L'objectif de cette thèse est d’approfondir la compréhension des relations entre la croissance anormale des grains austénitiques et l'état de précipitation dans un acier faiblement allié. La croissance anormale est le grossissement excessif d’un petit nombre de grains conduisant à une détérioration des propriétés mécaniques. La distribution de taille des grains d'austénite, la fraction volumique de précipités et l'évolution de leur distribution de taille ont étés expérimentalement caractérisés pour différents traitements thermiques et pour deux aciers industriels (acier A et acier B). La modélisation a été réalisée en deux étapes : modélisation de l’état de précipitation et modélisation de la croissance anormale/normale des grains. Les résultats de la modélisation ont étés comparés aux résultats expérimentaux. Le modèle de croissance des grains est basé sur l’hypothèse que la croissance des grains est régie par la diminution de l'énergie d’interface. Les précipités créent une force d’ancrage conventionnelle de Zener ainsi qu’une force d’ancrage de joints de grains, qui retardent la croissance de grains. Le modèle de précipitation est basé sur les théories classiques de nucléation et de croissance (CNGTs). Si la taille des grains austénitiques est supérieure à 3µm, l’hypothèse d’une précipitation homogène permet d’obtenir un bon accord entre les résultats numériques et les résultats expérimentaux (distribution de taille de précipités, fraction volumique). Si la taille des grains est inférieure à 3µm, la présence de précipitation hétérogène a été prise en compte. Le modèle de précipitation a été couplé par deux approches différentes au modèle de croissance de grains ; un couplage ‘doux’ et un couplage ‘ dur’. Ces deux approches ont permis de faire la lumière sur les différents paramètres physiques qui contrôlent la croissance de grains pour un état structural donné. Une bonne prédiction du mode de croissance (normale ou anormale) a été obtenue. Le couplage dynamique a permis de tracer une représentation temps/température claire du mode de croissance des grains. Il a été montré que si la croissance anormale des grains d’austénite dépend fortement de l’état initial de précipitation ainsi que de la taille initiale des grains, l’évolution de la fraction volumique des précipités lors du traitement thermique joue un rôle prépondérant sur le mode de croissance. Les résultats de cette étude ont permis d’expliquer l’influence de l’état de précipitation et de la taille des grains sur la croissance anormale. / The objective of this thesis is to further understand the austenite Abnormal Grain Growth (AGG) phenomenon in relation with precipitation state in a low alloy steel. The abnormal grain growth is addressed from both experimental and numerical modeling point of view. Prior austenite grain size distribution, precipitation volume fraction and size distribution evolution of the different heat treated states are experimentally determined for two different industrial alloys (steel-A and steel-B) in different heat treated states and experimental results are compared with model predictions. A two-step modeling technique is adopted in this study: precipitation modeling and abnormal/normal grain growth modeling. The abnormal/normal grain growth modeling is done using a simplified analytical model where the grain growth is assumed to be driven by the decrease in interfacial energy. Both the conventional Zener pinning and corner pinning by precipitate is considered as boundary movement retarding forces. The precipitation model is based on the Classical Nucleation and Growth Theories. The assumption of homogeneous precipitate nucleation and growth gave a good prediction of volume fraction, mean radius and size distribution in comparison with the experimental results. Two coupled modeling approaches of abnormal grain growth and precipitation model: ①Soft coupling and ②Dynamic coupling; shed light on the different physical parameters controlling the grain growth condition in a particular material’s state. A reasonable prediction of AGG and NGG is obtained from both approaches. The dynamic coupled modeling enabled us to paint a comprehensive time-temperature mechanism map of grain growth conditions. It is found that AGG in the austenitic state depends strongly on the initial grain size distribution and precipitation state. The modeling and the experimental results showed that the precipitation state evolution (increasing or decreasing volume fraction) also impact normal/abnormal grain growth. Plausible explanations in relation with the mean austenite grain size and the precipitation state are derived for the AGG phenomenon from the present work.

Grain boundary processes play a major role in controlling different rate processes in yttria stabilized tetragonal zirconia. The present study concentrated on rate processes in tetragonal zirconia, which were significantly influenced by the grain boundary processes. In this present study, nanocrystalline zirconia with grain size as low as 66 nm and density as high as 98.5% was processed using a two steps sintering-sinterforging process in the temperature range of 1473K to 1373K. Significant suppression of grain growth was noted in the second step of the two step process. It was observed that two step sintering-sinterforging process can reduce the processing time by an order of magnitude compared to the two step sintering process. A high grain size dependency of 3.3 indicated grain boundary controlled process dominating this technique. The dense nanocrystalline zirconia was used for microstructural and deformation characterization. An influence of electric field on grain growth behaviour was studied by annealing the specimens at 1573K for 10 hours under an applied field of 4 V/cm to 80 V/cm. It was noticed that grain growth was significantly retarded under a very weak field and the magnitude of retardation dependent on the applied voltage, an extensive grain growth was observed on the other occasion when the applied voltage crossed the threshold value of 3.5V. It was proposed that electrical boundary resistance provides minima in the grain boundary energy during annealing and that retards the grain growth. This technique presented a huge potential application in ceramic processing involving rate process. Again the grain boundary process was reported to control this phenomenon. Low temperature creep properties of nanocrystalline zirconia were investigated in great detail in the present study. Grain boundary sliding was noted as the mode of deformation at 1423 K. Study on the specimens with wide range of grain sizes (65 nm to ~0.4 µm) suggested that the deformation mechanism of the nanograin is similar to that of the submicron grain zirconia. A study on the segregation of yttrium ions to the grain boundaries showed that the segregation behaviour of nanograin and submicron grain 3YTZ was similar, which again indicated towards the possibility of nanocrystalline tetragonal zirconia to be superplastic as the scaling law was applicable from submicron to nanocrystalline 3YTZ. Grain boundary sliding is the mode of deformation of 3YTZ at high temperatures. This study aimed at understanding the influence of grain boundary sliding on rate processes at the boundary namely grain boundary diffusion. Grain boundary diffusivity of the deformed specimens was measured using secondary ion mass spectroscopy. The study revealed that the sliding process is much slower compared to the atomic jumps causing grain boundary diffusion, hence no significant influence of the grain boundary sliding on grain boundary diffusion was observed. This present study demonstrated new techniques which have a huge potential application in processing ceramics at low temperatures. This study also developed an understanding of the grain boundary processes which involved in low temperature rate processes of nanocrystalline zirconia.

Technological advances results in the fact that quite a large number of electronic equipment interacts with its environment leading to the malfunction of the devices. This brings about the necessity of using proper electromagnetic (EM) wave absorbers/shields to avoid such interactions. In order to absorb EM waves in a large frequency band from several MHz to GHz, barium hexaferrite (BaHF) ceramics which are produced as textured ceramics as well as in multilayered form can be used. Textured ceramics are processed by tape casting using templated grain growth (TGG) phenomenon. In order to obtain textured ceramics, BaHF powders and platelets are required as raw materials in such a way that during sintering small size powders are directioned by large platelet surfaces. In this study, ferrite powders were synthesized by mixed oxide technique while the platelets were produced by both molten salt synthesis (MSS) and reactive templated grain growth (RTGG) methods. In the case of platelet synthesis by MSS, effects of calcination temperature and time as well as type and composition of the flux on the formation and morphology of platelets were investigated based on the XRD and SEM results. Studies have shown that KCl flux led to the formation of sharper platelet morphology, while NaCl resulted in more round shapes. However, extent of BaHF formation in the case of NaCl was higher when compared to KCl flux due to its higher wettability characteristic, and hence faster interaction with the raw materials. Since the aspect ratio of the synthesized platelets was only ca. 2-4, these platelets were not efficient for further TGG studies. Alternatively, BiFeO3 (BiF) particles having ~30-40 &mu / m average size were synthesized as seed crystals for the synthesis of BaHF platelets by RTGG method. After the washing of these platelets with dilute HNO3, pure BaHF powders and platelets were directed by tape casting which was followed by sintering using TGG phenomenon. Degree of achieved texturing in the processed ceramics was studied using Rietveld analysis, pole figure measurement and electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD).

In this experimental investigation, the tensile creep behavior of commercial-purity molybdenum sheet at temperatures between 1300°C and 1700°C is critically evaluated, based upon experimental creep testing and microstructural characterizations. The high-temperature properties of molybdenum are of interest because there are many applications in which molybdenum and molybdenum alloys are used at elevated temperatures. Understanding of the creep mechanisms and the constitutive relations between stress and strain at elevated temperatures is needed in order to determine if molybdenum is an appropriate choice for a given high-temperature design application and to accurately predict its creep life. The creep behavior of two commercially-available grades of molybdenum was determined using short-term creep tests (1/2 to 14 hours) at slow to moderate true-strain rates of 10⁻⁶ to 10⁻⁴ s⁻¹ and temperatures between 1300°C and 1700°C. High-temperature, uniaxial tensile testing was used to produce data defining the relationship between tensile creep strain-rate and steady-state flow stress at four temperatures: 1340°C, 1440°C, 1540°C, 1640°C. Microstructural changes that occurred during creep testing were evaluated and compared to changes resulting from elevated temperature exposure alone. Mechanisms for dynamic abnormal grain growth that occurred during creep testing and the causes of the microstructural changes that occurred as a function of temperature are discussed. / text

Depuis la restriction de l’utilisation du plomb dans l’électronique, les alliages de brasure de type SnPb ont été remplacés majoritairement par des alliages de type SnAgCu (SAC). Des travaux précédents ont révélé un phénomène de vieillissement de ces alliages, caractérisé par une forte variation des propriétés mécaniques et se stabilisant après plusieurs années à température ambiante. L’objectif de ce travail est d’étudier l’influence du vieillissement thermique sur l’endommagement des assemblages électroniques utilisant l’alliage SAC305 sous chargements mécaniques.L’étude s’est d’abord concentrée sur le comportement mécanique du SAC305, puis sur l’endommagement des joints brasés.L’impact du vieillissement sur le comportement mécanique a été évalué à l’échelle massive ainsi qu’à l’échelle d’un joint brasé. L’évolution de la dureté et du comportement mécanique cyclique à température ambiante a été reliée à un phénomène de grossissement de grain. Des essais de compression sur billes en SAC305, représentatives de la structure réelle, ont montré les mêmes évolutions. Deux modèles de comportement viscoplastique ont été développés à l’échelle d’un joint brasé pour l’alliage dans l’état initial et dans l’état vieilli. Des simulations numériques réalisées à l’aide de ces modèles, ont permis de valider cette approche.L’influence du vieillissement sur l’endommagement des joints brasés en SAC305 a été évaluée à l’aide d’essais de torsion cycliques sur cartes assemblées. Les résultats montrent que le vieillissement induit une diminution du nombre de cycles à la défaillance en fatigue oligocyclique, élément très important pour la gestion du risque dans les équipements électroniques / Since the use of the lead was restricted in electronic assemblies, the electronic market turned on lead-free alloys for electronic assemblies. Most of electronic manufacturers chose SnAgCu (SAC) to replace SnPb alloys. For SAC, former results suggest that high temperature thermal ageing causes a significant drop in mechanical properties, which stabilises after several years at room temperature. The aim of this work is to analyse the impact of thermal ageing on the fatigue damage of SAC305 electronic assemblies under mechanical loadings.This study first focused on the mechanical behaviour of SAC305 alloy. Then, the fatigue damage of SAC305 was analysed on solder joints.The impact of thermal ageing on the mechanical behaviour of SAC305 was evaluated at the bulk scale and at the solder joint scale. Changes in the hardness and in the cyclic mechanical behaviour at room temperature were linked to a grain growth phenomenon. Compression tests on SAC305 solder balls, which are representative of real structure, showed the same changes in the mechanical behaviour. Two viscoplastic constitutive models of mechanical behaviour were identified at the solder joint scale for both initial and aged conditions. Numerical simulations were carried out using these models and led to the validation of the proposed approach.The impact of thermal ageing on the fatigue damage of SAC305 alloy was evaluated thanks to torsion tests on assembled boards. The results of these tests show that the thermal ageing decreases the number of cycles to failure in low cycle fatigue. This observation is very important considering the reliability risk for electronic devices

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-18T18:19:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Eden Santos Silva.pdf: 8647632 bytes, checksum: 49c35fcae19f13234278dca9aa0bc215 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-07-16 / Austenitic stainless steels present high resistance to corrosion under some aggressive medium, being for this widely used in the industrial sector. These steels, when submitted to determined temperature intervals can be sensitized due to the precipitation of chromium carbides in the grain boundaries, becoming subject to intergranular corrosion. When alloy elements are added to the steel base, turning it stabilized, they can prevent sensitization, however modifying completely the behavior of the grain growth of these steels. This work investigates the behavior of the austenitic grain growth and the degree of sensitization of stainless steel austenitic AISI 321 and AISI 347, when submitted to annealing thermal treatments, between 800 and 1200° C, and to sensitization treatments at 600° C, for different times of exposition, respectively. The sensitization degree was determined qualitatively through electrochemical attack and quantitatively by the double cycle potentio-kinetics reactivation test (DLEPR). The grain growth behavior in function of the temperature disclosed that, for temperatures below the grain growth critical temperature, Tcg, due to the pinning of the grain boundaries by precipitated particles, the grain growth is completely annulled. For temperatures above Tcg, due to the dissolution and to the coarsening of particles, occurs abnormal grains growth. At high temperatures, the grains become coarse and the grain growth resembles the growth of normal grains. The Tcg varies with the austenitização time, due to the increased coarsening of precipitated particles, with the increase of time. The estimated values for the TiC and NbC particles critical ratio, on the order of, on around 10 nm, are in excellent accord with literature data. Previous annealing treatments, carried out for 800 and 900° C, had been efficient in preventing the sensitization of the steel AISI 321. AISI 347 has proved to be more efficient than AISI 321 in accomplishing this task when used at high temperatures. / Os aços inoxidáveis austeníticos apresentam alta resistência à corrosão sob vários meios agressivos, sendo por isto largamente utilizados no setor industrial. Estes aços quando submetidos a determinados intervalos de temperatura podem sensitizar, devido à precipitação de carbonetos de cromo nos contornos dos grãos, tornando-se susceptíveis à corrosão intergranular. Quando elementos de liga são adicionados ao aço base, tornando-o estabilizado, podem prevenir a sensitização, porém alteram completamente o comportamento do crescimento de grão destes aços. Este trabalho investiga o comportamento do crescimento de grão austenítico e o grau de sensitização dos aços inoxidáveis austeníticos AISI 321 e AISI 347, quando submetidos a tratamentos térmicos de solubilização, entre 800 e 1200 °C, e a tratamentos térmicos de sensitização a 600 °C, para diferentes tempos de exposição. O grau de sensitização foi determinado qualitativamente através de ataque eletroquímico e quantitativamente pelo teste de reativação potenciocinética de ciclo duplo (DLEPR). O comportamento do crescimento do grão em função da temperatura revelou que, para temperaturas inferiores à temperatura crítica de crescimento de grão, Tcg, devido ao aprisionamento dos contornos dos grãos por partículas de precipitados, o crescimento do grão é completamente anulado. Para temperaturas acima da Tcg, devido à dissolução e ao coalescimento das partículas, ocorre o crescimento anormal dos grãos. A altas temperaturas os grãos tornam-se grosseiros e o crescimento do grão assemelha-se ao crescimento do grão normal. A Tcg varia com o tempo de austenitização, em face ao aumento do coalescimento das partículas de precipitados com o aumento do tempo. Os valores estimados para o raio crítico das partículas de TiC e NbC, da ordem de 10 nm, encontram-se em excelente acordo com os dados da literatura. Prévios tratamentos térmicos de solubilização, realizados para 800 e 900 oC, foram eficientes em prevenir a sensitização do aço AISI 321. O aço AISI 347 apresenta-se mais eficiente que o AISI 321 quando usado em altas temperaturas.

A geração de novas fontes de energia limpa, segura e renovável por meio da fusão nuclear envolve importantes desafios tecnológicos, dentre eles a pesquisa, caracterização e a fabricação de materiais avançados para os futuros reatores de fusão nuclear. Os aços ferrítico-martensíticos de reduzida atividade radioativa, em especial a liga Eurofer-97, destacam-se por apresentar uma combinação única de propriedades para esta aplicação. O objetivo desta Tese de Doutorado é avaliar a estabilidade microestrutural deste aço recozido numa ampla faixa de temperaturas. Cálculos termodinâmicos e testes de dilatometria foram usados para determinar as temperaturas de transformação de fase. A estabilidade microestrutural foi estudada por meio de recozimentos isotérmicos entre 200 e 1350oC após laminação a frio com reduções de 40, 70, 80 e 90%. A avaliação da estabilidade mecânica do aço Eurofer-97 foi realizada por meio de medidas de dureza Vickers. As principais técnicas utilizadas para caracterização microestrutural foram microscopias eletrônica de varredura e de transmissão, tomografia por sonda atômica e medidas de magnetização DC. Tanto a textura como a microtextura foram determinadas por meio de medidas de difração de raios X e de elétrons retroespalhados (EBSD). Recuperação, recristalização primária e crescimento anormal de grão ocorrem neste material recozido abaixo de 800oC. Acima desta temperatura, a transformação martensítica ocorre alterando bastante a micoroestrutura. A cinética de crescimento anormal de grão é alterada pela quantidade de redução a frio previamente aplicada. A hipótese proposta para explicar o crescimento anormal de grãos neste material baseia-se principalmente na vantagem de tamanho adquirida pelos núcleos de recristalização primária com diferenças de orientação médias superiores a 45º em relação aos vizinhos. Neste caso, o crescimento anormal de grão é responsável por fortalecer as componentes {111} e {111}, {001} e {110}. Acima de 800oC a transformação martensítica prevalece elevando a dureza Vickers e randomizando a textura deste aço. As características do produto transformado dependem tanto da temperatura de austenitização quanto do tamanho incial do grão ferrítico. Os dados de composição química das partículas estáveis após recozimento em temperaturas inferiores a 800oC foram usados para validar os resultados dos cálculos termodinâmicos obtidos via Thermo-Calc. / Clean, safe, and renewable energy sources such as nuclear fusion comprise important technological challenges, including research, characterization and manufacture of advanced materials for future fusion reactors. Modified ferritic-martensitic steels with reduced radioactive activity (RAFM), especially Eurofer-97 steel, are among worldwide references in the nuclear field for their unique properties. The scope of this Thesis is to evaluate the microstructural (thermal) stability in ferritic-martensitic Eurofer-97 after annealing within a wide range of temperatures. Themodinamic calculations as well as dilatometric tests were used to determine the main phase transformation temperatures. The microstructural stability of this steel was followed by isothermal annealing between 200 and 1350°C after cold rolling to 40, 70, 80 and 90% reductions in thickness. The mechanical stability in the Eurofer-97 was assessed by Vickers microhardness measurements. Representative samples for each metallurgical condition were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, atom probe tomography, and DC-magnetization tests. Both texture and microtexture were evaluated by X-ray diffraction and electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD) techniques. Recovery, primary recrystallization, and abnormal grain growth (secondary recrystallization) processes have been observed at temperatures below 800°C. The amount of abnormally grown grains depends on the amount of previous cold rolling. The hypothesis for the most probable mechanism responsible for abnormal grain growth is based on the advantage size acquired by nuclei with misorientations above 45º surrounding their neighboring grains, even in regions where primary recrystallization was incomplete. The texture developed after abnormal grain growth has components belonging to ?- and ?-fibers with predominance of {111}, {111}, {100} e {110} components. The martensite transformation takes place when this steel is annealed above 800°C causing an increase of hardness, significant changes in microstructure, and texture weakening. The martensitic sructure depends very much on both austenitization temperature and initial austenitic grain size. The results of chemical analyses of stable particles present in samples annealed below 800oC were used to validate the thermodynamic calculations provided by Thermo-Calc.

Este trabalho tem como objetivo caracterizar as mudanças microestruturais durante o recozimento isotérmico de um fio de ferro trefilado a frio e de pureza comercial com ênfase no crescimento de grão. Os recozimentos foram realizados no intervalo de 823-1173 K por diversos tempos. As informações estatísticas do tamanho de grão foram obtidas por meio do método dos interceptos lineares. O mapeamento das orientações foi obtido por meio de difração de elétrons retroespalhados (EBSD). O material apresenta uma microestrutura ferrítica e totalmente recristalizada a partir de 873 K. Foram encontrados indícios de crescimento normal de grão a partir de 1023 K, porém este crescimento não evoluiu consideravelmente ao longo do tempo de tratamento. Os resultados obtidos a partir do método dos interceptos lineares demonstram que a distribuição de tamanho de grão segue uma curva próxima à log-normal. Nas amostras recozidas a partir de 1123 K, verificou-se a ocorrência de crescimento anormal de grão. O crescimento anormal de alguns grãos inicia-se na região central do fio, estendendo-se até uma região próxima à superfície do fio. Algumas modificações na dimensão da amostra e na atmosfera de recozimento foram realizadas a fim de se estudar a interação destas variáveis no desenvolvimento dos grãos anormais. Foram identificados indícios morfológicos de que o mecanismo para ocorrência de crescimento anormal foi o molhamento de contornos no estado sólido (solid-state wetting) que depois foram confirmados pelas análises de micro e mesotexturas. A análise de microtextura também revela que o material apresenta duas componentes preferenciais, as fibras || DT e || DT, onde DT é a direção axial de trefilação. A primeira orientação é a mais intensa, sendo que seu fortalecimento parece ser impulsionado pelo crescimento anormal de grão. A segunda é menos intensa e parece estar relacionada com as orientações dos grãos oriundos da recristalização primária. Aspectos teóricos e analíticos sobre o crescimento de grão são apresentados e associados aos resultados experimentais e à literatura. / This Dissertation aims follow the microstructural changes occurring during isothermal annealing of commercially-pure cold-drawn iron wire, with emphasys on grain growth phenomena. The grain size data were obtained by means of the linear intercept method. The orientations scanning were done by means of electron backscatter diffraction patterns (EBSD). Isothermal annealing was performed within the temperature range 823 - 1173 K for several times. The material displays full recrystallization at temperatures above 873 K. Normal grain growth was observed above 1023 K, although this growth did not evolve through longer annealing times. The results of the linear intercept method show the grain size distribution has a log-normal shape. For samples annealed above 1123 K, abnormal grain growth occurs. The first signs of secondary recrystallization appear close to the center of the wire, growing towards the surface. Changes in the wire diameter and annealing atmosphere were performed to assess the effect of these variables on abnormal grain growth. Results point out that abnormal grain growth is driven by solid-state wetting. These morphological observations were also confirmed by micro and mesotexture analyses. The microtexture also shows the presence of two major fiber texture components || WD and || WD, were WD is the axial wire-drawn direction. The first one is the most intense and its strengthening seems to be related with abnormal grain growth. The second one is weaker and it seems to be most related with small primary recrystallized grains. Theoretical and analytical features about grain growth are presented and discussed in light of literature and experimental results.

Les échangeurs compacts à plaques soudés-diffusés sont une solution prometteuse dans de nombreux domaines (nucléaire, (pétro-)chimie, solaire…) du fait de leurs performances. Ils sont envisagés pour le système de conversion d’énergie du réacteur nucléaire ASTRID. Pendant le soudage CIC, la problématique est double: maîtriser la déformation des canaux et l’évolution microstructurale du matériau tout en obtenant des interfaces résistantes. Cette thèse s’intéresse à la compréhension et à la maîtrise de la microstructure des assemblages pour définir des critères « procédé » permettant l’obtention d’interfaces non marquées par le procédé et le maintien d’une taille de grains fine. Après une caractérisation approfondie de leur surface et de l’évolution au chauffage de leur microstructure, le comportement au soudage de tôles en acier austénitique 316L a été étudié en faisant varier les paramètres liés au procédé (température et pression de soudage) et au format des tôles (épaisseur, état de surface…). Les résultats montrent que la formation de l’interface est associée à des mécanismes de croissance de grain classiques avec un ancrage interfacial plus ou moins marqué selon les caractéristiques des surfaces. Les propriétés mécaniques des assemblages ont été testées afin de déterminer la nocivité des défauts rencontrés. Si les pores constituent le défaut le plus pénalisant, l’influence d’autres hétérogénéités a été mise en évidence. Les étapes de formation des interfaces ont ensuite été identifiées par la réalisation de cycles de soudage interrompus. L’intérêt d’une approche numérique par la méthode Level-Set pour simuler les évolutions microstructurales est finalement discuté. / Compact diffusion bonded heat exchangers are an attractive option in many fields (nuclear, (petro-)chemistry, solar…) due to their performance. This type of concept is especially intended for manufacturing the energy conversion system of the ASTRID reactor. During diffusion bonding by HIP, the problem is twofold: the channel deformation and microstructure evolution must be controlled, while at the same time, highly resistant interfaces are desired. This thesis is focused on the understanding and the control of the bonded components microstructure prepared by HIP in order to define « process » criteria to achieve welds in agreement with specifications of components containing fluidic channels: interfaces unaffected by the process and small grain size. After a detailed characterization of their surface and microstructural evolution during heating, the behavior of AISI 316L austenitic steel sheets has been examined in a parametric study by varying the parameters related to process (diffusion bonding temperature and pressure) and welding material (thickness, surface finish…). The results show that the interface formation is driven by conventional grain growth mechanisms with an interfacial pining more or less marked depending on surface characteristics. The mechanical properties of assemblies have been tested to determine the influence of defects. Though pores are the most critical default, the influence of other heterogeneities has also been highlighted. The different steps of bond formation have been identified by performing interrupted diffusion bonding test. The interest of modeling approach by Level-Set method to simulate microstructure evolution has been finally discussed.

La présente thèse s’inscrit dans un contexte d’optimisation des procédés de forgeage et de traitements thermiques des alliages de titane pour les pièces de moteurs Snecma.Les sociétés TIMET, élaborateur, et SNECMA, motoriste, ont identifié des enjeux très analogues concernant le forgeage des billettes en alliage de titane destinées à la fabrication de disques moteurs. Il est nécessaire d'acquérir une maîtrise complète de la gamme de transformation, de la coulée au produit final. Ce traitement thermomécanique comporte une alternance d’étapes de forgeage dans les domaines bêta, à haute température, et alpha + bêta, à basse température.L’objectif est de déterminer expérimentalement et de modéliser le comportement mécanique ainsi que les évolutions de microstructure de l’alliage Ti17 au cours d'une déformation dans le domaine alpha + bêta suivie d’un maintien en bêta.En amont, ces travaux mènent à une meilleure compréhension des facteurs qui influencent la taille de grain dans le domaine bêta : la taille de grain bêta initiale, les orientations des aiguilles alpha dans le grain, la déformation et la désorientation subies lors du forgeage en alpha + bêta, etc.En ce qui concerne les applications, ils s’intègrent à un post-processeur métallurgique dédié au forgeage des alliages de titane, qui utilise les histoires thermomécaniques issues d’un calcul par éléments finis. / The thesis is part of a broader optimization program related to the forging and the heat treatments of SNECMA-engine components in titanium alloys.TIMET (producer) and SNECMA (engine manufacturer) companies have identified very similar issues concerning the forging of billets in titanium alloy for manufacturing engine discs. They need thus to gain complete control over the transformation range, from the casting to the final product. This thermomechanical treatment involves alternating forging steps in the beta domain, at high temperature, and in the alpha + beta field, at lower temperatures.The aim is to simulate the forging step in the two-phase, alpha + beta, range followed by recrystallization in the beta field during which microstructure evolves. This simulation involves the following phenomena: grain deformation, recrystallization and grain growth of the beta matrix and disorientation/fragmentation of the alpha-Widmanstätten platelets. More specifically, the effects of deformation in the alpha + beta field on the subsequent beta-grain growth during the heat treatment at higher temperatures have been analyzed in the case of Ti17 titanium alloy.Upstream, the work leads to a better understanding of the factors that influence grain size in the beta domain: the initial beta-grain size, the orientation of alpha needles in the grains, the distortion and disorientation experienced during the alpha + beta forging, etc. With regard to the applications, the above results will be implemented into a metallurgical post-processor dedicated to the forging process of titanium alloys, using the thermomechanical history resulting from a finite-element calculation.