’avaient pas le droit d’utiliser les armes et de faire la guerre dans les premières communautés humaines. Historiquement, les femmes n’ont jamais été sommées de participer à la violence collective pour défendre les intérêts de leur groupe. Ces données historiques et anthropologiques nous ont amenée à poser la question de l’écriture féminine de la violence extrême dans le cas de la guerre du Liban, à travers un corpus de trois romans féminins. En reliant l’apparition tardive de l’écriture féminine et la discrimination historique des femmes dans le Monde arabe, nous avons pu poser l’écriture féminine dans le contexte des rapports de pouvoir entre les sexes. Cela nous a permis d’interroger l’état de ces rapports de pouvoir dans l’écriture féminine d’une pratique qui échappe aux femmes et en même temps implique toute la société. La guerre écrite par des femmes est envisagée, rapportée et mise en scène suivant des lignes de force communes : importance capitale de l’espace recomposé par le conflit, passant sous le contrôle exclusif des confrontations armées; temps inféodé à l’espace fractionné ; rapports entre hommes et femmes marqués par les signes de la discorde, de la désunion et de la séparation instaurées par la guerre civile. Le rejet du conflit armé, et la critique radicale de la résistance des structures sociales autoritaires et injustes à la dynamique moderne d’émancipation féminine et humaine, fondent la concordance entre les œuvres étudiées malgré les choix esthétiques différents qui les caractérisent. Un nouveau Moi féminin apparaît, libéré de la charge sacrificielle du contrat social traditionnel. / War is in essence a masculine activity. Women were not allowed to use weapons and to make war in early human communities. Historically speaking, women had never been required to take part in collective violence to defend their group interests. These historical and anthropological data have led us to raise the issue of the writing of women about extreme violence, with the Lebanon war as a case in point, through a corpus of three women's novels.By relating the late advent of the writing of women and the historical discrimination of women in the Arab world, we have been able to consider the writing of women within the power relationships opposing both sexes. This has allowed us to question the state of those power relationships in women's writing about an activity which is out of reach of women and at the same time concerns society as a whole.War in women's writing is considered, reported and staged according to common main lines: the all-importance of space as it has been reconstructed by the conflict as such, being fully in control by armed confrontations; time is subservient to divided up space; men/women relationships characterized by symptoms of discord, disunion and separation brought about by the civil war. The rejection of the armed conflict and the radical criticism of the resistance of authoritarian and unfair social structures to the modern dynamics of female and human emancipation bring together the works under study in spite of the different aesthetical choices opposing them. A new feminine self materializes, liberated from the sacrificial burden of the traditional social contract.