Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-19T17:37:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao-MarlonLemosAraujo.pdf: 1232870 bytes, checksum: bff56210662ef3b4fa6ecddad3c7bd22 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-04-29 / The gastroplasty is considered the most effective intervention for weight reduction, but various changes are associated with surgery. The significant increase in the number of gastroplasty makes us study these changes and new interventions to optimize their beneficial effects and avoid some morbidities resulting in the postoperative period. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effects of resistance training on heart rate variability and the serum concentration of leptin, ghrelin and insulin in women undergoing gastroplasty. The sample consisted of 21 women. The patients were submitted to resistance training sessions, after medical release for four weeks. We evaluated anthropometric data, body composition, heart rate variability, and lipid profile and hormone levels in five periods. Data were expressed as mean and standard deviation. We used the Shapiro-Wilk test to determine if the sample was homogeneous. The comparison of data on body composition serum levels of the hormones studied was based on the implementation of the One-way ANOVA with Tukey post-test and Friedman test. We used the Pearson and Spearman correlation test to evaluate the correlation between hormones and indexes of body composition. Data were analyzed by BioEstat 5.0 software, considering statistically significant p ≤ 0.05. At the end of the twelve weeks of training the body mass Total preoperative significantly reduced from 106.20 kg to 84.63 kg. The body mass index of 41.18 kg / m2 to 32.78 kg / m2. Serum ghrelin levels in the same period was 293.50 pg / mL to 186.46 pg / ml. The leptin 34.42 ng / mL to 21.07 ng / mL. Insulin 21:33 U / mL to 11.22 U / ml. Resistance training together gastroplasty provided significant benefits in all variables. However there were no significant correlations between hormone levels with Total Body Mass, Body Mass Index and the Heart Rate Variability. / A gastroplastia é considerada a intervenção mais eficaz para a redução de peso, entretanto várias alterações estão associadas à cirurgia. O aumento significativo do número de gastroplastia nos faz estudar estas alterações e novas intervenções para aperfeiçoar seus efeitos benéficos e evitar algumas morbidades advindas no período pós-operatório. O objetivo do trabalho foi de avaliar os efeitos do treinamento resistido sobre a variabilidade da frequência cardíaca e a concentração sérica dos hormônios leptina, grelina e insulina em mulheres submetidas à gastroplastia. A amostra foi composta de 21 mulheres. As pacientes foram submetidas a sessões de treinamento resistido, após liberação médica, durante quatro semanas. Foram avaliados dados antropométricos, composição corporal, a variabilidade da frequência cardíaca, e o perfil lipídico e dosagens hormonais em cinco períodos. Os dados coletados foram expressos na forma de média e desvio padrão. Utilizou-se o teste de ShapiroWilk para determinar se a amostra era homogênea. A comparação dos dados referentes à composição corporal níveis séricos dos hormônios estudados foi baseada na aplicação do teste One-way Anova com pós-teste de Tukey e do teste de Friedman. Utilizou-se o teste de correlação de Pearson e Spearman para avaliar a correlação entre os hormônios e índices da composição corporal. Os dados foram analisados pelo software BioEstat 5.0, considerando estatisticamente significante p ≤ 0,05. Ao fim das doze semanas de treinamento a Massa Corporal Total pré-operatória reduziu significativamente de 106,20 kg para 84,63 kg. O Índice de Massa Corpórea de 41,18 kg/m2 para 32,78 kg/m2. Os níveis séricos de grelina no mesmo período foram de 293.50 pg/mL para 186,46 pg/mL. A leptina de 34.42 ng/mL, para 21,07 ng/mL. A insulina de 21.33 μU/ml para 11,22 μU/ml. O treinamento resistido em conjunto a gastroplastia proporcionou benefícios significativos em todas as variáveis estudadas. No entanto não houveram correlações significativas entre as dosagens hormonais com a Massa Corporal Total, Índice de Massa Corpórea e com a Variabilidade da Frequência Cardíaca.

Orientador: Laura Sterian Ward / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-23T21:47:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Araujo_PriscilaPereiraCosta_D.pdf: 10950387 bytes, checksum: 74db0b3262052fa67754f17b1d32c336 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: INTRODUÇÃO: As doenças da tireóide são bastante frequentes na população. O carcinoma diferenciado da tireóide tem aumentado significantemente nos últimos anos, além de ser o tipo mais comum na região da cabeça e pescoço, acometendo cerca de um a 13 indivíduos para cada mil habitantes com importantes diferenças geográficas de prevalência. Embora haja atualmente um melhor acesso ao sistema de saúde, bem como amplo uso de metodologias cada vez melhores e mais sensíveis na detecção das doenças tireoidianas (responsável por parte do aumento de sua incidência), há sabidamente a influência de fatores ambientais e outras comorbidades consideradas fatores de risco, como radiação ionizante, substâncias químicas, alterações dietéticas específicas (como a deficiência endêmica de iodo) e também inespecíficas (como doenças decorrentes do estilo de vida atual, potencializadas pelo sedentarismo e ingestão inadequada de nutrientes) agregando doenças que influem no estado imunológico, aumentando a suscetibilidade a doenças, dentre elas o câncer. A obesidade e sua crescente incidência, para além desses fatores ambientais, tem se mostrado fator de predisposição importante e independente para vários tipos de neoplasias malignas. No caso do câncer de tireóide, esta associação ainda é controversa. A literatura já demonstrou a relação entre obesidade em câncer de tireóide em subgrupos específicos, mas ainda carece de dados mais concretos e marcadores que possam rastrear estas populações de risco em nível global. O peptídeo grelina é um peptídeo orexígeno produzido nas células gástricas com liberação sérica e ação central e periférica, com funções relacionadas ao mecanismo de obesidade. Por este motivo, apresenta-se como um bom candidato a marcador da relação entre obesidade e câncer. SUJEITOS E MÉTODOS: Este trabalho analisou a associação entre pacientes portadores de sobrepeso ou obesidade e carcinoma diferenciado da tireóide através das técnicas de ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) e imunoistoquimica para a determinação de níveis séricos e expressão de grelina tecidual em um grupo de 112 pacientes portadores de nódulos tireoidianos, dos quais 59 eram benignos e 53 malignos, todos submetidos à tireoidectomias e seguidos por 10 a 216 meses (82,28 ± 43,85 meses). Correlacionou-se a ocorrência de alterações deste peptídeo com a susceptibilidade e a predisposição ao câncer da tireóide para obesos e não obesos e para o subgrupo microcarcinoma (?10 mm). RESULTADOS: Dos 112 pacientes da casuística, 26,7% eram obesos (IMC >29,9 Kg/m2), com média de idade de 29,2 ± 1,7 anos para o sexo masculino e de 32,9 ± 1,2 anos para o feminino; como esperado, houve correlação positiva entre grelina e obesidade (p<0,001), porém a curva ROC não apresentou poder discriminatório para malignidade na amostra estudada (p = 0,4492). Verificou-se baixa sensibilidade (67,9%) e especificidade (39%), porém a expressão imunoistoquímica foi capaz de diferenciar malignidade na amostra estudada (p-0,024). Não houve correlação significativa entre níveis séricos e/ou da expressão de grelina com nenhuma das variáveis clínicas. Apenas a presença de auto-anticorpos apresentou tendência significativa (p=0,09). CONCLUSÃO: Os níveis séricos de grelina dosados na amostra estudada não auxiliaram na discriminação de malignidade, porém sua expressão imunoistoquímica apresentou importante relação entre esta e o diagnóstico de malignidade. As concentrações séricas de grelina diferiram quantitativamente e apresentaram baixa especificidade como marcadoras, tanto para o grupo maligno em geral quanto para o subgrupo dos microcarcinomas. Apesar da ausência de correlação entre os níveis séricos e câncer, quando analisamos os dados de expressão observa-se que há poder discriminatório para malignidade na amostra estudada / Abstract: BACKGROUND: Thyroid diseases are very frequent. Differentiated thyroid cancer has significantly improved in the last twenty years, being the most common cancer on head and neck region, ranging from 1 to 13/1000 inhabitants on average, with importante prevalence features. There is an influence of environmental factors like radiation, chemical components, iodine deficiency, as well as other morbidities and actual changes in lifestyle, in which sedentary lifestyle and diet changes take place causing a synergistic effect, with improvement of risk factors for various diseases including cancer. The recent epidemy of obesity and its rising incidence has been shown to be a very important susceptibility factor to many malignant neoplasms. Regarding thyroid cancer, this association is still controversial, and so far is known that during tumor progression thyroid cells are certainly influenced by the proinflammatory status commonly observed in these patients. Data on literature has demonstrated the relationship between obesity and thyroid cancer in specific subgroups, but there is lack of concrete data about susceptibility markers to globally screen this population at risk. Ghrelin is an orexigen peptide produced by gastric cells with central and peripherical actions, released on blood stream with obesity control functions. Because of these features, it is a good potential marker of the obesity-cancer relationship. ESPÉCIME/METHODS: Association between obese and overweight patients and differentiated thyroid cancer was analyzed using ELISA (enzyme-linked immunossorbent assay) and immunohistochemical techniques, to verify the expression and serum levels of ghrelin protein in 112 patients harboring thyroid nodules (59 benign and 53 malignant), all submitted to thyroidectomies and followed for 10 a 216 months (82,28 ± 43,85 months). Correlations among ghrelin alterations and diagnostic and susceptibility to thyroid cancer were made for obese and non-obese patients and for a micro carcinoma-specific group selected for study (?10mm). The findings of immunohistochemical expression and ghrelin serum levels in selected cases were used for comparisons and the formulation of hypothesis. RESULTS: 26,7% of the 112 patients were obese (BMI >29,9 Kg/m2), with average age 29,2 ± 1,7 years (male patients) and 32,9 ± 1,2 years (female). As postulated, there was a relationship between ghrelin levels and obesity (p<0,001), but ROC curve did not show discriminatory power for malignancy (p=0, 0492). Low sensitivity (67, 9%) and specificity (39%) rates were found, and there was no statistical association among ghrelin (expression and/or serum levels) and clinical variables. The presence of auto antibodies presented an important trend (p=0, 09). The relationship between immunohistochemical expression and cancer was significant (p=0,024). CONCLUSION: Ghrelin serum levels did not help to discriminate malignancy on this serie, but the immunohistochemical expression showed important correlation between malignancy and cancer risk. Serum levels differed quantitatively and presented low sensitivity and specificity, not only for micro carcinoma but also for the whole tumors group. Despite the absence of association between serum levels and cancer, the expression data shows discriminatory power at the study and can be a potential marker for thyroid malignancy / Doutorado / Clinica Medica / Doutora em Clínica Médica

O epitélio gástrico de ratos passa por modificações morfofisiológicas importantes durante o primeiro mês de vida pós-natal e a dieta é um dos principais fatores que influenciam esse desenvolvimento. Ratos receberam dieta com 20% (C) ou 8% (RP) de proteína, durante o período pré e pós-natal. Avaliamos em ratos de 14, 30 e 50 dias os efeitos da restrição protéica sobre proliferação celular no epitélio gástrico, massa do estômago e corpórea, comprimento do intestino e, expressão de ghrelina no estômago e no plasma. O grupo RP apresentou proliferação celular, massa do estômago e corpórea e comprimento do intestino reduzidos em relação ao grupo C. E maior imunomarcação para ghrelina em animais RP com 30 e 50d em comparação ao grupo C. Não houve diferença na imunomarcação entre animais de 14d. Os níveis plasmáticos de ghrelina apresentaram a mesma tendência observada na imunomarcação. O consumo de quantidade adequada de proteína é importante durante o desenvolvimento gástrico de ratos e a ghrelina apresenta resposta hormonal diferente de acordo com a idade do animal. / The gastric epithelium of rats undergoes morphophysiological changes throughout the first month of life and diet is one of the main factors influencing the development. Rats were fed a 20% (NP) or 8% (RP) protein diet throughout the pre- and post-natal life. We analyzed the cell proliferation and observed the body and stomach weight and small intestine length at 14, 30 and 50 days rats. Additionally, we evaluated ghrelin in gastric epithelium and its plasma levels. Cell proliferation in the gastric epithelium, body and stomach weight and small intestine length were reduced in RP animals when compared to NP animals. We observed an increase in the number of labeled cells for ghrelin in 30- and 50-d-old RP rats when compared to the NP group and no difference was found in 14-d-old animals. Plasma ghrelin levels showed the same results observed in immunohistochemical reactions. These results emphasize the importance of diet protein on the development of gastric mucosa and protein restriction seems to differently modulate ghrelin response at different ages.

Les acides gras saturés à chaîne moyenne (AGCM) ont été décrits comme potentiellement bénéfiques pour réguler la balance énergétique chez l’homme. Cependant, la récente découverte de l’activation de la ghréline, hormone gastrique orexigène, par l’acide octanoïque (C8:0), ajoute un nouveau niveau de complexité dans la compréhension des effets physiologiques des AGCM. En effet, pour être reconnue par son récepteur hypophysaire, la ghréline doit préalablement être octanoylée par la Ghréline O-Acyltransférase (GOAT). Or, les paramètres régulés par la ghréline ainsi modifiée s’opposent aux effets connus des AGCM, en favorisant la prise alimentaire et la prise de masse. L’élaboration d’inhibiteurs de la GOAT constitue donc une stratégie thérapeutique nouvelle pour lutter contre l’obésité. Les AGCM sont essentiellement apportés par l’alimentation,leur biosynthèse endogène n’ayant été décrite que dans les cellules de la glande mammaire en lactation. Etudier l’impact du C8:0 d’origine alimentaire sur l’octanoylation de la ghréline est donc d’autant plus pertinent, car celui-ci est suspecté de fournir à la GOAT le co-substrat nécessaire à l’octanoylation. Afin de mieux comprendre l’apparente contradiction entre les effets connus des AGCM sur la masse corporelle et la satiété, et l’effet de l’octanoylation de la ghréline, quatre approches ont été mises en œuvre: (1) Etude des effets physiologiques du C8:0 à différentes doses sur l’axe ghréline-GOAT et sur le métabolisme chez le rat adulte, (2) Etude de l’absorption gastrique du C8:0 par inhibition de la lipase préduodénale, chez le / Medium chain fatty acids (MCFA) have been described as potentially beneficial for regulating human energetic balance. However, the recent discovery of the orexigenic ghrelin activation by octanoic acid revealed a new level of complexity in MCFA effects. Ghrelin must be octanoylated by the Ghrelin O-Acyltransferase (GOAT) to bind its pituitary receptor. Interestingly, the effects mediated by the post-translationally modified ghrelin seem opposed to MCFA known effects, increasing food intake and body weight. Development of GOAT inhibitors could then constitute a therapeutic strategy against obesity. MCFA are mainly provided by the diet, as their endogenous synthesis has only been described in lactating mammary glands. Dietary caprylic acid is then suspected to provide the GOAT enzyme with octanoyl- CoA co-substrates necessaryfor the acyl modification of ghrelin. My objective is to understand the discrepancy between the formerly described beneficial effects of dietary MCFAs on body weight loss and the C8:0 newly reported effect on appetite stimulation via ghrelin octanoylation. This thesis is divided into four parts: (1) Study of C8:0 physiological effects on ghrelin-GOAT axis, in rat, (2) Study of C8:0 gastric absorption by inhibition of preduodenal lipase, in young rat, (3) Study of C8:0 metabolism in gastric cells in vitro, (4) Preliminary study of GOAT activity in vitro.

Abstract Atherosclerosis is the major cause of cardiovascular diseases and the leading cause of death globally. Atherosclerosis is a complex, chronic disease characterized by lipid accumulation and inflammation within the intima layer of vessel wall. Novel biomarkers and therapeutics are still being sought to provide both better diagnosis and treatment. Ghrelin represents an attractive target for studies into atherosclerosis. Ghrelin is a gastric peptide hormone, which has multiple functions, including regulation of appetite and energy metabolism. Emerging evidence suggests that it may also have a role in the cardiovascular and immune systems. The aim of the present study was to explore the role of ghrelin in atherosclerosis. The specific aims were 1) to investigate the association between the plasma ghrelin level and early atherosclerosis as determined by carotid artery intima media thickness (IMT) in a large (n =  1024) cross-sectional population-based study of middle-aged subjects, 2) to measure the associations between plasma ghrelin levels and already established risk factors of atherosclerosis in human subjects, 3) to assess the effects of ghrelin on atherogenesis in vitro by analyzing monocyte adhesion to endothelial cells, oxidized low density lipoprotein (LDL) binding and acetylated LDL uptake using macrophages, and 4) to study the influence of ghrelin on atherosclerosis using ghrelin vaccination in a mouse model of atherosclerosis. Plasma total ghrelin levels were positively associated with carotid IMT in male subjects. Association studies demonstrated plasma ghrelin levels to be negatively associated with total and LDL cholesterol, and triglyceride concentrations as well as with body mass index (BMI), and positively assocated with high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol concentration in postmenopausal women and in a population-based study. In addition, estrogen increased plasma acylated ghrelin levels in postmenopausal women. Cell culture studies demonstrated that ghrelin could increase the binding of oxidized LDL and monocytes to endothelial cells. Interestingly, when endothelial cells were stimulated with tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα), then ghrelin prevented monocyte adhesion. The study with LDL receptor knockout mice, revealed that ghrelin vaccination could increase plasma ghrelin levels but had no effects on the development of atherosclerosis. However, the plasma MCP-1 level decreased in mice immunized with ghrelin vaccine. In conclusion, these studies suggest that ghrelin has modulatory functions in the vascular system and atherogenesis though the effect may not be as dominant as that of the known traditional risk factors. Whether this effect of ghrelin is positive or negative in atherogenesis will be clarified in further studies. / Tiivistelmä Sydän- ja verisuonitaudit ovat suurin kuolinsyy niin Suomessa kuin useimmissa länsimaissakin. Näiden sairauksien taustalla on yleensä valtimonkovettumatauti eli ateroskleroosi, joka voi kliinisesti ilmentyä mm. sepelvaltimotautina, aivoveritulppana ja laskimotautina. Ateroskleroosissa tulehdussoluja ja kolesterolia kertyy verisuonen seinämään muodostaen ahtauman eli ateroomaplakin valtimoon. Valtimonkovettumataudin riskitekijäitä tunnetaan jo hyvin, mutta uusia tautia ennustavia merkkiaineita sekä hoitomuotoja tarvitaan yhä. Greliini on mahalaukusta eritettävä peptidihormoni, joka osallistuu elimistössä mm. ruokahalun, energiametabolian, tulehdustekijöiden sekä sydän- ja verenkiertoelimistön toiminnan säätelyyn. Tämän työn tavoitteena oli tutkia greliinin yhteyttä ihmisen valtimonkovettumatautiin. Tutkimus toteutettiin käyttämällä kahta eri potilasaineistoa, soluviljelykokeita sekä valtimonkovettumataudin hiirimallia. Laajassa väestöpohjaisessa potilasaineistossa tutkittiin veren greliinipitoisuuden yhteyttä kaulavaltimon seinämän paksuuteen, jota pidetään valtimonkovettumista kuvaavana tekijänä. Veren greliinipitoisuuden yhteyttä valtimonkovettumataudin tunnettuihin riskitekijöihin tutkittiin myös laajassa potilasaineistossa sekä vaihdevuosi-ikäisillä naisilla, joille annettiin estrogeenikorvaushoitoa. Solukokeilla selvitettiin greliinin vaikutusta tärkeisiin valtimonkovettumataudin syntyvaiheisiin käyttäen monosyytti-, endoteelisolu- sekä makrofaagi-soluviljelmiä. Greliinin vaikutusta ateroskleroosiin in vivo selvitettiin rokottamalla LDL-reseptoripuutteiset hiiret greliini-rokotteella. Tutkimuksessa havaittiin yhteys veren korkean greliinipitoisuuden ja kaulavaltimon seinämän paksuuden välillä miehillä laajassa potilasaineistossa (n =  1024). Tulosta tukivat soluilla tehdyt kokeet, joissa greliini lisäsi hapettuneen LDL:n sitoutumista makrofaageihin sekä monosyyttien tarttumista endoteelisolujen pinnalle. Greliinin vaikutukset monosyyttien tarttumiseen endoteelisolujen pinnalle olivat päinvastaiset silloin, kun endoteelisolut käsiteltiin tulehdusta stimuloivalla tekijällä. Matalat veren greliinipitoisuudet olivat myös yhteydessä korkeisiin LDL-kolesteroli- ja triglyseriditasoihin sekä painoindeksiin ja matalaan HDL-kolesterolitasoon potilasaineistoissa. Estrogeeni nosti veren greliinipitoisuutta vaihdevuosi-ikäisillä naisilla. Greliinirokote ei vaikuttanut ateroskleroosin kehittymiseen hiirimallissa. Tutkimustulosten perusteella greliinillä näyttäisi osallistuvan valtimonkovettumataudin kehitykseen, vaikkakin sen vaikutus on pienempi kuin aiemmin tunnetuilla taudin riskitekijöillä.

Abstract The increase in the prevalence of overweight and obesity parallels the increase in physical inactivity and sedentary lifestyle, and leads to the worsening of cardiorespiratory fitness. Both overweight and physical inactivity are recognised risk factors for the development of cardiovascular disease, insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes, but the independent effects of cardiorespiratory fitness and obesity on cardiovascular risk factors remain debated. Lifestyle interventions are the key treatment for overweight and obesity. There are however, limited data from large population-based studies on the efficacy of exercise in modifying cardiovascular risk factors in young adults. Many of the mechanisms underlying the changes in body composition and metabolism achieved by exercise interventions are not well understood. The role of adipokines, and particularly unacylated ghrelin has been proposed in relation to changes in glucose metabolism. Individuals also vary in their response to exercise, which is, at least in part, explained by genetic factors. Improved understanding of the gene-exercise interaction is needed for the development of more targeted intervention strategies. In Finland, military service is compulsory for men. Military service includes large amounts of physical exercise but no dietary restriction. The current study evaluated the health benefits of exercise in young men attending military service in the Sodankylä Jaeger Brigade from 2005 to 2006 (N=1,112, mean age 19.2 years). Changes in endurance and strength performance, body composition, cardiometabolic risk factors and unacylated ghrelin levels were recorded at the beginning and end of the military service (6 to 12 months follow-up). Improvement in cardiometabolic risk factors was observed with improved exercise performance, an association which was attributable to changes in weight and waist circumference. Increase in unacylated ghrelin level was associated with beneficial changes in body composition and fat distribution, as well as in lipid and glucose metabolism. Significant gene-exercise interactions were observed for variants in PPARG, IRS1 and TCF7L2 on changes in weight and/or body composition. This study shows the efficacy of physical activity for the improvement of cardiometabolic health among young men. It shows that unacylated ghrelin plays an important role in the improvement of body composition, and glucose and lipid metabolism achieved by exercise. Finally, the harmful effects of common genetic variants on body composition can be counteracted by improvement in exercise performance. / Tiivistelmä Viimeaikaiset tutkimukset ovat osoittaneet, että väestötasolla ylipaino ja lihavuus lisääntyvät ja liikunta vähenee. Sekä ylipaino että vähäinen liikunta ovat tunnettuja sydän- ja verisuonitautien, insuliiniresistenssin ja tyypin 2 diabeteksen vaaratekijöitä. Monet interventiotutkimukset ovat osoittaneet, että elämäntapamuutokset ovat avainasemassa ylipainon ja lihavuuden hoidossa. Suurista väestöpohjaisista tutkimuksista saatu tieto liikunnan vaikutuksista nuorten aikuisten sydän- ja verisuonitautien vaaratekijöihin, kehonkoostumukseen ja aineenvaihduntaan on kuitenkin vähäistä. Greliinillä on ehdotettu olevan tärkeitä vaikutuksia glukoosiaineenvaihduntaan, mutta greliinin ja liikunnan yhteisvaikutuksista aineenvaihdunnan ja kehon muutoksiin on vain vähän tietoa. Vasteessa liikunta-interventioihin on lisäksi yksilökohtaisia eroja, jotka saattavat ainakin osittain selittyä geneettisillä tekijöillä. Näin ollen lisätieto geenien ja liikunnan välisistä interaktioista on tärkeää uusien, yksilökohtaisten hoitomuotojen kehittämiseksi. Varusmiespalvelus on maassamme pakollinen kaikille miehille, ja siihen sisältyy huomattava määrä liikuntaa ilman merkittäviä muutoksia ruokavaliossa. Tässä tutkimuksessa selvitettiin varusmiespalveluksen aikana tapahtuvan liikunnan ja kuntomuutosten terveyshyötyjä. Tutkimusaineiston muodostivat Sodankylän Jääkäriprikaatissa vuonna 2005 palvelukseen astuneet miehet (N=1112, keski-ikä 19.2 vuotta). Muutokset kestävyys- ja lihaskunnossa, kehonkoostumuksessa, sydän- ja verisuonisairauksien vaaratekijöissä, sekä asyloimattoman greliinin plasmatasoissa määritettiin palveluksen alussa ja lopussa (seuranta-aika 6-12 kk). Parantuneen fyysisen suorituskyvyn todettiin vaikuttavan edullisesti sydän- ja verisuonisairauksien vaaratekijöihin, joka liittyi samanaikaiseen painonlaskuun ja keskivartalolihavuuden vähenemiseen. Liikunnan ansiosta asyloimattoman greliinin plasmataso lisääntyi ja se oli yhteydessä edullisiin muutoksiin kehonkoostumuksessa ja rasvanjakautumisessa sekä glukoosi- ja lipidiaineenvaihdunnassa. Tärkeitä geeni-liikunta interaktioita todettiin insuliiniherkkyyttä säätelevien geenien (PPARG, IRS1 ja TCF7L2) vaikutuksissa painon ja/tai kehonkoostumuksen muutoksiin. Tutkimus osoitti liikunnan edullisen vaikutuksen nuorten miesten sydän- ja verisuonitautien vaaratekijöiden tasoihin. Tutkimus osoitti lisäksi, että liikunnan aiheuttamalla lisääntyneen asyloimattoman greliinin pitoisuudella oli edullisia vaikutuksia kehonkoostumukseen sekä glukoosi- ja lipidiaineenvaihduntaan. Myös insuliiniresistenssiä säätelevien geenien epäedullinen vaikutus kehonkoostumukseen väheni parantuneen fyysisen suorituskyvyn myötä.

Fractionner son alimentation consiste à augmenter la fréquence de ses prises alimentaires, sans modifier la quantité totale d’énergie ingérée. Dans ce travail de thèse, nous avons étudié les effets du fractionnement alimentaire sur l’appétit et la balance énergétique chez des sujets de poids normal et obèses. Le premier objectif était d’ordre méthodologique : nous avons proposé et validé un dispositif original d’étude de l’appétit, basé sur la duplication du même protocole dans deux lieux de recherche différents et sur l’utilisation d’un restaurant expérimental, en reproduisant une situation écologique de repas. Ce dispositif permet de répondre à deux enjeux méthodologiques. D’une part, il permet une approche intégrée de l’appétit, grâce à l’association de mesures subjectives (sensations de faim et de satiété), physiologiques (biomarqueurs de l’appétit : ghréline et GLP-1) et comportementales (consommations, choix et rythmes alimentaires). D’autre part, le caractère écologique de la situation de repas proposée assure une bonne validité externe des résultats. Le second objectif était d’étudier, grâce à cette méthodologie, les conséquences à court terme du fractionnement alimentaire sur les sensations de faim, les hormones qui régulent l’appétit, le comportement au cours du repas qui suit le fractionnement, ainsi que sur les orientations métaboliques. Chez des sujets de poids normal, les approches subjectives, physiologiques et comportementales ont toutes montré une diminution de l’appétit en réponse au fractionnement. En revanche, nous n’avons pas obtenu les mêmes bénéfices comportementaux chez les obèses, chez qui le fractionnement n’a pas induit de baisse des apports énergétiques au cours du repas suivant. Sur le plan métabolique, nous avons montré les mêmes effets dans les deux populations, à savoir une insulinémie maintenue au-dessus de son niveau basal, entraînant une inhibition prolongée de la lipolyse, elle-même caractérisée par une baisse des concentrations plasmatiques en acides gras non estérifiés. Le fractionnement a également entrainé une diminution de la dépense énergétique via la thermogénèse alimentaire. Ce travail met en évidence les bénéfices possibles du fractionnement alimentaire chez les personnes de poids normal pour mieux contrôler leur appétit. En revanche, cette stratégie ne semble pas adaptée pour des personnes obèses. Les effets sur la dépense énergétique et les orientations métaboliques, potentiellement négatifs, doivent être étudiés sur de plus longues périodes / This thesis project consists in studying the effects of eating smaller more frequent meals, with no change in energy intake, on appetite and energy balance in normal weight and obese subjects. The first objective was methodological: we proposed and validated an original methodology for studying appetite, based on the duplication of the same protocol in two different research centers, and the use of an experimental restaurant, reproducing an ecological meal situation. This methodology enables to answer two methodological issues. Firstly, it allows an integrated approach of appetite, associating subjective (hunger and satiety feelings), physiological (biomarkers of appetite: ghrelin and GLP -1) and behavioral (food intake, choices and eating rhythms) measurements. Secondly, the ecological character of the eating situation we proposed, ensure a good external validity of the results. The second objective was to assess, thanks to this methodology, the short term consequences of eating smaller more frequent meals on subjective appetite, on hormones that regulates appetite, on eating behaviors during the subsequent meal, and on metabolic orientations. In normal weight subjects, subjective, physiological and behavioral approaches showed a decrease in appetite after eating smaller more frequent meals, while in obese subjects we did not obtain the same beneficial behaviors: obese subjects did not consume less energy during the subsequent meal. Metabolic results showed the same effects in both normal weight and obese subjects: insulin concentrations were maintained above their basal level, leading to an extended inhibition of lipolysis, characterized by a decrease in plasmatic concentrations of non-esterified fatty acids. Eating smaller more frequent meals also decreased energy expenditure via diet induced thermogenesis. This work highlights the fact that eating smaller more frequent meals may be beneficial in normal weight individuals in order to better control appetite, but it does not seem to be an adequate strategy in obese individuals. The effects on energy expenditure and metabolic orientations, potentially negative, should be studied over a longer period

Entre les actes chirurgicaux et l'état métabolique il existe des nombreuses interactions. D'un côté, la réponse catabolique majeure induite par la chirurgie viscérale peut être contrôlée par une supplémentation nutritionnelle précoce, ce qui diminuerait la morbidité et la mortalité postopératoire et aussi les durées d'hospitalisation. L'albuminémie préopératoire est un bon facteur prédictif de l'état nutritionnel postopératoire, corrélée avec un pronostic postopératoire inférieure. La préalbumine reflète de façon plus sensible l'évolution de l'état nutritionnel. Principale hormone orexigène, la ghréline présente une cinétique perturbée lors des périodes postopératoires avec une augmentation de sa sécrétion au moment de la reprise de la nutrition entérale et des concentrations postopératoires moyennes inférieures à celles normales. Ces observations posent la question de l'utilité d'un traitement par analogues de la ghréline. De l'autre côté, la chirurgie bariatrique peut corriger les perturbations métaboliques corrélées à l'obésité, mais son efficacité n'est pas absolue. Par contre, en utilisant certains critères clinique (âge, IMC, présence d'un diabète sucré) et biologiques (insulino-résistance, taux d'IGF1), cette efficacité devient prédictible pour les interventions d'insertion d'anneau gastrique / Surgical interventions can have several effects on the metabolic status. On one hand, the important catabolic response caused by major digestive surgery can be controlled through an early nutritional support, which could reduce the mortality, morbidity and also the duration of hospitalization. The preoperative albumin level is a reliable predictive factor of the postoperative nutritional status and correlates to a worse postoperative prognosis. The prealbumin reflects in the most sensitive manner the evolution of the nutritional status. As the main orexigen hormone, ghrelin has a disturbed cynetics in the postoperative period with an augmentation of its secretion corresponding to the reintroduction of the enteral nutrition and mean postoperative concentrations that are lower than normal. These observations raise the question of the utility o a ghreline analogues’ treatment. On the other hand, bariatric surgery could correct the metabolic disturbances associated to obesity, but its efficacy is not absolute. However, by using certain clinical (age, BMI, presence of a diabetes mellitus) and biological (insulin-resistance, IGF1 level criteria, this efficac can be redictable in the case of gastric banding

Les adénomes hypophysaires sont les tumeurs intracérébrales les plus fréquentes. Les adénomes somatotropes hypersécrètent l’hormone de croissance (GH) et sont traités classiquement par des analogues somatostatinergiques. Une petite moitié des patients acromégales est néanmoins résistante à ces traitements. L’on sait depuis, quelques années, que le récepteur de la ghréline possède une forte activité constitutive et joue un rôle majeur dans la sécrétion de GH. Cette activité constitutive est-elle impliquée dans la tumorigenèse des adénomes somatotropes ? Nos travaux ont montré un niveau de transcrits, codant pour le GHS-R, particulièrement élevé dans ces tumeurs, et l’immunocytochimie révèle un marquage punctiforme localisé à la membrane plasmique. La MSP (agoniste inverse du GHS-R) induit une diminution dose-dépendante de la sécrétion de GH des cultures primaires d’adénomes somatotropes. Cette efficacité de la MSP sur la sécrétion de l’hormone de croissance est particulièrement remarquable sur les patients résistants aux agonistes somatostatinergiques chez qui elle démontre une efficacité relative accrue. Des clones, surexprimant le GHS-R humain (lignées MYST-R), ont été générés à partir de lignées somato-lactotropes tumorales de rat (GH4C1). Sur ces cellules, le ligand endogène du GHS-R induit une augmentation d’IP3 intracellulaire. De façon originale, la MSP induit une diminution du niveau d’IP3 intracellulaire. L’inhibition de l’activité constitutive du GHS-R par un agoniste inverse, tel que la MSP, pourrait permettre de réprimer l’hypersécrétion de GH, faisant de cette molécule une alternative pharmacologique aux traitements actuels des adénomes somatotropes. / Pituitary tumors are most usual intracranial tumors. The somatotroph adenomas are characterised by a GH hypersecretion. The current treatments are based on somatostatinergic agonists. Unfortunately, there is steel 50% of patients, which remain insensitive to these treatments. The aim of our work was to find a pharmacological alternative to treat the patients resistant to the current therapies. Ghrelin stimulate pituitary GH release in vivo through GHS-R1a activation. Interestingly, this receptor transduces signal through an unusual high constitutive activity. Noteworthy, human somatotroph adenomas expressed a high level of GHS-R1a at both mRNA and protein level. We actually assess the implication of this constitutive activity in the tumorigenesis of the somatotroph adenomas. Firstly we demonstrated GHS-R1a functionality through its capacity to fixe endogenous ligand. Then we showed that treatment of human somatotroph adenomas primary cultures, with the GHS-R1a inverse agonist (MSP: Modified Substance P), induced a dose dependent decrease of GH secretion. To foremost investigate the transduction mechanisms underlying these results, we developed, from GH4C1 (rat somato-lactotroph tumoral cell line), stable monoclonal cell lines overexpressing human GHS-R1a (named MYST-Rg). Interestingly MYST-Rg cells exhibit relatively high basal activation of the IP3 pathway. GHS-R1a endogenous ligand (ghrelin) strengthens basal IP3 pathway activation of MYST-Rg cells. Noteworthy, the basal IP3 pathway activation can be lessened by MSP treatment. Thus, MSP could be a useful alternative to the current therapies of somatotroph adenomas.

La réduction des excursions glycémiques postprandiales a été proposée comme un moyen pour limiter le risque de développement du diabète de type 2. L’intérêt s’est donc porté sur les outils nutritionnels susceptibles de moduler la biodisponibilité des glucides et ainsi leur impact sur la glycémie postprandiale. Les travaux réalisés au cours de cette thèse avaient pour but d’étudier les effets de différents ingrédients modifiant la biodisponibilité du glucose, non seulement sur la glycémie postprandiale à court terme (2 heures) mais aussi sur les cinétiques du débit d’apparition et de disparition de glucose (total, exogène et endogène - isotopes stables) et les autres paramètres métaboliques de la phase postprandiale au cours de la journée. Dans la première étude (β-glucanes), nous avons montré que l’addition de fibres β-glucanes à un repas glucidique chez des sujets sains en surpoids ralentit l’absorption du glucose dans le plasma. Ceci a prolongé la réponse insulinique et par conséquent l’inhibition de la lipolyse et de la production endogène de glucose. Dans la deuxième étude (Eurostarch), nous avons montré que la diminution de la biodisponibilité du glucose au petit-déjeuner (amidon lentement digestible, index glycémique bas) diminue l’apparition du glucose exogène dans le plasma et pourrait avoir un effet second-repas chez des sujets sains en surpoids. Mais nous n’avons pas mis en évidence d’amélioration de ces effets métaboliques à plus long terme (5 semaines). Dans la troisième étude présentée (Nutriose), nous avons montré que l’addition de dextrine résistante NUTRIOSE®10 (fermentescible) au petit-déjeuner chez des sujets sains, diminue les réponses glycémiques, insuliniques postprandiales et le profil de ghréline au cours de la journée (en comparaison à une maltodextrine). En parallèle, la prolongation observée de la fermentation et l’oxydation du NUTRIOSE®10 pourraient fournir de l’énergie en phase postprandiale tardive. En conclusion, l’analyse des paramètres métaboliques au-delà de 2 heures après le repas, a permis de mettre en évidence les effets métaboliques à plus long terme de la modulation de l’apparition du glucose dans le plasma (ralentissement, prolongation, réduction) sur les cinétiques du glucose, la réponse insulinique, la lipolyse et l’oxydation des substrats / The reduction of the postprandial glycemic excursions has been proposed as to limit risk of type 2 diabetes. There has been growing interest in the development of dietary ingredients that could potentially modulate carbohydrates bioavailability and thus their impact on postprandial glycemia. The aim of this thesis was to investigate the effects of the the modulation of glucose bioavailability by different ingredients on 2-hour glycemic response but also on glucose kinetics (total, exogenous and endogenous – stable isotopes) and on other daylong metabolic parameters. In the first study (β-glucanes), we showed that the addition of β-glucan fiber to a carbohydrate meal in healthy overweight subjects reduced the appearance of glucose in plasma. As a consequence, insulin response was also prolonged and induced a prolonged inhibition on lipolysis and endogenous glucose production. In the second study (eurostarch), the reduction in glucose availability (slowly available glucose, low GI) at breakfast decreased plasma exogenous glucose appearance and tended to improve glucose control at the subsequent lunch. But we did not observe the improvement of such metabolic effects in the long-term (5 weeks). In the last study, we showed that the addition of a resistant dextrin, NUTRIOSE®10, decreased postprandial glycemic and insulinemic response as well as daylong satiety-related ghrelin profile, compared to maltodextrin. In parallel, the prolonged fermentation and oxidation pattern of NUTRIOSE®10 up to 10 hours after ingestion at breakfast could induced an extended energy release with NUTRIOSE®10 in the late postprandial phase. In conclusion, the follow-up of metabolic parameters beyond 2 hours after the meal have highlighted the longer-term metabolic effects of the modulation of glucose appearance in plasma (delay, extension, reduction) on glucose kinetics, insulin response, lipolysis and nutrients oxidation