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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
411

Automated Grammatical Tagging of Language Samples from Children with and without Language Impairment

Millet, Deborah 01 January 2003 (has links) (PDF)
Grammatical classification ("tagging") of words in language samples is a component of syntactic analysis for both clinical and research purposes. Previous studies have shown that probability-based software can be used to tag samples from adults and typically-developing children with high (about 95%) accuracy. The present study found that similar accuracy can be obtained in tagging samples from school-aged children with and without language impairment if the software uses tri-gram rather than bi-gram probabilities and large corpora are used to obtain probability information to train the tagging software.
412

Managing amoxicillin-clavulanic acid 1.2 gram in a North West public hospital : a supply chain analysis / Liezel van Geems

Van Geems, Liezel January 2014 (has links)
Professional nurses and their patients are directly influenced by insufficient medication, causing a decrease in the quality of care, delays in hospitalisation and it might lead to resistance. In some cases professional nurses have to leave the unit in search of medicine. Amoxicillin-clavulanic acid 1.2 gram for intravenous administration is prescribed to the majority of patients in the medical units in public South African hospitals. Yet there are intermitted insufficient stock levels and challenged inventory systems for amoxicillin-clavulanic acid 1.2 gram in some public hospitals. This fact is positioned against the background of a South African health system that has undergone major changes since the fall of Apartheid in 1994 and amidst major positive changes, is still challenged by overburdened hospital admissions and a quadruple disease burden. The aim of this research was to enhance optimal levels of amoxicillin-clavulanic acid 1.2 gram in medical units in public hospitals to ensure sufficient stock levels and timeous administration. The aim was achieved by identifying and describing the current supply chain of intravenous amoxicillin-clavulanic acid 1.2 gram in two medical units in a district (level 2) public hospital in the North West Province (from here referred only as North West) by identifying inefficiencies in the current supply chain and to formulate recommendations for management to enhance the supply chain of intravenous amoxicillin-clavulanic acid 1.2 gram to medical units in public hospitals. An exploratory case study approach was followed to explain the supply chain of amoxicillin-clavulanic acid 1.2 gram by utilising a qualitative, descriptive, explorative and contextual design. A case study approach was chosen as it examined single units within the context of real life as environment, which in this case were medical units in a level two public hospital, North West. The case selection was motivated and described, followed by case records of policies and standard operational procedures. Field participants included all levels of nurses (professional, enrolled and auxiliary) in medical male and female units on day and night duty, and the head of pharmacy [n=8]. Non-probable, purposive sampling was conducted according to inclusion criteria after all levels of ethical clearance and consent were granted. Three semi-structured individual interviews followed, after which two focus groups were conducted. Thematic analysis of transcriptions was done, followed by an analysis of case records regarding where after all results were integrated. Results indicated complex organisational, unit-specific and behavioural challenges that impact on the supply chain management of amoxicillin-clavulanic acid 1.2 gram and insufficient stock levels are predominantly positioned within retailer and customer aspects of the supply chain. Despite well-formulated standard operational procedures, the realisation thereof lacks, implicating a greater need for managerial control. Recommendations were formulated for management to enhance the supply chain of amoxicillin-clavulanic acid 1.2 gram in medical units in public South African hospitals integrated with good pharmacy practices. The close collaboration, mutual respect and effective communication between health professionals in the multi-professional team are reiterated. / MCur, North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015
413

Managing amoxicillin-clavulanic acid 1.2 gram in a North West public hospital : a supply chain analysis / Liezel van Geems

Van Geems, Liezel January 2014 (has links)
Professional nurses and their patients are directly influenced by insufficient medication, causing a decrease in the quality of care, delays in hospitalisation and it might lead to resistance. In some cases professional nurses have to leave the unit in search of medicine. Amoxicillin-clavulanic acid 1.2 gram for intravenous administration is prescribed to the majority of patients in the medical units in public South African hospitals. Yet there are intermitted insufficient stock levels and challenged inventory systems for amoxicillin-clavulanic acid 1.2 gram in some public hospitals. This fact is positioned against the background of a South African health system that has undergone major changes since the fall of Apartheid in 1994 and amidst major positive changes, is still challenged by overburdened hospital admissions and a quadruple disease burden. The aim of this research was to enhance optimal levels of amoxicillin-clavulanic acid 1.2 gram in medical units in public hospitals to ensure sufficient stock levels and timeous administration. The aim was achieved by identifying and describing the current supply chain of intravenous amoxicillin-clavulanic acid 1.2 gram in two medical units in a district (level 2) public hospital in the North West Province (from here referred only as North West) by identifying inefficiencies in the current supply chain and to formulate recommendations for management to enhance the supply chain of intravenous amoxicillin-clavulanic acid 1.2 gram to medical units in public hospitals. An exploratory case study approach was followed to explain the supply chain of amoxicillin-clavulanic acid 1.2 gram by utilising a qualitative, descriptive, explorative and contextual design. A case study approach was chosen as it examined single units within the context of real life as environment, which in this case were medical units in a level two public hospital, North West. The case selection was motivated and described, followed by case records of policies and standard operational procedures. Field participants included all levels of nurses (professional, enrolled and auxiliary) in medical male and female units on day and night duty, and the head of pharmacy [n=8]. Non-probable, purposive sampling was conducted according to inclusion criteria after all levels of ethical clearance and consent were granted. Three semi-structured individual interviews followed, after which two focus groups were conducted. Thematic analysis of transcriptions was done, followed by an analysis of case records regarding where after all results were integrated. Results indicated complex organisational, unit-specific and behavioural challenges that impact on the supply chain management of amoxicillin-clavulanic acid 1.2 gram and insufficient stock levels are predominantly positioned within retailer and customer aspects of the supply chain. Despite well-formulated standard operational procedures, the realisation thereof lacks, implicating a greater need for managerial control. Recommendations were formulated for management to enhance the supply chain of amoxicillin-clavulanic acid 1.2 gram in medical units in public South African hospitals integrated with good pharmacy practices. The close collaboration, mutual respect and effective communication between health professionals in the multi-professional team are reiterated. / MCur, North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015
414

Emerging Pathogens in Cystic Fibrosis Patients at Virginia Commonwealth University Medical Center (VCUMC)

Hill, Emily M. 01 January 2016 (has links)
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is an autosomal recessive disorder affecting 70,000 individuals worldwide. This disease is characterized by the buildup of mucus in the airways leading to chronic lung infections resulting in pulmonary failure and death in 95% of CF patients. Routine surveillance of CF pathogens using traditional microbiology culture guides management and treatment of CF patients. Molecular profiling studies have revealed emerging pathogens that may play a role in CF lung disease by either directly causing infection or upregulating the virulence factors of classic CF pathogens, such as P. aeruginosa; however, routine CF culture protocols have not been modified to detect these organisms. The goal of this study was to expand the data relevant to the use of microbiology cultures for the management and treatment of CF patients at Virginia Commonwealth University Medical Center (VCUMC) by directly selecting for emerging CF pathogens in culture. This was accomplished by developing,optimizing, and implementing an agar to select for colistin-resistant non-fermenting Gram- negative rods (NF GNRS). In addition, McKay agar and anaerobic media were utilized to recover members of the Streptococcus anginosus group (SAG) and anaerobes in CF respiratory samples. The prevalences of SAG, anaerobes, and colistin-resistant NF GNRs recovered on study media from 75 adult and pediatric CF patients at VCUMC were 17.33%, 41.33%, and 4% respectively. Approximately 62% of patients culture-positive for SAG were also infected with P. aeruginosa and 53.8% of SAG recovered in culture were from CF patients experiencing PE. These findings further support the claim that interspecies interactions among emerging and classic CF pathogens may result in periods of clinical instability or PE. Twenty-eight of the 75 patients were culture-positive for Veillonella species, with the majority of samples collected during a period of surveillance. Four colistin-resistant NF GNRs were isolated on the study media alone. The selective nature of the study media prevented the mixed respiratory flora and classic CF pathogens from overgrowing and obscuring the growth of these colistin-resistant NF GNRs. The presence and role of emerging pathogens in the CF patient population at VCUMC warrants further investigation; therefore, the routine culture protocol needs to be revised to recover and select for those organisms thought to play a role in PE and lung function decline.
415

Syntax-pragmatics interface : brazilian-portuguese L2 acquisition of english

Pacheco, Silvana Zardo 30 March 2007 (has links)
Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-14T13:39:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 397338.pdf: 9925885 bytes, checksum: 6246e217679a2ef423561da014fc365e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-03-30 / Essa disserta??o prop?e que certos erros sint?ticos na gram?tica de um aprendiz de L2 podem ser decorrentes da falta de conhecimento sobre a pragm?tica e a interface sintaxe-pragm?tica. Para contribuir com essa discuss?o, conduziu-se uma investiga??o sobre a aquisi??o das propriedades gramaticais dos sujeitos e dos objetos em ingl?s por aprendizes falantes do portugu?s brasileiro (PB). A principal hip?tese testada foi se os fatores associados com a pragm?tica dessas posi??es gramaticais em PB (a L1) podem levar os aprendizes a aceitar frases agramaticais em Ingl?s (a L2). Os sujeitos foram classificados em tr?s n?veis de profici?ncia ling??stica: b?sico (n=11), intermedi?rio (n=15) e avan?ado (n=14). Testes de julgamento gramatical e de interpreta??o foram empregados em duas condi??es: com e sem contexto pragm?tico. O desenvolvimento dos aprendizes na L2 e os seus conhecimentos sint?tico e pragm?tico foram analisados atrav?s do emprego de dummies como vari?veis explicativas e de an?lise de regress?o. Os resultados confirmaram a hip?tese de que a aquisi??o da interface interpretativa entre sintaxe e pragm?tica percorre uma trajet?ria de desenvolvimento que se estende al?m da aquisi??o individual desses dois componentes. As evid?ncias indicam que (1) os aprendizes t?m conhecimento sobre certas sutilezas estruturais da gram?tica da L2, o que sugere que a Gram?tica Universal (GU) est? dispon?vel para eles, (2) e que o desempenho deles ? prejudicado em pontos onde as propriedades pragm?ticas dos sujeitos e objetos na L1 diferem das propriedades pragm?ticas da L2, provavelmente, porque aspectos interpretativos a? envolvidos devem ser aprendidos, i.e., n?o h? orienta??o da GU. Argumenta-se que o Strong Continuity Model fornece uma fundamenta??o te?rica adequada para explicar os descompassos entre o conhecimento sint?tico e pragm?tico dos aprendizes de L2.
416

Sem?ntica lingu?stica e conhecimento expl?cito da l?ngua : contribui??es para um novo trabalho com a gram?tica em sala de aula

Batista, Leonardo Machado 22 January 2018 (has links)
Submitted by PPG Letras (letraspg@pucrs.br) on 2018-03-27T19:47:28Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Disserta??o_Leonardo Machado Batista.pdf: 2730910 bytes, checksum: 14486b9b66e67ba24eb1683c569f820c (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Tatiana Lopes (tatiana.lopes@pucrs.br) on 2018-04-06T20:01:36Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Disserta??o_Leonardo Machado Batista.pdf: 2730910 bytes, checksum: 14486b9b66e67ba24eb1683c569f820c (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-04-06T20:06:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Disserta??o_Leonardo Machado Batista.pdf: 2730910 bytes, checksum: 14486b9b66e67ba24eb1683c569f820c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-01-22 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior - CAPES / Esta disertaci?n examina la problem?tica de la ense?anza de Lengua Materna y refiere espec?ficamente al tratamiento que se les da a las pr?cticas pedag?gicas que toman como objeto de estudio los articuladores discursivos, que se suelen clasificar como conjunciones. A partir de la suposici?n de que predomina la Gram?tica Tradicional en las clases de Lengua Portuguesa, se presenta una revisi?n bibliogr?fica sobre la tem?tica. En esa, se repercuten algunas investigaciones llevadas a cabo por ling?istas expertos en Ense?anza de Lengua Materna y Gram?tica Tradicional. A medida que se evidencia la hegemon?a de la tradici?n gramatical en las clases de Lengua Materna, se tejen algunas consideraciones sobre el lugar perif?rico de la Sem?ntica dentro de esa propuesta te?rica. Adem?s de eso, se proporcionan reflexiones sobre la importancia de los sentidos en la constituci?n de un enunciado, lo que lleva a la sugerencia de una transformaci?n de las pr?cticas de ense?anza actuales: de clases que tienen la forma ling??stica como objeto exclusivo de an?lisis en clases que tengan el sentido como principal meta de las lecciones. En virtud de ello, se propone, para la ense?anza de los articuladores discursivos, una transposici?n did?ctica de la Teor?a de la Argumentaci?n en la Lengua, de Oswald Ducrot y sus colaboradores. Objetivamente, esa proposici?n pretende suplir algunos d?ficits presentes en el contexto de ense?anza brasile?o, manifestados sobre todo en los bajos niveles de proficiencia de lectura y escritura constatados en evaluaciones nacionales e internacionales. Eso se debe a que un ling?ista filiado a Ducrot puede entender la lectura como la b?squeda por sentidos en un enunciado, mientras la escritura se podr?a entender como la construcci?n de esos sentidos. As?, la familiaridad con los articuladores discursivos y los tipos de juegos argumentativos que establecen, potencia las habilidades discursivas de los alumnos. De este modo, se recurre a la Teor?a de las Transposiciones Did?cticas desarrollada por Yves Chevallard para que se puedan transformar los conocimientos considerados eruditos en conocimientos que se deben estudiar, por ejemplo, los mecanismos sem?ntico-ling??sticos involucrados en la construcci?n de los sentidos. Con base en eso, se presentan algunos ejercicios did?cticos inspirados en diferentes conceptos ducrotianos, todos preocupados con el desarrollo de las habilidades discursivas recurriendo a la comprensi?n de los procesos sem?nticos inherentes a la formaci?n de un enunciado. Como consideraciones finales, fundament?ndose en los ejercicios propuestos, se aclara que la Teor?a de la Argumentaci?n en la Lengua dispone de un potencial considerable de transposici?n a la Ense?anza de Lengua Materna. / A presente disserta??o debru?a-se sobre a problem?tica do ensino de l?ngua materna, mais especificamente sobre o tratamento dado ?s pr?ticas pedag?gicas que tomam como objeto de estudo os articuladores discursivos, habitualmente classificados como conjun??es. Partindo-se da suposi??o de que h? um predom?nio da Gram?tica Tradicional nas aulas de L?ngua Portuguesa, faz-se uma revis?o bibliogr?fica sobre o tema em quest?o, na qual s?o repercutidas algumas investiga??es levadas a cabo por linguistas especialistas em Ensino de l?ngua materna e Gram?tica Tradicional. ? propor??o que se torna evidente uma hegemonia da tradi??o gramatical nas aulas de l?ngua materna, s?o tecidas algumas considera??es sobre o lugar perif?rico da Sem?ntica dentro daquela proposta te?rica. Al?m disso, s?o constru?das reflex?es sobre a import?ncia dos sentidos na constitui??o de um enunciado, o que leva ? sugest?o de uma transforma??o das pr?ticas de ensino atuais: de aulas que tomam a forma lingu?stica como objeto exclusivo de an?lise em aulas que tomem o sentido como principal alvo das li??es. Prop?e-se, em virtude disso, para a causa do ensino dos articuladores discursivos, uma transposi??o did?tica da Teoria da Argumenta??o na L?ngua, de Oswald Ducrot e colaboradores. Objetivamente, essa proposi??o pretende preencher alguns d?ficits presentes no contexto de ensino brasileiro, manifestados sobretudo nos baixos n?veis de profici?ncia de leitura e de escrita constatados em avalia??es nacionais e internacionais. Isso porque, para um semanticista filiado a Ducrot, a leitura pode ser entendida como a busca por sentidos em um enunciado, enquanto a escrita seria a constru??o desses sentidos, de modo que a familiaridade com articuladores discursivos e com os tipos de jogos argumentativos potencializa habilidades discursivas nos alunos. Assim sendo, recorre-se ? Teoria das Transposi??es Did?ticas desenvolvida por Yves Chevallard para que se possa transformar, em conhecimentos a serem ensinados, conhecimentos tidos como eruditos, por exemplo, os mecanismos sem?ntico-lingu?sticos envolvidos na constru??o dos sentidos. ? vista disso, s?o apresentados alguns exerc?cios did?ticos inspirados em diferentes conceitos ducrotianos, todos preocupados com o desenvolvimento de habilidades discursivas recorrendo ? compreens?o dos processos sem?nticos incutidos na forma??o de um enunciado. Em forma de considera??es finais, fundamentando-se nos exerc?cios expostos, fica esclarecido que a Teoria da Argumenta??o na L?ngua disp?e de um consider?vel potencial para que seja transposta ao ensino de L?ngua Materna.
417

Delimita??o e evolu??o de bambus herb?ceos da linhagem Olyrinae (Poaceae-Bambusaideae-Olyreae), com ?nfase nos g?neros Raddiella Swallen e Parodiolyra Soderstr & Zuloaga

Oliveira, Iasmin Laiane de Castro 29 September 2017 (has links)
Submitted by Jadson Francisco de Jesus SILVA (jadson@uefs.br) on 2018-02-21T21:18:16Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissert I L C Oliveira 2017_final.pdf: 6578878 bytes, checksum: bf8186fc5892b0b1f1d2b57bcfd1d13f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-02-21T21:18:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissert I L C Oliveira 2017_final.pdf: 6578878 bytes, checksum: bf8186fc5892b0b1f1d2b57bcfd1d13f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-09-29 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior - CAPES / The genera Raddiella Swallen and Parodiolyra Soderstr. & Zuloaga belong to the tribe Olyreae, subtribe Olyrinae, a group of Neotropical Poaceae including herbaceous bamboos. This is typical forest tribe with great ecological importance and poorly explored ornamental potential. Molecular phylogeny studies based on nuclear and cp-DNA spacers indicate that Parodiolyra and Raddiella are components of one of the most well supported lineages in Olyrinae, with Diandrolyra Stapf as sister group. However, the inner relationships in this lineage remain uncertain, due to the scarcity of studies involving the group. The use of DNA sequences has been efficient to comprehend the evolutionary relationships and the limits among bamboos groups. In this way, the aim of this study was to expand the knowledge about the biodiversity and evolution of the tribe by clarifying the phylogenetic relationships among Parodiolyra and Raddiella. The sampling of these genera were amplified and sequences of different regions of nuclear genome (ITS1-5.8S-ITS2) and cpDNA (rpl32-trnL, trnD-trnT, trnS-trnG and ndhF) were generated and the data was analyzed by Maximum Parsimony (MP), Bayesian Inference (BI) and Maximum Likelihood (ML) methods. The results obtained reinforced that Olyrinae and Parianinae are monophyletic and the paraphyly of Olyra L. and Sucrea Soderstr. Diandrolyra was confirmed as sister group of Parodiolyra-Raddiella clade, which has P. micrantha (Kunth) Davidse & Zuloaga as sister of the clade formed by the other species of Parodiolyra and Raddiella. This species is here transferred to the proposed new genus, Taquara I.L.C.Oliveira & R.P.Oliveira and in this context Parodiolyra becomes monophyletic. The inner results in Raddiella were incongruent by reason of the position of R. malmeana Zuloaga & Judz, recovered as sister group of Parodiolyra species, except for rpl32 and ITS. The delimitation of Raddiella continue uncertain due to the incongruences and the low sampling of phreatophytes species. The work contributes to the understanding of herbaceous bamboos evolution and increases the knowledge of the diversity of Brazilian flora throughout the description of a new genus. It also provides an important base to posterior studies, for applied purposes as well as conservative, once the majority of Olyreae species are endangered to extinction. / Os g?neros Raddiella Swallen e Parodiolyra Soderstr. & Zuloaga pertencem ? tribo Olyreae, subtribo Olyrinae, um grupo de Poaceae Neotropicais que inclui os bambus herb?ceos. Essa tribo ? tipicamente florestal, de grande import?ncia ecol?gica e com potencial ornamental ainda pouco explorado. Estudos de filogenia molecular com base em espa?adores do DNA nuclear e plastidial indicam que Parodiolyra e Raddiella comp?em uma das linhagens mais bem sustentadas em Olyrinae, tendo Diandrolyra Stapf como grupo irm?o. No entanto, as rela??es internas dessa linhagem permanecem incertas, devido aos estudos escassos envolvendo o grupo. O uso de sequ?ncias do DNA tem sido bastante eficiente na compreens?o das rela??es evolutivas e dos limites entre grupos de bambus e desta forma, o presente estudo teve como objetivo ampliar o conhecimento sobre a biodiversidade e a evolu??o dessa tribo, atrav?s do esclarecimento das rela??es filogen?ticas entre os g?neros Parodiolyra e Raddiella. A amostragem desses g?neros foi aqui ampliada atrav?s da produ??o de novas sequ?ncias de diferentes regi?es dos genomas nuclear (ITS1-5.8S-ITS2) e plastidial (rpl32-trnL, trnD-trnT, trnS-trnG e ndhF), analisadas atrav?s dos m?todos de M?xima Parcim?nia (MP), M?xima Verossimilhan?a (MV) e Infer?ncia Bayesiana (IB). Os resultados refor?am o monofiletismo da tribo Olyreae, das subtribos Olyrinae e Parianinae, bem como o parafiletismo de Olyra L. e Sucrea Soderstr. Diandrolyra foi confirmado como grupo irm?o do clado Parodiolyra-Raddiella, que tem P. micrantha (Kunth) Davidse & Zuloaga como irm? do clado formado pelas demais esp?cies de Parodiolyra e Raddiella. Essa esp?cie ? aqui transferida para o novo g?nero proposto, Taquara I.L.C.Oliveira & R.P.Oliveira e neste contexto, Parodiolyra passa a ser monofil?tico. Os resultados referentes aos clados internos em Raddiella foram incongruentes devido ? posi??o de R. malmeana Zuloaga & Judz, recuperada como grupo irm?o de esp?cies de Parodiolyra, exceto pelo rpl32 e pelo ITS. A delimita??o de Raddiella segue incerta, devido a tais incongru?ncias e ? baixa amostragem das esp?cies freat?fitas. O trabalho contribui para o entendimento da evolu??o dos bambus herb?ceos e amplia o conhecimento sobre a diversidade da flora brasileira atrav?s da descri??o de um novo g?nero. Fornece ainda uma base importante para estudos posteriores no grupo, tanto para fins aplicados quanto conservacionistas, uma vez que a maioria das esp?cies de Olyreae est? amea?ada de extin??o.
418

Avaliação da segurança de polimixina B em altas doses para o tratamento de infecções causadas por bacilos gram-negativo multirresistentes

França, Josiane January 2017 (has links)
Base teórica: O surgimento de bactérias multirresistentes levou a uma renovação no interesse de antigos antimicrobianos, como a polimixina B, medicamento que foi descartado no passado devido sua toxicidade. Nas últimas duas décadas, esse antimicrobiano tornou-se um dos mais importantes agentes terapêuticos para o tratamento de infecções causadas por bactérias multirresistentes; porém, ainda faltam estudos clínicos que avaliem a segurança da polimixina B, especialmente em altas doses. Objetivo: Avaliar eventos adversos graves relacionados à infusão e a falência renal nos pacientes que receberam altas doses de polimixina B intravenosa. Métodos: Realizamos um estudo de coorte retrospectivo, multicêntrico. Incluímos pacientes que receberam > 3mg/kg/ dia ou uma dose total ≥250mg/dia de polimixina B, no período de janeiro de 2013 a dezembro de 2015. Para a avaliação dos eventos relacionados a infusão, foram incluídos pacientes que receberam ≥ 1 dose de polimixina B e para avaliação de falência renal incluiu apenas os pacientes que receberam ≥ 48 horas de polimixina B. Os desfechos principais avaliados foram os eventos adversos graves relacionados à infusão de acordo com os Critérios de Terminologia Comuns para Eventos Adversos (CTCAE v4.0) e a falência renal, utilizamos os critérios RIFLE (Risk, Injury, Failure, Loss and End stage), para categorizar os diferentes graus de lesão renal aguda. As variáveis incluídas no estudo foram as variáveis demográficas (idade, sexo), as variáveis individuais (peso, comorbidades, escore de Charlson), os fatores de gravidade (internação em UTI, uso de vasopressor, uso de bloqueador neuromuscular), outras fármacos nefrotóxicas, dose de polimixina utilizada (total, média diária e em mg/kg/dia), associação com outros medicamentos, e características da infecção (sítio, isolamento microbiológico) foram avaliadas em análise bivariada. Variáveis com P≤0.2 foram incluídas uma a uma, em ordem crescente, em modelo de regressão de COX. Variáveis com P< 0.1 permaneceram no modelo final. Resultados: Foram incluídos 222 pacientes para análise de eventos graves relacionados à infusão. A dose média de polimixina B foi de 3.61± 0.97 mg/kg /dia (dose total media = 268 mg/kg). Ocorreram eventos adversos graves relacionados à infusão em dois pacientes, determinando uma incidência bruta de 0.9% (intervalo de confiança de 95%, 0.2-3.2): um 7 evento classificado como um risco ameaçador a vida (efeito adverso classe IV) ocorreu em um paciente, homem, de 40 anos, internado no Centro de Terapia Intensiva, com fibrose cística, que recebeu 3,3 mg / kg / dia de PMB e desenvolveu dor torácica súbita, dispnéia e hipoxemia, no quarto dia de tratamento e o outro evento adverso grave (classe III), ocorreu em um paciente, homem, 23 anos, internado na enfermaria, com linfoma, que recebeu 3,6 mg / kg / dia de PMB , que apresentou parestesia perioral, tonturas e dispnéia no primeiro dia de tratamento. A falência renal foi analisada em 115 pacientes que receberam ≥ 48 horas de polimixina B e que não estavam em diálise no início do tratamento com Polimixina B; Falência renal foi encontrada em 25 de 115 (21,7%) pacientes expostos as PMB. Nosso estudo identificou que 54 [47,0%] pacientes desenvolveram algum grau de lesão renal aguda, pelos critérios de RIFLE: risco, 15 (27,8%), injúria, 14 (25,9%) e falência, 25 (46,3%) dentro das categorias do RIFLE. Além disso, droga vasoativa, outros fármacos nefrotóxicos e clearance de creatinina foram fatores de risco independentes para falência renal. Nem a dose diária de polimixina B ajustada para o peso corporal, nem a dose diária total foram associadas a falência renal. A mortalidade intra-hospitalar foi de 60% (134 pacientes): 26% (57 pacientes) morreram durante o tratamento e nenhum óbito foi durante a infusão. Conclusão: Altas doses de polimixina B no tratamento de infecções por bactérias gramnegativo apresentaram incidência baixa de eventos adversos agudos no nosso estudo e incidência de nefrotoxicidade elevadas, mas semelhantes a alguns estudos prévios com doses usuais”. Portanto, doses elevadas podem ser testadas em ensaios clínicos, objetivando melhorar os desfechos dos pacientes gravemente doentes com infecções por bactérias multirresistentes e minimizar o surgimento da resistência a polimixina B. / Background: The emergence of multiresistant bacteria has led to a renewal in the interest of old antimicrobials, such as polymyxin B, a drug that has been discarded in the past due to its toxicity. However, at this time, this antimicrobial has become one of the most important therapeutic agents for the treatment of infections caused by multiresistant bacteria but there is still a lack of clinical studies that evaluate the safety of polymyxin B, especially in relation to the use of high doses. This strategy, high doses, may be necessary in the fight against Gramnegative bacteria with a high minimum inhibitory concentration. Patients and methods: A retrospective, multicenter cohort study; the period evaluated was from January 2013 to December 2015, included patients who received > 3mg/kg/day or a total dose of ≥250mg/day of polymyxin B. The study included the evaluation of infusion-related events, patients who received ≥ 1 dose of polymyxin B and patients who received ≥ 48 hours of PMB were included for evaluation of renal failure. Major outcomes were serious adverse events related to infusion according to the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE v4.0) and categorized renal failure by the RIFLE criteria (Risk, Injury, Failure, Loss, End stage). Factors potentially related to nephrotoxicity or mortality in 30 days were: demographic variables (age, sex), individual variables (weight, comorbidities, Charlson score), severity factors (ICU admission, use of vasopressor, use of Neuromuscular blocker), nephrotoxicity (other nephrotoxic drugs), polymyxin dose (total, daily mean and mg / Kg / day), association of drugs and infection characteristics (site and microbiological isolate) were evaluated in bivariate analysis. Variables with P≤0.2 were included one by one, in ascending order, in a Cox regression model. Variables with P <0.1 remained in the final model. Results: Two of 222 patients presented a severe infusion-related adverse event during PMB infusion, resulting in a crude incidence of 0.9% (95% Confidence Interval [CI], 0.2-3.2); one was classified as life-threatening and one classified as severe (crude incidence of each adverse event, 0.45%; 95% CI, 0.08-2.5). The life-threatening adverse effect occurred in an ICU patient (crude incidence among ICU patients, 0.67%; 95% CI, 0.12-3.7), a 40-years old male with cystic fibrosis who used 3.3 mg/kg/day of PMB and developed sudden thoracic pain, dyspnea and hypoxemia, in the fourth day of treatment. The severe adverse effect occurred in a non-ICU patient (crude incidence among non-ICU patients, 1.3%; 95% CI, 0.2-7.2), a 23- years old male with lymphoma exposed to 3.6 mg/kg/day of PMB, who presented perioral 9 paresthesia, dizziness and dyspnea in the first day of treatment. Renal failure was analysed in 115 patients who received ≥48 hours of PMB and who were not previously in dialysis. A total of 54 [47.0%] patients developed any degree of AKI, categorised as Risk [27.8%]; Injury [25.9%] and Failure [46.3%]) and 25 of 115 (21.7%) patients presented renal failure Vasoactive drug, concomitant nephrotoxic drugs and baseline creatinine clearance were independent risk factors for renal failure. Neither PMB daily dose scaled by body weight nor total daily dose were associated with renal failure. In-hospital mortality was 60% (134 patients): 26% (57 patients) occurred during treatment and none during infusion. Conclusion: Results suggest that high dose regimens have similar safety profile of usual doses and could be further tested in clinical trials assessing strategies to improve patients’ outcomes and minimize the emergence of PMB resistance.
419

Testes de julgamento gramatical em pesquisas de aquisi??o de segunda l?ngua

Gr?gis, Rosi Ana 19 December 2007 (has links)
Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-14T13:37:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 400598.pdf: 14187587 bytes, checksum: 7acfc9ca98f080a9179e243fb4d12263 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-12-19 / O objetivo deste trabalho ? revisitar a aplica??o e a validade dos Testes de Julgamento Gramatical (GJTs) em pesquisas de Aquisi??o de Segunda L?ngua (SLA). Os GJTs s?o largamente utilizados em pesquisas ling??sticas desde meados dos anos 60, e, desde ent?o, sua validade ? motivo de discuss?es entre te?ricos da ?rea. A partir de resultados de pesquisas realizadas por autores como Chaudron (1983, 2003), Birdsong (1989), Sch?tze (1996), Sorace (1996), Mackey e Gass (2005), entre outros, constatamos que os GJTs podem ser um modo v?lido e ?til para obten??o de resultados, em pesquisas de SLA, se seguirem algumas condi??es para que obtenham mais validade e credibilidade. Portanto, nosso principal prop?sito nesta tese ? propor condi??es que devem ser levadas em conta quando os pesquisadores optam por esse tipo de teste metaling??stico.
420

Tema e n-rema : a constru??o do fluxo de informa??o em textos narrativos sob uma perspectiva sist?mico-funcional

Olioni, Raymundo da Costa 30 October 2009 (has links)
Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-14T13:38:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 423924.pdf: 961961 bytes, checksum: 48b36718e4b8fe2707d4751e6bef3117 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-10-30 / Este estudo tem como referencial te?rico a Gram?tica Sist?mico-Funcional (GSF) de M. A. K. Halliday, centrando-se especificamente nas fun??es de Tema e de Informa??o Nova pertencentes respectivamente ? Estrutura Tem?tica e ? Estrutura de Informa??o na Metafun??o Textual, um dos n?veis de an?lise lingu?stica da GSF, que organiza a ora??o como mensagem e sistematiza os significados experienciais e interpessoais. Com base nas no??es de Halliday (1985, 1994, 2004) sobre Tema funcional, nos estudos de Dane (1974) sobre Progress?o Tem?tica e nas investiga??es de Peter Fries (1981; 1983; 1994; 1995; 1997; 2002; 2009) concernentes a M?todo de Desenvolvimento Textual e a N-Rema, observa-se de que modo, em textos narrativos escritos em l?ngua portuguesa, se constr?i o texto como unidade de sentido. Verifica-se, assim, o fluxo de informa??o, ou seja, como a Informa??o Nova em uma ora??o se relaciona ao contexto local desta o Tema e qual o movimento realizado do ponto de partida da ora??o como mensagem em rela??o ao final da ora??o, ponto em que se concentra a informa??o de maior valor para o leitor em estruturas de ordem can?nica. Na seq??ncia, constata-se que os Temas oracionais n?o-marcados recorrentes neste tipo de produ??o, por terem um alto ?ndice de previsibilidade, indicam o ponto de vista do escritor sobre o assunto do texto, e que o mapeamento dos N-Remas oracionais que possuem um alto ?ndice de informatividade coincidem com a informa??o mais significativa para o leitor. Dessa forma, tem-se, na configura??o dos Temas e dos NRemas oracionais, um esqueleto do texto, isto ?, um esquema contendo o ponto de vista do escritor agregado ?s id?ias mais significativas a serem retidas pelo leitor, o que possibilita, numa segunda inst?ncia, a forma??o de um resumo, uma s?ntese do texto original.

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