M.A. (Afrikaans) / Please refer to full text to view abstract

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Una variable lingüística de Hispanoamérica: Cómo incorporar el voseo al español de nuestros estudiantes En esta investigación se hará una descripción histórica y lingüística del voseo. La metodología de este estudio consta primero de un breve análisis bibliográfico de estudios anteriores sobre la historia del español hasta llegar al fenómeno del voseo y los factores que afectaron su evolución y distribución en Hispanoamérica. La segunda parte consiste en un análisis sociolingüístico de un cuestionario para alumnos de español intermedio con el fin de investigar si los estudiantes conocen o no el vos. La tercera parte es una discusión de las preguntas que este trabajo intenta responder enfocándose en la importancia y valoración que el voseo puede tener en nuestras aulas.

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Orientador: Ruth Elisabeth Vasconcellos Lopes / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-18T05:22:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Arvigo_MariaClaudia_M.pdf: 2310306 bytes, checksum: bb233c9ad0e9205ce7d4d95f43360732 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: Crianças acometidas pelo Déficit Específico de Linguagem (DEL) apresentam dificuldades na composição da estrutura gramatical de sua língua. Uma das dificuldades mais documentadas refere-se à morfologia de tempo, sendo que esta categoria funcional pode ser omitida assistematicamente ou substituída de forma irregular. Tempo e Aspecto encontram-se relacionados intrinsecamente, impossibilitando o estudo do primeiro sem a observação do segundo. Estudos anteriores referem que crianças com DEL apresentam bom reconhecimento de temporalidade (passado, presente e futuro), mas encontram relativa dificuldade em compreender a relação entre eventos completos/ incompletos e o passado progressivo (aspecto gramatical imperfectivo). Este comportamento seria resultado de uma baixa sensibilidade às propriedades aspectuais, evidenciada pela pouca ou nenhuma variação do desempenho com relação ao aspecto lexical. Tais resultados referem-se a pesquisas com crianças anglófonas, já o presente estudo buscou verificar se o mesmo ocorre em crianças com DEL adquirindo o português brasileiro. Resultados encontrados demonstram que os indivíduos participantes apresentam variações em seu comportamento que podem ser atribuídas à presença do aspecto lexical, enfraquecendo a hipótese da insensibilidade aspectual, ao menos no que se refere ao português brasileiro. Outra questão abordada foi a distinção entre evento e não-evento por meio de pares de figuras representando um evento e um objeto tanto com verbos e nomes existentes na língua como com palavras novas ou pseudopalavras. O que se viu foi o melhor desempenho com verbos, demonstrando sensibilidade às pistas morfológicas ao menos com palavras pertencentes ao léxico / Abstract: Children affected by the Specific Language Impairment (SLI) have difficulties with the composition of the grammatical structure of their language. One of the most documented difficulties concerns the tense morphology, a functional category that can be unsystematically omitted or irregularly replaced. Tense and Aspect are intrinsically linked, making it impossible to study the first without observing the latter. According to previous researches, children with SLI show good recognition of temporality (past, present and future), but find relative difficulty in understanding the relationship between complete/ incomplete events and past progressive (imperfective grammatical aspect). This behavior would be the result of a low sensitivity to the aspectual proprieties, evidenced by little or no change in performance with regards to lexical aspect. These results have been seen in other researches with English-speaking children, and this study sought to verify whether the same occurs in children with SLI acquiring Brazilian Portuguese. Results have shown that individuals vary in their behavior, which can be attributed to the presence of lexical aspect, weakening the hypothesis of aspectual insensitivity, at least in relation to Brazilian Portuguese. Another issue discussed was the distinction between event and nonevent by means of pairs of figures representing an event and an object with both real verbs and real nouns as with new verbs and nouns or pseudo-words. What we saw was that the best performance happened with verbs, demonstrating sensitivity to morphological clues at least with words belonging to the lexicon / Mestrado / Linguistica / Mestre em Linguística

Orientador: Lucy Seki / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-13T08:50:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Pereira_AntoniaAlves_D.pdf: 1878111 bytes, checksum: e27694a7bee34a2eea7f6a09902ec93b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Resumo: Esta tese é um estudo da morfossintaxe da língua Asuriní do Xingu (família Tupi- Guaraní), falada pelos asuriní que residem no Posto Indígena Kwatinemu, no município de Altamira, estado do Pará. A análise pretendeu dar uma visão geral da língua e apresentar aspectos socioculturais de seu povo. Dessa forma, além da morfologia e da sintaxe, partes centrais da tese, procuramos também apresentar a fonologia no nível segmental, pois essa parte era essencial para a continuidade do estudo da língua nos níveis morfológicos e sintáticos. Em conformidade com nossos objetivos, a tese encontra-se dividida em seis capítulos. O capítulo 1 trata de aspectos históricos e socioculturais do grupo, o 2 trata da fonologia no nível segmental, o capítulo 3 discute as classes de palavras da língua, apresentando os critérios para a sua divisão. O capítulo 4 trata de fenômenos relacionados a subconstituintes da oração, nele são discutidos aspectos como a marcação de caso na língua, a oposição nome /verbo x argumento/ predicado, além disso, é mostrada a estrutura dos sintagmas nominal e verbal da língua. O capítulo 5 trata das orações independentes e de como é feita sua classificação. E o capítulo 6 trata das sentenças complexas, que compreendem as coordenadas e as subordinadas. / Abstract: This thesis is a study of the morphosyntax of the Asuriní of Xingu language (Tupi-Guarani family), spoken by the Asuriní who reside at the Posto Indígena Kwatinemu in the municipality of Altamira, Pará State, Brazil. Chapter 1 summarizes the historical and sociological background of the group. Chapter 2 presents the segmental phonology of the language. Chapter 3 discusses word classes and gives criteria for class division. Chapter 4 deals with phenomena related to sentence constituents, including case marking, the noun/verb vs. argument/predicate opposition, and the structure of noun and verb phrases. Chapter 5 deals with independent clauses and their classification. Chapter 6 describes coordination and subordination in complex sentences. Complex sentences are classified into sub-types, and their morphological and syntactic structure is described. / Doutorado / Linguas Indigenas / Doutor em Linguística

Orientador: Wilmar da Rocha D'Angelis / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-19T03:04:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Goncalves_SolangeAparecida_D.pdf: 1311084 bytes, checksum: 1fd2551f7b41fadf2a0f101164da9141 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: Neste trabalho busco descrever o funcionamento das categorias temporais, aspectuais, de modo e de modalidade na língua Kaingang Sul (Jê) principalmente a partir de observações de seu emprego em contextos discursivos orais e escritos. Tais categorias são, em sua maioria, gramaticalizadas e abertamente marcadas quando relevantes para o contexto linguístico. Para minha proposição, dividi a tese em 6 capítulos e uma conclusão. No capítulo 1 discorro brevemente sobre a motivação do trabalho e faço algumas observações introdutórias que ajudarão na leitura do restante do texto. Informações sobre quem são os Kaingang também podem ser encontradas. Um sub-item aborda questões de metodologia e trabalho de campo. O capítulo traz ainda uma síntese de informações sobre a língua que tornará mais fácil a leitura e a compreensão dos dados ao longo da tese. O capítulo 2 trata da perspectiva temporal no Kaingang Sul. No capítulo 3 apresento a questão de Aspectualidade, mostrando que há distinção entre as perspectivas Perfectiva e Imperfectiva na língua. O capítulo 4 traz considerações sobre operadores de Modo e de Modalidade. Em um 5º capítulo estão sendo mostrados os diferentes usos ou papéis que os verbos de 'posição' (ou Posicionais) podem exercer na língua Kaingang. Também se poderá observar que há marcadores que aparecem principalmente em narrativas e estarão no capítulo 6 (que faz referência às relações discursivas), onde além de mostrar alguns dos operadores discursivos, também faço uma apresentação e discussão sobre estratégias de evidencialidade utilizadas em diferentes contextos / Abstract: In this work I try describe the functioning of temporal, aspectual, of mood and modality categories in Southern Kaingang (Ge) mainly from observation of its use in oral and written discursive contexts. These categories are mostly grammaticalized and openly marked as relevant to the linguistic context. For my proposition, I divided this thesis in six chapters, and a conclusion. In Chapter 1, I briefly discuss the motivation of this research, and make some introductory remarks that will help in reading the further chapters. Information about who are the Kaingang can also be found. Another item deals with issues of methodology and field work. The chapter also contains summary information about the language that will make easier reading and understand the data along the thesis. The Chapter 2 deals with the Time perspective in Southern Kaingang. In Chapter 3, I present the question of aspectuality, showing that there is distinction between Perfective and Imperfect perspectives in the language. Chapter 4 presents considerations for operators of mood and modality. In 5th chapter are shown the different uses or roles that the Positional Verbs can play in Kaingang language. There are markers that appear primarily in narratives; and they are in Chapter 6 (which refers to the discursive relations), and also are showed some discursive operators. This last chapter brings a presentation and discussion about strategies of evidentiality used in different contexts / Doutorado / Linguistica / Doutor em Linguística

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This dissertation explores a family of temporal meanings pertaining to when, as it appears in When the results were negligible, Galdwin asked why; when she was 50, she left him; and Lowe took a 3-1 lead into the 5th when he finally surrendered his first home run of the season. A widely-accepted view is that when used this way functions as a generalpurpose temporal connective, with underspecified semantics reminiscent to after, during or before, which vary depending on the surrounding context. I propose a heavy revision of this particular claim; surrounding contexts do not by themselves determine the temporal interpretation of when, but they function to strengthen the basic meaning already imposed by grammatical features and lexical constraints. The present system provides accounts for several empirical problems related to corpus-based examples which are inconsistent with previous approaches to the semantics of when. A further characteristic of the present study is its cross-linguistic nature. I extend the analysis of when to toki(-ni), the Japanese counterpart to when. Comparing English and Japanese, I argue that the two languages share the fundamental semantic system but employ different sets of triggering factors for the strengthening process. Supporting evidence for my arguments comes from two manuallyculled newstext corpora prepared for this study. Chapter 1 gives an introduction to the phenomena and issues of interest. I address three distinct temporal relations holding between the when- and main clause events. Forward-sequence entails that the when- clause event occurs earlier than the main, as in when the results were negligible, Galdwin asked why. Overlap consists of two clauses that denote overlapping events, as in when she was 50, she left him. Backward-sequence entails that the when- clause event takes place after the main clause event, as in Lowe took a 3-1 lead into the fifth when he finally surrendered his first home run of the season. Discussions in later chapters assume some familiarity to temporal and discourse semantics literature. Chapter 2 has been devoted to providing such background information, including an introduction to Discourse Representation Theory (Kamp and Reyle (1993)) and Two-Component Aspect Theory (Smith (1993, 1997)). For visual presentation of my ideas, I adopt Blackburn & Bos’ (2000) DRS-building scheme. In Chapter 3 I sketch previous analyses on when- sentences and address their empirical problems. I discuss two streams of approaches. Under one view, when commits to placing two eventualities temporally close to each other, without fixing their relative order (Heinëmäki (1978), Ritchie (1979) and Hinrichs (1986)). An implication of this type of proposal is that whenever a when appears, there is little restriction as to which one of the temporal meanings is chosen. Thus, for these authors when is a general-purpose temporal adverbial used without a specific temporal meaning built into it. Alternatively, scholars such as Moens and Steedman (1989) and Sändström (1993) argue that when does not order events temporally; it only adds an implication concerning event consequentiality, namely that the main clause event is a consequence of the when clause event. A major problem common to both approaches is empirical. The former entails that when is vague as to its temporal implications, when in actuality a given when sentence is usually associated with only one of the temporal meanings. The latter approach, on the other hand, is misleading in giving the impression that all when sentences bear a consequential relation: corpus examples in the present study reveal that it is not true. Chapter 4 presents English corpus data collected for this study and an analysis of when- sentences that avoids the problems surrounding the previous approaches, with emphasis on the claim that pragmatic information is fully responsible for rendering the temporal meanings associated with when. I examine this proposal critically and arrive at a hybrid system where grammatical and pragmatic or extra-linguistic informational contents work in tandem. I also discuss DRT construction rules for when and demonstrate my system for some key examples drawn from the corpus. Chapter 5 turns to a cross-linguistic consideration, focusing on Japanese. After reviewing the literature on Japanese toki-ni (“when” lit. time-at) sentences, such as that authored by Yoshimoto and Mori (2003), I discuss Japanese corpus data and argue for one salient difference between the systems in the two languages: the strengthening processes in English tend to allude to pragmatic and extra-linguistic information while those in Japanese are more directly affected by grammatical factors such as tense marking variations and particle-drop. Chapter 6 concludes the study. I mention some remaining issues, for the purpose of suggesting some future avenues of research which the achievement of this study opens up. Two appendices are included at the end of this dissertation. One explains technical details regarding the corpora used in this study. The other is a summary of miscellaneous numerical results I have obtained while I worked on the project. / text

‘Scrambling’ languages allow arguments in a given sentence to be ordered in a variety of ways while leaving the grammatical roles of these arguments unchanged. West Germanic languages like German, Dutch, Yiddish, and West Flemish exhibit, to different extents, scrambling properties (Haider, 2006; Grewendorf, 2005; De Hoop, 2003). One well established assumption is that a prerequisite for scrambling is a rich (overt) case morphology: Grammatical relations need to be overtly marked on arguments in order for them to freely permute (Haider, 2006; Mahajan, 2003). Afrikaans, like other West Germanic languages, also allows a certain degree of flexibility (Molnárfi, 2002; Biberauer & Richards 2006; Conradie, 2007 Huddlestone, 2010). Generally, however, it is assumed to be much more rigid than a richly inflected language like German, in part because Afrikaans is the most morphologically ‘impoverished’ of all the West Germanic languages (Molnárfi, 2002; Biberauer & Richards, 2006; Huddlestone, 2010). In this thesis, I draw attention to certain double object constructions in Afrikaans that allow German-like flexibility without German-like morphology. Afrikaans allows the indirect and direct object of particular verbs to optionally invert their canonical order in finite embedded sentences without V-raising. I propose an analysis within a minimalist framework that accounts for the flexibility exhibited by these constructions. / Thesis (M.A.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 2012.

The purpose of the study was to determine the "interlanguage" characteristics in Chinese-American college writers' texts. Also, the study sought to determine the connections between their "interlanguage" characteristics at the syntactic and discourse levels and their cultural values and linguistic backgrounds. The population of the study consisted of 3 randomly selected Chinese-American students who have taken freshman writing classes at UCLA.The methods employed in this case study were context-sensitive textual analysis and qualitative techniques. In the context-sensitive analysis, twenty-four academic papers by these students were analyzed from four angles--error analysis, syntactic fluency analysis, cohesive ties analysis, syntactic construction analysis, and discourse organization pattern analysis. In the use of qualitative techniques, twenty-seven interviews were carried out, two recordings of family dinner and party were analyzed, and answers to questionnaires were studied.Findings support the hypothesis of the study--there are characteristic features in the texts by Chinese-American writers, and these characteristics at both syntactic and discourse levels have correlations to their linguistic background and cultural values. At the discourse level, the essay organization in these students' essays tends to follow an indirect pattern as Kaplan has claimed in his 1966's study. At the syntactic level, thekinds of errors occurring in these students' texts are the same as ESL Chinese students' errors, which supports the research findings by Zhu Hong, Hu, and other ESL researchers. Thus, the study has made two-fold connections--between Chinese-American college writers' texts and their cultural and contextual backgrounds and between ESL studies and composition studies.The implications of the research findings for the teaching of basic writing and future research in the field are discussed in the last chapter to enhance Chinese-American students' as well as their writing teachers' awareness of their writing characteristics and of connections between their cultural values and linguistic background. / Department of English