Map of mineral resources of the Tennessee Valley Region published in 1970 by the Tennessee Valley Authority, Division of Water Control Planning. Compiled from published reports, maps, and file data of the state geological organizations, the U.S. Geologic Survey, and the U.S. Bureau of Mines; and from information furnished by companies producing mineral commodities in the region. A detailed legend on the bottom quarter of the map denotes fuels, construction materials, nonmetals, and metals. Notes of the particular area surrounding Carthage, Tennessee are also included in the lower right corner. Physical copy resides in the Government Information, Law and Maps Department of East Tennessee State University’s Sherrod Library. Scale - 1" = 10 miles. / https://dc.etsu.edu/rare-maps/1042/thumbnail.jpg

This research has been conducted in Vicksburg Mississippi within the Vicksburg National Military Park and surrounding areas, to produce four 7.5 minute geologic maps of the area. The park service prioritized the delineation of geologic resources within the Military Park, which was achieved throughout geologic mapping. This project provides new geologic mapping to the Park by updating and integrating existing floodplain maps with new bedrock and surficial mapping within the four 7.5 min quadrangles. The objectives were to meet the mandates of the National Park Service and provide new geologic mapping to Vicksburg National Military Park as well as verify existing maps of the floodplain, within the time line of August 2014-May 2016. The resulting maps contribute to improve the understating of the geology within the Military Park, as well as provide insight to historical understanding, and engineering purposes such mining and mitigation of slope failure.

This study attempts to discern if geologic time is a threshold concept for student understanding of evolutionary theory. A threshold concept enables the learner to unpack other concepts because of its importance in thought construction. In this study three teachers and ten sections of biology were investigated from the same high school. Each teacher used the same activities, in the same sequence, and with identical evaluation methods. Students in the treatment group covered a unit on geologic time prior to completing course work on evolutionary theory. Student misconceptions in both control and treatment groups were assessed using a composite concept inventory administered post and prior to the study. Statistical analysis conducted revealed no statistical evidence to support the contention that the treatment method was more effective than traditional methods of teaching evolution. It was found that students agreed significantly more with evolution post study in both treatment and control groups.

From the Proceedings of the 1973 Meetings of the Arizona Section - American Water Resources Assn. and the Hydrology Section - Arizona Academy of Science - May 4-5, 1973, Tucson, Arizona / The geohydrology of a portion of the Santa Catalina Mountains including the definition of aquifer systems in the foothills was studied in order to calculate groundwater recharge to the Tucson basin. This underlying groundwater aquifer is the only source of Tucson, Arizona's water supply. A well network, well logs, geologic profiles, and a water level contour map were used as source information. Recharge was found to occur in some sections of washes and close to the mountains where washes cross or coincide with faults. Significant recharge to sand and gravel aquifers occurs directly through faults and joints. Little of the surface runoff is thought to recharge local aquifers because of low permeability layers beneath the alluvium and the short duration of the flows. Recharge calculation using the Darcy equation was subject to considerable error; but flow net analysis showed the total recharge to be 336 acre-feet per year representing about 50 acre feet per mile of mountain front per year.

Esta tese analisa a atuação da Comissão Geográfica e Geológica do Estado de São Paulo, CGGSP no período de 1905 a 1931. Conhecer o estado de São Paulo, a sua rede hidrográfica e o seu potencial energético, a qualidade das terras para a agricultura, a localização dos núcleos urbanos e a rota de escoamento dos produtos, foi o objetivo que motivou a criação em 1886, da CGGSP. Estas metas foram alcançadas sob a chefia do engenheiro João Pedro Cardoso (1905-1931). As regiões desconhecidas no extremo oeste de São Paulo foram exploradas, a definição das divisas do estado de São Paulo teve solução definitiva, através de levantamentos sistemáticos efetuados nas regiões fronteiriças e o estado foi medido pelo método da triangulação, com a produção do mapa de São Paulo, como representação, perfeitamente levantada, demarcada e documentada. As cartas topográficas, com informações precisas sobre a localização dos rios e montanhas, das cidades e vilas, das estradas de ferro e rodoviárias, trouxeram como subproduto, as cartas gerais com dados sobre agricultura, indústria, comércio e serviços. Estudar o percurso profissional do engenheiro João Pedro, foi o fio condutor que permitiu apreciar este processo e o resultado dos trabalhos desenvolvidos pela CGGSP, instituição de excelência que, sob a sua direção, alcançou os objetivos almejados. / This thesis analyses the performance of the State of São Paulo Geographic and Geologic Commission. This Commission (CGGSP) was created in 1886 in order to better study São Paulo´s river system and energy potential, the quality of its soil, the location of urban centers and the routes for the disposal of its products. These goals were reached when the commission was headed by engineer João Pedro Cardoso (1905 - 1931). The Comission explored unknown regions in the extreme west of the state of São Paulo, defined its boundaries by systematic surveys in the frontier regions, and measured the state by the method of triangulation, with production of a map of the state of São Paulo, which was perfectly surveyed, delimited, and documented. Topographic maps with precise information regarding locations of rivers and mountains, cities and towns, and railroads and roads resulted in the elaboration of additional maps on agriculture, industry, commerce, and services. Studying the career of engineer João Pedro Cardoso allowed to appreciate how this process developed; the results of CGGSP´s work, which under his leadership became an institution known for its excellence and whose characteristics allowed it to reach its proposed goals.

With rising concentrations of CO₂ in the Earth's atmosphere causing concern about climate change, many solutions are being presented to decrease emissions. One of the proposed solutions is to sequester excess CO₂ in geological formations such as basalt. The deep subsurface is known to harbor much of the microbial biomass on earth and questions abound as to how this deep life is going to respond to the injection of CO₂. Many studies have used model microorganisms to demonstrate the ability of microbes to aid in the safe, permanent sequestration of CO₂ in the subsurface. The objective of this research is to characterize the microbial community present in the basalts at the Wallula pilot carbon sequestration well prior to the injection of CO₂ and then perform laboratory studies to determine how the native microbial community will respond to carbon sequestration conditions. Six samples were collected from the Wallula pilot well prior to the injection of CO₂ into the system. The microorganisms in these samples were characterized by pyrosequencing of 16S rRNA genes, revealing a community dominated by the Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, and Actinobacteria. The organisms detected were related to microbes known to metabolize hydrogen, sulfur, and single carbon compounds. These microorganisms may be stimulated in formations located at the fringe of the pool of injected CO₂. Laboratory studies revealed that the native microbial community suffered a two order of magnitude loss of population upon exposure to CO₂ under carbon sequestration conditions. The community also shifted from being dominated by Proteobacteria prior to CO₂ exposure to being dominated by Firmicutes after exposure. Specifically, the genus Alkaliphilus, which was previously undetected, appeared after CO₂ exposure and became dominant. The dominance of Alkaliphilus, along with other rare organisms which did not compose a majority of the population prior to the introduction of CO₂ to the system, indicates that members of the rare biosphere may be better adapted to changing environmental conditions specific to CO₂ sequestration than other indigenous cells. Thus, the rare biosphere should be examined closely as part of any environmental study, as these minority microorganisms may be the first indication of perturbation or impact. / Graduation date: 2013

El presente trabajo trata sobre la identificación, catalogación, evaluación, protección y utilización de los recursos de la geodiversidad. Uno de los principales problemas que afecta al tratamiento conjunto del patrimonio geológico es el alto grado de subjetividad. En el presente trabajo se incluye un primer inventario de LIG para la región Cantabria, que se ha utilizado para el desarrollo de las fases sucesivas de evaluación, protección, puesta en valor de los LIG y para el cálculo de los impactos producidos por acciones humanas. Se han desarrollado procedimientos de evaluación de la calidad de los LIG a través de métodos directos (basados en el juicio de expertos) e indirectos (paramétricos) sobre la base de la identificación de criterios de evaluación, de parámetros medibles y de la definición de unos "modelos de calidad". Por medio de análisis factorial, se ha identificado un conjunto reducido de criterios que permite reproducir en un 83% los resultados obtenidos utilizando todos los criterios. Sobre la base de los resultados se han elaborado algunos ejemplos de acciones encaminadas a la protección, gestión y puesta en valor de los elementos de la geodiversidad de Cantabria. / The present work addresses issues related to the identification, cataloguing evaluation, protection and utilisation of geodiversity's resources. One of the main difficulties to carry out such tasks lies in the subjectivity. The work presented here includes an initial inventory of sites of geological interest in the region of Cantabria. Then, a group of sites of geomorphologic interest has been selected to make comparisons between different evaluation methods, determine the degree of coincidence between the ranks of classifications obtained and make recommendations on the most advisable procedures. These methods make it possible to apply transparent, clearly defined criteria which can provide replicable results if applied by different operators and can therefore be subject to external test and scrutiny. The above methods can provide good results using only six parameters that express three significant qualities of sites: scientific interest or intrinsic quality; potential for use; threats for conservation. The type of evaluation methods described has been applied to design a method for the incorporation of geosites into the EIA process. In order to contribute to the valorisation of geodiversity's values, a series of specific proposals are presented for the protection and use of sites of geologic interest in Cantabria.

The Lower Ordovician El Paso Group is a >400-m-thick carbonate succession exposed in the Franklin Mountains, El Paso, Texas. The El Paso Group contains multiple breccias related to collapsed-paleocave systems. These breccias have been documented as having formed during the top-Lower Ordovician Sauk depositional supersequence lowstand. Evidence presented in this study suggests that cave formation may have been as much as 350 million years younger and related to Laramide oblique right lateral compression. Regardless of the timing of formation, the breccias mapped in this study are of collapsed paleocave origin based on breccia clast organization and matrix content. Speleogenetic models are compared against observations of breccia distribution by direct field observations and mapping on sub-meter airborne light detection and ranging or lidar data. Point vectors were defined for every point within study area to highlight subtle changes in outcrop erosional profile for mapping geological features directly on the lidar point cloud. In addition, spectral data from airborne photography and hyperspectral image analysis were used assist in geological contact definition. A digital outcrop model was constructed from 3D geologic mapping results from which spatial statistic were extracted and used to reconstruct collapsed paleocave breccia bodies. The resultant breccia geometries were compared against laser-scanned modern cave dimensions, from Devil's Sinkhole, Rocksprings, Texas, and used in analysis of conceptual models for cave formation. The breccias of the southern Franklin Mountains follow linear trends that closely match Riedel shear fracture patterns predicted from right-lateral oblique compression. Stress orientations that match right-lateral oblique compression in the Phanerozoic of the El Paso region are related to the Laramide orogeny. The relationship of observed structures and the orientation of collapse breccias may indicate that southern Franklin Mountain breccia bodies are the result of a solution-enhanced tectonic karst system. / text

Η παρούσα εργασία μελετά τις περιβαλλοντικές και γεωλογικές παραμέτρους στη θέση κατασκευής του νέου λιμένα της πόλης του Αιγίου. Για την μελέτη αυτή, σημαντικό ρόλο έπαιξε η χρήση των Γεωγραφικών Συστημάτων Πληροφοριών (GIS) και ειδικότερα του προγράμματος ArcGIS έκδοση 9, με το οποίο αναλύθηκαν και εκτιμήθηκαν οι διάφορες παράμετροι που επιλέχθησαν, αυξάνοντας έτσι την αποτελεσματικότητα των μεθοδολογιών και συγκροτώντας ταυτόχρονα μία πολύτιμη τράπεζα δεδομένων για τη θαλάσσια περιοχή κατασκευής του λιμένα. Παρουσιάζονται δηλαδή τα αποτελέσματα μιας θαλάσσιας γεωφυσικής έρευνας που έλαβε χώρα στην παράκτια ζώνη του Αιγίου. Ο σκοπός της είναι διττός καθώς επιχειρείται να δοθούν λύσεις και απαντήσεις σε δύο σημαντικά ερωτήματα: α) στον εντοπισμό των επικινδυνοτήτων της περιοχής και β) στην ποσοτική ανάλυση των γεωφυσικών μεθόδων. Το μέγεθος της εργασίας εκτείνεται σε τέσσερα κεφάλαια στα οποία περιγράφονται αναλυτικά η όλη διαδικασία που ακολουθήθηκε καθώς και τα αποτελέσματα και συμπεράσματα που προέκυψαν για τον πυθμένα του λιμένα, από τις μετρήσεις και αναλύσεις που έγιναν μέσω των τομογραφιών. Πρέπει να τονιστεί ότι αφετηρία για τις οποιεσδήποτε μελέτες έγιναν, αποτέλεσαν οι αρχικοί χάρτες του προγράμματος Autocad καθώς και οι τομογραφίες που είχαν ληφθεί από τον τομογράφο υποδομής πυθμένα 3.5KHz. Έτσι στο πρώτο κεφάλαιο, γίνεται μία περιγραφή των γεωφυσικών μεθόδων που χρησιμοποιούνται για την κατασκευή θαλάσσιων τεχνικών έργων. Επίσης γίνεται αναφορά στις γεωλογικές και ανθρωπογενείς επικινδυνότητες από τις οποίες επηρεάζεται ο πυθμένας και οι οποίες μπορεί να προκαλέσουν βλάβες στα τεχνικά έργα μέσω των φορτίων που εξασκούν σε αυτά. Στο κεφάλαιο αυτό αναφέρονται και τα όργανα που χρησιμοποιούνται για την εφαρμογή των μεθόδων αυτών, όπως είναι οι τομογράφοι, οι ηχοβολιστές πλευρικής σάρωσης και τα κατευθυνόμενα βαθυσκάφη. Το δεύτερο κεφάλαιο της διπλωματικής εργασίας αναφέρεται στη θέση που βρίσκεται η περιοχή που μελετάται και στα γεωλογικά φαινόμενα που χαρακτηρίζουν αυτή. Το τρίτο κεφάλαιο αφορά στις μεθοδολογικές προσεγγίσεις που εφαρμόστηκαν για α) την αποτύπωση της βυθομετρίας και της μορφολογίας του πυθμένα, β) τον προσδιορισμό της υποδομής και του πάχους των σύγχρονων επιφανειακών ιζημάτων, γ) τον υπολογισμό της κλίσης των υποεπιφανειακών στρωμάτων και δ) τον εντοπισμό πιθανών γεωλογικών επικινδυνοτήτων, όπως ρηγμάτων, κατολισθητικών φαινόμενων και αέριων υδρογονανθράκων στου πόρους των ιζημάτων. Επίσης αναφέρεται το μεθοδολογικό σχήμα ανάλυσης και επεξεργασίας των αναλογικών καταγραφών με βάση την ποσοτικοποίηση των αναλογικών καταγραφών του τομογράφου υποδομής πυθμένα και την εφαρμογή της πολυδιάστατης στατιστικής ανάλυση όπως της Παραγοντικής Ανάλυσης (Factor Anlysis) και της ανάλυσης Επιφανειών Τάσης (Trend Surface Analysis). Τέλος, το τέταρτο και τελευταίο κεφάλαιο της εργασίας αυτής, αφορά τα αποτελέσματα και τα συμπεράσματα που προέκυψαν από τις παραπάνω αναλύσεις. Λαμβάνοντας υπόψη τις επιφανειακές κατανομές της βυθομετρίας τόσο του πυθμένα και των υποεπιφανειακών οριζόντων όσο και των άλλων παραμέτρων που μετρήθηκαν, αλλά και τα αποτελέσματα της παραγοντικής ανάλυσης, επιχειρείται η εξαγωγή συμπερασμάτων για την κατανόηση των όσων αναφέρθηκαν και μετρήθηκαν στην εργασία αυτή. / The present master thesis examines the environmental and geologic parameters of the new harbour site in the city of Aegio. In this research the Geographic Information Systems (GIS) played a major role and more specifically the software ArcGIS version 9, which was used to analyze and evaluate the various parameters, increasing thus the methodology effectiveness and at the same time creating a valuable data bank concerning the sea area of the harbour site. In the research below are presented the results of a marine geophysical survey that took place in the coastal region of Aegio. The object of this survey is double, as it attempts to provide answers and solutions to two substantial questions: a) the localization of the areas risks and b) the quantitative analysis of the geophysical techniques. The research is extended in four chapters, in which it is detailed the whole process followed as well as the results and the conclusions arising from the seafloor of the harbour, from the measurements and the analysis done through the tomographies. We should point out that the starting point of our research were the original maps of the Autocad as well as the tomographies taken from the subbottom profiler 3.5 KHz In the first chapter, we describe the geophysical techniques used for the construction of the sea technical works. It is also mentioned the geologic and anthropogenic risk which affects the seafloor and could damage the works due to the pressure put on them. There are also mentioned the instruments used for the implementation of these techniques, such as the subbottom profilers, side scan sonars and the bathyscaphes. The second chapter is dedicated to the location of the region and its typical geologic phenomena. The third chapter is about the methods we implemented for: a) the plotting of the seafloor bathymetry and morphology, b) the definition of the substructure and the thickness of the contemporary superficial sediments, c) the estimation of the gradient of the sub-superficial beds and d) the detection of possible geological risks, such as faultings, landslides and hydrocarbon gases in the sediments pores. It is also mentioned the methodological plan used for the analysis and the processing of the analogue recordings on the basis of the quantification of the subbottom profilers analogue recordings and the application of the multidimensional statistical analysis, such as the Factor Analysis and the Trend Surface Analysis . Finally in the fourth chapter of this master thesis are included the results and the conclusions that arose from the aforementioned analysis. Taking into account the superficial distribution of the bathymetry of the seafloor and of the sub-superficial horizons as well as of the other parameters counted, but also the results of the factor analysis, we attempted to arrive at a conclusion in order to make more intelligible what has been mentioned in this master thesis.

From the Proceedings of the 1975 Meetings of the Arizona Section - American Water Resources Assn. and the Hydrology Section - Arizona Academy of Science - April 11-12, 1975, Tempe, Arizona / Conclusions drawn from a water resources study of the woody mountain area are: the average coefficients of transmissibility and of storage of the principal aquifer are approximately 30,000 gpd/ft and 0.05 respectively; drawdown in wells is greater than predicted using theoretical calculations due to the turbulent flow near the well bore in the fractured Coconino aquifer; the computed interference between pumped wells in the field ranges from 10.5 ft. To 19.7 ft. Interference would be negligible between wells spaced at distances greater than 6,000 ft. For pumping periods as long as two hundred days; the negative boundary effect of off-set on the oak creek fault may be balanced by the recharge effect of groundwater located in the highly permeable fractured zone adjacent to the fault; and the quantity of recharge water to the well field is greater than withdrawals from the wells.