FundaÃÃo Cearense de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Cientifico e TecnolÃgico / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico / AvaliaÃÃes de produÃÃo de sedimentos em bacias hidrogrÃficas sÃo necessÃrias quando se deseja melhorar a qualidade da anÃlise tÃcnica, contribuindo para uma avaliaÃÃo consistente da disponibilidade hÃdrica e, consequentemente, para a gestÃo dos recursos hÃdricos. O objetivo geral da pesquisa foi avaliar a produÃÃo de sedimentos em bacias hidrogrÃficas sob a influÃncia de diferentes contextos geoambientais. TrÃs pequenas bacias foram monitoradas: a Bacia Experimental de Aiuaba, com Ãrea de drenagem de 12,0 km2, localizada em uma Ãrea de conservaÃÃo ambiental do bioma caatinga, no sertÃo dos Inhamus, sob clima semi-Ãrido; e as Bacias de Pai JoÃo (9,3 km2) e Santo AntÃnio (6,8 km2), localizadas no maciÃo de BaturitÃ, sob clima tropical sub-Ãmido, que se encontram impactadas por aÃÃes antrÃpicas, particularmente agricultura. A caracterizaÃÃo das bacias mostrou que Aiuaba, Pai JoÃo e Santo AntÃnio tÃm respectivamente, percentual de cobertura vegetal natural de 100%, 86% e 76% e regime predominante de escoamento efÃmero, intermitente e perene. Realizou-se monitoramento no ano de 2007, de variÃveis hidrossedimentolÃgicas nestas Ãreas. A estimativa anual de produÃÃo de sedimentos foi feita atravÃs da determinaÃÃo de descargas lÃquidas e sÃlidas afluentes no exutÃrio, e de equaÃÃes de curvas-chave de sedimentos a partir destes dados. Nas bacias de Pai JoÃo e Santo AntÃnio, as cargas de leito foram estimadas por meio de simulaÃÃo com o modelo EB (equaÃÃes de Einstein e Brown), por nÃo ter sido possÃvel a mediÃÃo desta parcela. Realizou-se ainda avaliaÃÃo do modelo HIDROSED2 na estimativa de produÃÃo de sedimentos nas Ãreas. Na bacia de Aiuaba realizou-se simulaÃÃo para o perÃodo de 2003 a 2007 e os resultados foram comparados com os medidos indiretamente (curva-chave). Nas Bacias de Pai JoÃo e Santo AntÃnio o modelo foi apenas calibrado, com base em alguns eventos monitorados em 2007. Na avaliaÃÃo da produÃÃo de sedimentos nas bacias de Aiuaba, Pai JoÃo e Santo AntÃnio, os valores obtidos foram respectivamente 1, 136 e 686 ton.km-2.ano-1. Observa-se que a ordem de grandeza da produÃÃo de sedimentos aumenta com o nÃvel de degradaÃÃo ambiental. Entretanto, nÃo à possÃvel traÃar conclusÃes unicamente em funÃÃo do uso do solo, pois outros fatores influenciam a produÃÃo de sedimentos. Na avaliaÃÃo individual de eventos nas trÃs bacias o modelo HIDROSED2 nÃo apresentou resultados satisfatÃrios para os pequenos eventos. Por outro lado, na estimativa anual e de eventos intensos de produÃÃo de sedimentos o modelo apresentou resultados satisfatÃrios em comparaÃÃo com as medidas. Os resultados sugerem: (1) foi verificada correlaÃÃo direta entre a degradaÃÃo ambiental e a produÃÃo de sedimentos quantificada nas bacias estudadas; (2) a modelagem deve ser aprimorada com base na fÃsica de processos; (3) ainda hà necessidade de monitoramento de variÃveis hidrolÃgicas e sedimentolÃgicas com a elaboraÃÃo de bancos de dados em bacias hidrogrÃficas do Estado do CearÃ, contribuindo para a implantaÃÃo de instrumentos de gestÃo dos recursos hÃdricos. / Sediment yield assessment is necessary in watersheds when it is desired to improve the quality of analysis, contributing for a consistent evaluation of water availability and, therefore, high-quality water resources management. The general objective was to evaluate the sediment yield in watersheds under different geo-environmental contexts. Three small basins had been monitored: the Aiuaba Experimental Basin, with drainage area of 12.0 km2, located in an environmental conservation area of the biome caatinga, in the Inhamus hinterland, under semi-arid climate; and the Basins of Pai JoÃo (9.3 km2) and Santo AntÃnio (6.8 km2), located in the Baturità mountain, under tropical sub-humid climate, which are impacted by anthropogenic actions, particularly agriculture. The basins characterization showed that Aiuaba, Pai JoÃo and Santo AntÃnio have, respectively, 100%, 86% and 76% of natural vegetation cover; and predominant fluvial regimes are ephemeral, intermittent and perennial. In the year of 2007, Hydrological and sedimentological variables were measured in these areas. The annual sediment yield estimate was made using liquid and solid discharges recorded in the basin outlet and the determination of sediment rating curves with these data. In the catchments Pai JoÃo and Santo AntÃnio, the bed load were simulated with model EB (Einstein and Brown equations), for not being possible the direct measurement of this parcel. The performance of model HIDROSED2 was assessed concerning sediment yield. In the Aiuaba basin the model was calibrated and validated using the monitored events. Simulations for 2003 to 2007 were carried out and the results had been compared with the measured ones using rating curves. In the Pai JoÃo and Santo AntÃnio basins the model only was calibrated, on the basis of some events monitored in 2007. The research provided the following results for Aiuaba, Pai JoÃo and Santo AntÃnio basins, respectively: the sediment yield was 1, 136 and 686 ton.km-2.year-1. It is observed that the order of magnitude of sediment yield increases with the level of environmental degradation. It is not possible to trace final conclusions solely in function of the soil use, because other factors influence sediment yield. In the event evaluation of the three basins, model HIDROSED2 did not present satisfactory results for the small events. On the other hand, in the annual estimate and of intense events of sediment yield, the model presented satisfactory results in comparison with the measurements. The results suggest: (1) there was a direct correlation between environmental degradation and sediment yield, quantified in the studied basins; (2) the improvement of modeling based on the physical processes is needed; and (3) hydrological and sedimentological measurements in catchments with the elaboration of data bases are still necessary for the State of CearÃ. This should contribute for the implantation of management instruments of the water resources.

O presente trabalho trata da cartografia produzida sobre a cidade de São Paulo entre 1877 e 1930 e de como essa cartografia interferiu na forma como a cidade foi vista e construída no período. Partimos da configuração do urbano metropolitano e de sua extensão, de forma que as questões que nortearam a pesquisa giravam em torno da lógica do espraiamento da cidade. A cidade foi pensada para ter essa característica ou foi sendo construída ao sabor do mercado imobiliário? Esse espraiamento é consequência das desigualdades sócio-espaciais ou é uma de suas causas? E, por fim, se os mapas interferiram na produção da cidade espraiada. Através de abordagem geohistórica e da metodologia de análise de mapas da Nova História da Cartografia, que constitui na desconstrução dos objetos cartográficos por meio da compreensão do contexto em que foram elaborados, desenvolveu-se a tese. Por isso, a primeira parte do trabalho é a contextualização do período na bibliografia existente, além das análises das atas e anais da Câmara Municipal de São Paulo, e dos relatórios de intendentes e prefeitos, visando compreender o período e a forma como o patrimônio municipal as terras pertencentes à municipalidade foi sendo apropriado pelo mercado imobiliário na construção da cidade, ao mesmo tempo em que não se obedecia o código de posturas que, desde 1875 exigia que o município fosse mapeado. Com o objetivo de analisar se os mapas teriam capacidade de agir com desempenho no espaço geográfico, se os mesmos atuaram como operadores na construção da cidade espraiada, optou-se também por análises desdobradas da semiose cartográfica para uma melhor compreensão dos fenômenos da autorreferencia e da iconização. A partir da análise de três séries de mapas da cidade foi possível, através da desconstrução e da ressiginificação dos mapas em suas séries, e da análise de seus aspectos autorreferenciais, chegar à gênese da imagem do espraiamento da cidade a partir da planta de 1897 e seus desdobramentos. / The present work deals with the cartography produced about the city of São Paulo between 1877 and 1930 and how this cartography interfered in the way the city was seen and constructed in the period. We begin from the configuration of the metropolitan urban and its extension, so that the questions which guided the research revolved around the citys sprawlings logic. The city was designed for such structure or was it a product of the real estate market? Is this spreading due to socio-spatial inequalities or is it one of its causes? And, finally, if the maps interfered in the production of the sprawled city. Through a geo-historical approach and methodology of New History of Cartography map analysis, which constitutes in the deconstruction of cartographic objects through the understanding of the context in which they were elaborated, the thesis was developed. Therefore, the first part of the work is the contextualization of the period through existing bibliography, in addition to the analysis of the São Paulo City Halls minutes and annals, and the main deputies and mayors reports, aiming the comprehension of the period and the way in which the municipal patrimony - as lands belonging to the municipality - was being appropriated by the real estate market in the citys construction, while obeying the code of posture that, since 1875, required that the municipality was mapped. With the objective of analyzing whether the maps would have performance capability in the geographic space, that is, if they acted as operators in the construction of the sprawled city, we also opted for unfolded analyzes of cartographic semiosis for a better understanding of the phenomena of self-reference and iconization. From the analysis of the three series of the citys maps it was possible, through the deconstruction and resignification of the map in its series, and the analysis of its self-referential aspects, to arrive at the genesis of the image of the city\'s sprawling - from the 1897 plant - and its unfolding.

Under en berggrundsgeologisk fältkurs år 2007 påträffandes spodumenförande granitpegmatitblock i området kring Bergby-Hamrånge, denna händelse markerade starten på det prospekteringsarbete efter Litium-Cesium-Tantal-pegmatiter som sedan skedde i området. Allteftersom prospekteringsarbetet fortlöpt i området har det framkommit allt fler indikationer på att den rådande berggrundskartans (SGU:s karta Ai 28) geologiska gränsdragningar kan uppdateras och justeras. Den borrdata som samlats in i samband med prospekteringsarbetet har sammanställts och sedan använts i Seequents programvara Leapfrog Geo för att skapa 3D-modeller över områdets LCT- och granitpegmatiter samt berggrund.Modelleringen av berggrunden med tillhörande geologiska enheters gränser och påverkan av lokala deformationszoner har varit begränsad till de områden där prospektering genomförts och har lett fram till slutsatsen att den nuvarande kartan till viss del kan uppdateras. LCT-pegmatiternas geografiska utbredning har tillfogats till den geologiska modellen och kan adderas till berggrundskartans omtolkningar då denna tidigare saknade granitpegmatiter. Avslutningsvis har uppsatsen bidragit med att ge en ökad förståelse av den lokala geologin inom Bergby-Hamrånge. / During a bedrock geology field course in 2007, spodumene-bearing granite pegmatite blocks were encountered in the area around Bergby-Hamrånge, this event marked the start of the exploration work for Lithium-Cesium-Tantalum pegmatites that then took place in the area. As exploration work has continued in the area, more and more indications have emerged that the geological boundaries of the current bedrock map (SGU's map Ai 28) can be updated and adjusted. The drill data collected in connection with the exploration work has been compiled and then used in Seequent's Leapfrog Geo software to create 3D models of the area's LCT and granite pegmatites and bedrock. The modeling of the bedrock with associated geological unit boundaries and the influence of local deformation zones has been limited to the areas where exploration has been carried out and has led to the conclusion that the current map can be updated to some extent. The geographical distribution of the LCT pegmatites has been added to the geological model and can be added to the reinterpretations of the bedrock map as it previously lacked granite pegmatites. In conclusion, the essay has contributed to an increased understanding of the local geology within Bergby-Hamrånge.

Landscape is a heterogeneous collection of visibly distinct features of various elements of land and its various forms on the earth surface. Its pattern is subjected to disturbances and undergo rapid alterations in its grain sizes. The evolving patterns of landscape define and decide various parameters for the planning and management of resources. These dynamic systems possess both spatial and temporal complexity. Exploitation of natural resources and drastic land cover changes have given rise to significant impacts on ecosystem structure and dynamics. The functional abilities (bio-geo chemical cycling, hydrological cycling, etc.) of the landscape are basically dependent on the structure and its complexity. This necessitates inventorying, mapping and modeling of landscape dynamics. Patterns and scale are central issues that are essential to understand complex interactions and driving forces. Large scale changes have been rapid and occurring since industrialization and urbanisation in the last century. The exponential growth of cities has been noticed since the industrial revolution and as transport sector changed the mobility of the masses drastically. Urbanisation interacts with the neighboring landscape structures in the form of commuter’s flow, pollution, obtaining food grain, which create dispersed growth or sprawl in between the metropolis and the semi urban area, and these areas are often devoid of basic amenities due to lack of prior information and necessitates predictions of such growth while planning, policy and decision-making. Planning determines appropriate future action through a sequence of choices that tend to occur. To understand uncertain conditions, planners and city managers need vital comprehensive information about the temporally evolving landscape and try to predict the future, for effective decisions. The quality of planning and its decision processes can be substantially improved when the required information is handled appropriately and efficiently. This explains that an effective planning requires descriptive, predictive, and prescriptive information inputs for sustainable resource management. Therefore, modeling future trends becomes a necessary part of planning. Urban growth models help in modelling future trends that can be an efficient and effective support tool. In recent years, the confluence of developments in Remote sensing, Geographic Information System and Image processing, Computational Urban Growth and Urban Land-use Modeling has made possible in timely provision of information inputs to planners. In the context of Indian cities, this research attempts to study the patterns of urban growth and the rate of change of that growth using various techniques such as Land use, land cover models, Gradient and zonal approach, spatial metrics and urban growth models. Indian cities are divided based on population into various categories. These categories were considered separately and dealt with sample number of cities. This works helps in understanding the change pattern of rapidly urbanising, moderately urbanising and rural landscape is accomplished using various metrics and gradients. The research, is mainly aimed at understanding the pattern of growth and device computational urban growth model using well known techniques and develop a suitable technique in order to understand the context of agents and their role in modelling future urban growth and estimate the rate of loss of other land use categories due to urban growth. Satellite images for different time series was used to study the pattern of urban growth in the study areas. Well know indicators were derived from the data. This was further used to model one of the rapidly urbanising cities based on scenario no agents/factor and with agents of growth using city development plans and in absence of it. This adaptation to Indian context will help in gaining better understanding of the urban growth system in various levels of cities classified, and thus help in providing inputs and specific information of future growth for urban planners and city managers to provide better basic amenities and for sustainable growth of cities. The objective of the proposed research is to understand and model the spatio temporal patterns of landscape dynamics. This involves i. Analysis of Landscape dynamics using multi-resolution (spatial, temporal and spectral) data. ii. Quantifying landscape dynamics using landscape metrics and associated landscape parameters. iii. Modeling and geo-visualisation of landscape dynamics in rapidly urbanizing, moderately urbanising and rural landscape using these parameters. iv. Model the landscape dynamics using soft computing techniques. The thesis consists of nine chapters. Chapter 1 introduces the basic concepts such as landscape, landscape dynamics, use of spatio-temporal data to monitor landscape dynamics, geo-visualisation of landscape dynamics, research gaps and motivation for taking up the research in this domain. Chapter 2 presents the study region, which are broadly grouped as (i) Rapidly urbanizing landscapes (corresponding to Tier I Cities in India), (ii) Moderately urbanizing landscapes (Tier II cities, chosen select Tier II cities in Karnataka), and (iii) Landscape experiencing minimal urbanisation (rural landscape). Chapter 3 discusses the material and method adopted for understanding landscape dynamics and geo-visualisation of landscape dynamics Chapter 4 presents the landscape dynamics in rapidly urbanizing landscape (Bangalore) in India. Spatial pattern analyses are done through metrics using zonal- gradient approach. Chapter 5 analyses the environmental sustainability aspects considering one case study of rapidly urbanizing landscape – Bangalore Chapter 6 discusses urbanisation process and patterns across macro cities in India. Similarly Chapter 7 discusses the urbanisation pattern in Tier II cities (in Karnataka) and Chapter 8 presents the rural landscape dynamics Geo-visualisation of a rapidly urbanizing landscape (Bangalore) through techniques such as Cellular Automata – Markov Chain, land change modeler (LCM), Geographical land use change modeler (GEOMOD), Markov Cellular automata based process of deriving agent’s behavior using Fuzziness in the dataset and Analytical Hierarchal process. Further research in progress in this domain focusses on integration of various agents and evaluation of proposed development plans and likely scenario of integrating land use with mobility. Keyword: landscape, landscape dynamics, urbanisation, urban growth, urban sprawl, urban footprint, modelling, geo-visualisation

This study focuses on the telecommunication industry, specifically the mobile phone market at the base of the pyramid (BOP). A supply vs. demand stance is taken whereby demographic data offer insight into the demand while the location of telecommunication retail stores constitutes supply. The study furthermore makes extensive use of a GIS (geographical information system) which offers deeper insight into data and different applications thereof. Given the extensive nature of the data used in assessing the national market, a dashboard was developed as part of this research to ease data interpretation. The online map (GIS) and dashboard form an integral part of this report. Literature supports the targeting of the BOP as a viable market given the high volume of people in this market segment. Unconventional methods are, however, required to sustainably cater to this market. The development of multiple channels to target potential consumers has resulted in a dilution of the market in the retail environment. The retail channel however remains important in any company’s strategy to target the BOP. Telecommunication companies can not only benefit from the BOP but also offer benefits to the BOP. The World Bank has reported figures that show a 0.8% increase in GDP for every 10% increase in mobile penetration. Different sources identify the BOP by different income ranges. It became evident, however, that internationally the average applied to identify the BOP is households earning less than USD 3,000 (ZAR 31,440 at an exchange rate of R10.48 / USD) per annum. Although somewhat higher than the international average, the available data dictated that South Africa’s BOP be identified as households earning less than R38,200 per annum for the purposes of this research. Data indicate that 89% of households in South Africa have a mobile phone. By comparing the ownership of existing household goods this research found that of the 11% of households not owning a mobile phone, 6% would be willing to adopt a mobile phone. A tiered approach is followed in assessing the telecommunication opportunity for mobile phones in the BOP. The first tier assesses the entire market (all households in South Africa) at a municipal level. By including the total market, the opportunity in the BOP is put into perspective. The result was that the total BOP market offers a potential market of R563 million per month through 13.7 simcards. At the other end of the economic pyramid, the ROP offers a market of R2416 million per month through 14.6 million simcards. Thus, even though the BOP offers 48% of the total volume in the market, the value is only 19% of the total market. From a coverage perspective, 42% of BOP households are not covered by a telecom retailer whilst only 27% of the ROP households are not covered. A market of R247 million (through 5.8 million simcards) has been estimated in the BOP opposed to a R379 million market (through 5.8 million simcards) in the ROP. The second tier makes use of a case study to determine the viability of targeting the BOP. Moruleng Mall’s catchment area was analysed within the Moses Kotane municipality that offered a high opportunity as determined in the first tier of analysis. This case study made use of gravity modelling and found that Rustenburg’s retail offering would have limited influence and as such telecom retailers would have to revisit their strategy for the area. A number of shopping centre developments in rural areas were highlighted. Effectively while these developments are taking retail closer to the BOP or rual population, the market is diluted. From a retailer perspective, this makes it difficult to target an entire area through presence in one specific retail node or town. The ultimate finding of this this research suggests that it is in fact possible to target the BOP – however, that it is the ROP located between the BOP households that makes this a viable market. This suggests that it is rather not a question of the viability in targeting the BOP specifically but targeting the more dense rural areas that offer opportunity. / MBA, North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

This study focuses on the telecommunication industry, specifically the mobile phone market at the base of the pyramid (BOP). A supply vs. demand stance is taken whereby demographic data offer insight into the demand while the location of telecommunication retail stores constitutes supply. The study furthermore makes extensive use of a GIS (geographical information system) which offers deeper insight into data and different applications thereof. Given the extensive nature of the data used in assessing the national market, a dashboard was developed as part of this research to ease data interpretation. The online map (GIS) and dashboard form an integral part of this report. Literature supports the targeting of the BOP as a viable market given the high volume of people in this market segment. Unconventional methods are, however, required to sustainably cater to this market. The development of multiple channels to target potential consumers has resulted in a dilution of the market in the retail environment. The retail channel however remains important in any company’s strategy to target the BOP. Telecommunication companies can not only benefit from the BOP but also offer benefits to the BOP. The World Bank has reported figures that show a 0.8% increase in GDP for every 10% increase in mobile penetration. Different sources identify the BOP by different income ranges. It became evident, however, that internationally the average applied to identify the BOP is households earning less than USD 3,000 (ZAR 31,440 at an exchange rate of R10.48 / USD) per annum. Although somewhat higher than the international average, the available data dictated that South Africa’s BOP be identified as households earning less than R38,200 per annum for the purposes of this research. Data indicate that 89% of households in South Africa have a mobile phone. By comparing the ownership of existing household goods this research found that of the 11% of households not owning a mobile phone, 6% would be willing to adopt a mobile phone. A tiered approach is followed in assessing the telecommunication opportunity for mobile phones in the BOP. The first tier assesses the entire market (all households in South Africa) at a municipal level. By including the total market, the opportunity in the BOP is put into perspective. The result was that the total BOP market offers a potential market of R563 million per month through 13.7 simcards. At the other end of the economic pyramid, the ROP offers a market of R2416 million per month through 14.6 million simcards. Thus, even though the BOP offers 48% of the total volume in the market, the value is only 19% of the total market. From a coverage perspective, 42% of BOP households are not covered by a telecom retailer whilst only 27% of the ROP households are not covered. A market of R247 million (through 5.8 million simcards) has been estimated in the BOP opposed to a R379 million market (through 5.8 million simcards) in the ROP. The second tier makes use of a case study to determine the viability of targeting the BOP. Moruleng Mall’s catchment area was analysed within the Moses Kotane municipality that offered a high opportunity as determined in the first tier of analysis. This case study made use of gravity modelling and found that Rustenburg’s retail offering would have limited influence and as such telecom retailers would have to revisit their strategy for the area. A number of shopping centre developments in rural areas were highlighted. Effectively while these developments are taking retail closer to the BOP or rual population, the market is diluted. From a retailer perspective, this makes it difficult to target an entire area through presence in one specific retail node or town. The ultimate finding of this this research suggests that it is in fact possible to target the BOP – however, that it is the ROP located between the BOP households that makes this a viable market. This suggests that it is rather not a question of the viability in targeting the BOP specifically but targeting the more dense rural areas that offer opportunity. / MBA, North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

O presente trabalho tem por objetivo propor um modelo para estimação da produtividade de grãos de milho para o Estado de São Paulo com base nos valores mensais de temperatura, radiação solar e chuva, no intuito de disponibilizar ferramenta para o planejamento regional (identificação das épocas do ano e dos locais mais indicados para o cultivo de milho). O uso de modelos de crescimento e desenvolvimento vegetal possibilita uma economia de tempo, trabalho e quantidade de recursos para tomada de decisões referentes ao manejo no setor agrícola por possibilitar uma previsão do processo de interesse e/ou um melhor entendimento do sistema em estudo. O conhecimento da quantidade de energia solar disponível às plantas, bem como da capacidade de conversão da mesma em energia química metabólica, possibilita prever produtividade de grãos, no caso do milho, quanto à eficiência de conversão em biomassa, através de um modelo geral mecanístico, levando em consideração aspectos agrometeorológicos, fisiológicos, genéticos e edáficos. A assimilação de CO2 pode ser convertida em massa de carboidrato, produzida durante o processo de fotossíntese, em função do índice de área foliar, temperatura e radiação solar absorvida. Estimando-se os valores de radiação solar absorvida, fotoperíodo, índice de área foliar e duração do ciclo, considerando as correções quanto à respiração de manutenção e crescimento, bem como a variação temporal da área foliar, pode-se transformar esse valor em massa líquida de carboidrato total final produzida durante o ciclo. O balanço hídrico foi utilizado com a finalidade de estimar a deficiência hídrica durante o ciclo da cultura de milho, sendo adotado o método de Thornthwaite & Mather (1955), sendo a evapotranspiração de referência estimada pelo método de Thornthwaite (1948). A produtividade deplecionada de grãos de milho foi estimada a partir dos dados de produtividade potencial predita pelo modelo, considerando-se a depleção em função da evapotranspiração relativa (relação entre evapotranspiração real e evapotranspiração da cultura). A partir de dados climáticos obtidos de estações e postos meteorológicos localizados em diversas partes do estado de São Paulo, foram elaborados mapas de superfície no programa TNTmips, com a identificação, por município, das localidades com potencial para o desenvolvimento da cultura de milho. Através destes mapas, é possível identificar restrições quanto à deficiência hídrica, temperatura, radiação solar, produtividade potencial e produtividade de grãos de milho no estado de São Paulo. / The present work has the objective to suggest a model to estimate potential yield and corn yield for São Paulo state based on monthly values of temperature, solar radiation and rainfall, in order to dispose a tool for regional planning (identification of sites and timing during the year more indicated for maize cropping). The use of growing and development models allows savings in time, work and resources needed for making decisions regarding agricultural management, by enabling a preview of the process of interest and/or a better understanding of the system being studied. The knowledge of the available amount of solar energy to plants and the capability of those to convert it into metabolic chemical energy, allows to preview grain yield, in the case of corn, regarding to biomass converting efficiency, through a general mechanistic model, considering agro-meteorological, physiological, genetical and edaphological aspects. The carbon dioxide (CO2) assimilation can be converted into mass of carbohydrates produced during photosynthesis process, as a function of leaf area index, air temperature and absorbed solar radiation. By estimating the values of solar radiation, the photoperiod, the leaf area index, and the cycle length, and considering the corrections related to growing and maintenance respiration, as well as the temporal variation of leaf area, it is possible to transform those value into final net mass of total carbohydrate produced during the cycle. The hydric balance, as proposed by Thornthwaite & Mather (1955), was used with the objective to estimate the hydric deficit during maize cycle, being the reference evapotranspiration being estimated by Thornthwaite (1948). Corn yield was estimated up from potential yield predicted by the model, considering the depletion from the relative evapotranspiration (relation between real evapotranspiration and crop evapotranspiration). Starting from climatic data obtained from several meteorological station located at different sites in São Paulo State, Brazil, surface maps were elaborated using TNTmips software, with the identification, by county, of those sites with maize development potential. Through those maps it is possible to identify restriction regarding hydric deficit, temperature, solar radiation, potential yield, and corn yield in São Paulo State.

Ferramentas e técnicas de visualização promovem uma análise de dados mais efetiva pelo fato de explorar a capacidade humana na percepção de padrões, principalmente em representações gráficas. Muitos fenômenos são associados a algum tipo de referência, temporal ou geográfica, que pode oferecer informação importante quando são submetidos a processos de análise. Este trabalho aborda representações visuais de dados geradas por técnicas de projeção multidimensional, e propõe uma estratégia para o tratamento diferenciado das referências temporais ou geográficas presentes em conjuntos de dados, no processo de gerar uma projeção multidimensional. Foi proposta e implementada uma variação da técnica Least Square Projection (LSP) que evidencia a informação das referências e permite ao usuário interagir com os mapas visuais gerados, bem como diversas funcionalidades que auxiliam no processo de análise exploratória. A nova abordagem é ilustrada por meio de estudos de caso envolvendo bases de dados temporais e com referências geográficas, em que foi possível observar o comportamento global dos elementos, bem como comportamentos de elementos ou grupos de elementos de interesse. Limitações da estratégia proposta também são discutidas / Visualization tools and techniques promote more effective data analysis by exploiting the human visual perception capabilities in detecting patterns in graphical representations. Many phenomena generate data that include temporal or geographical references, which are likely to provide important information in data analysis procedures. This work addresses data visualizations generated with multidimensional projections, proposing a strategy to handle temporal and geographical references present in multidimensional data sets, when generating multidimensional projections. The Least Squares Projection (LSP) technique was extended to explicitly handle the reference information and represent it in the visual maps, and a set of supporting analysis functions have been implemented. The proposed approach is illustrated through case studies on multidimensional data sets, in which it was possible to observe the global behavior of the elements, as well as individual behavior of elements or groups of elements of interest

Der Einfluss sogenannter nutzergenerierter Inhalte im Web hat in den letzten Jahren stetig zugenommen. Auf Plattformen wie Blogs, sozialen Netzwerken oder Medienportalen werden durch Anwender kontinuierlich Textnachrichten, Bilder oder Videos publiziert. Auch Inhalte, die aktuelle gesellschaftliche Ereignisse, wie beispielsweise den Euromaidan in Kiew dokumentieren, werden durch diese Plattformen verbreitet. Nutzergenerierte Inhalte bieten folglich das Potential, zusätzliche Hintergrundinformationen über Ereignisse direkt vom Ort des Geschehens zu liefern. Diese Arbeit verfolgt die Vision einer Nachrichtenplattform, die unter Verwendung von Methoden des Information Retrievals und der Informationsextraktion Nachrichtenereignisse erkennt, diese automatisiert mit relevanten nutzergenerierten Inhalten anreichert und dem Leser präsentiert. Zur Suche nutzergenerierter Inhalte kommen in dieser Arbeit maßgeblich geographische Entitäten, also Ortsbezeichnungen zum Einsatz. Für die Extraktion dieser Entitäten aus gegebenen Nachrichtendokumenten stellt die Arbeit verschiedene neue Methoden vor. Die Entitäten werden genutzt, um zielgerichtete Suchanfragen zu erzeugen. Es wird gezeigt, dass sich eine geounterstützte Suche für das Auffinden nutzergenerierter Inhalte besser eignet als eine konventionelle schlüsselwortbasierte Suche.

Tobulėjant mobilioms technologijoms vietos informacija tapo svarbi prieigos valdymui. Šiame darbe analizuojamos vietos informacijos derinimo su autentifikacijos ir prieigos valdymo mechanizmais galimybės. Darbe išskirti vietos informacijos įvedimo į autentifikacijos, prieigos valdymo ir atskaitomybės procesus privalumai. Pristatomas vietos informacija paremtas prieigos prie tinklo resursų valdymo modelis, kuris leidžia padidinti teisingo autentifikavimo tikimybę bei išplėsti prieigos valdymo galimybes. Suprojektuota prieigos prie bevielio tinklo valdymo sistema, pritaikyta veikti kelių aukštų pastate. Modelis yra suderinamas su OGC (Open GeoSpatial Consortium) ir Geo-RBAC (RBAC modelio išplėtimu), į jį įtraukti kitų tipų vietos informacija pagrįsti požymiai. Darbe pristatomi prieigos valdymo išplėtimai: periodiškumo algoritmas ir erdvinių požymių įvertinimo algoritmas, naudojantis susiejimo funkcijas ir įvertinantis vietos nustatymo patikimumą. Pasiūlyto prieigos valdymo modelio veikimas įvertinamas eksperimentais, nurodomi jo galimi pažeidžiamumai. / Location-based Access Control LBAC techniques allow taking users’ physical location into account when determining their access privileges. The analysis of possibilities of integrating location information into access control and authentication is provided. I show the advantages of using location information for authentication and access control. I present location-based access control model that can increase the probability of correct authentication. I design wireless LAN location-based access control system that is used in building of several floors. The model is compliant with OGC (Open GeoSpatial Consortium) and Geo-RBAC (the extent of RBAC model); it integrates other types of location-based features. I describe the periodicity algorithm of location-based access control and design the policy enforcement algorithm that uses location mapping functions and the evaluation of confidence. The model is evaluated by testing the speed of the system and computer resources used by the system. The vulnerabilities of location-based access control are discussed in the context of sniffing, highjacking, DoS and warmhole attacks.