561 |
Palatalization and labialization in Tshivenda : a linear and non-linear phonological analysisNemakhavhani, Daniel Phuluwani 03 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MA)--Stellenbosch University, 2002. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study focuses on two phonological processes occurring in Venda, i.e. on
palatalization and labialization. Two phonological models are applied to describe these
phenomena: a traditional (linear) phonological model, the Transformational Generative
model of Chomsky and Halle (1968), and a non-linear Feature Geometry model of
Clements (1985). This was done in order to ascertain which model would be more
effective in its coverage of these sound changes. The core concepts of each model were
described and the sound system of Venda was analysed in terms of distinctive features.
The application of the two models led to the conclusion that a linearly structured model
seem to be more effective to account for both these phenomena in Venda than its nonlinear
counterpart. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie studie fokus op twee fonologiese prosesse in Venda, tewete palatalisasie en
labialisasie. Twee fonologie modelle word toegepas om hierdie verskynsels mee te
beskryf: 'n tradisionele liniêre model, die sg Transformasioneel Generatiewe model van
Chomsky an Halle (1968), en 'n nie-liniêre model van Clements (1985). Die doel hiermee
was om te bepaal welke model hierdie verskynsels die beste kan beskryf. Die
hoofkomponente van elke model is vireers bespreek waarna die klanke van Venda ontleed
is in terme van distinktiewe kenmerke. Uit die toepassing van die twee modelle het dit
duidelik geblyk dat die liniêre model "n veel beter beskrywing moontlik maak van die
verskynsels as die meer kontemporêre nie-liniêre model.
|
562 |
The polysemy of motion verbs in XitsongaBaloyi, Sikheto Samual 12 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MA)--University of Stellenbosch, 2002. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study explores selected motion verbs in Xitsonga within the framework of lexical
sementics postulated by Pustejovsky (1995). This study examines the polysemy of the
respective selected motion verbs in sentences with various noun subject types in Xitsonga.
The motion verbs examined are: -~ (go), -@_ (come), -famba (go away), -baleka (run
away), -kasa (crawl), -khandziya (climb up) and -gonya (ascend). Syntactically, these
verbs occur in example sentences as evidenced below:
The subject NP is [human] Sipho u ya ekaya hi milenge.
Sipho is going home on foot.
The subject NP is [inanimate] Tafuia ri tile exikolweni hi movha.
The table is delivered at school by car.
The subject NP is [weather noun] : Mpfula yi fambile etikweni.
The rain has stopped in the country.
Nkwangulatilo wu khandziya entshaveni.
Rainbow climbs up to the mountain.
Moya wo kasa.
The wind is blowing slowly.
The subject NP is [concrete noun]: Vuswa byi fambile emasin'wini.
Food is carried to the field.
Mugayo wu gonyile emakete.
Maize meal is expensive in the market.
The subject NP is [abstract noun] : Rivengo ri fambile eka vanhu.
Hatred has ended from people. The subject NP is [natural phenomenon]
Dyambu ri balekile emapapeni.
The sun is very hot in the sky.
The study explores the selected motion verbs and establishes the specific properties of
selection restrictions, assignment of arguments as well as the event structure or sentences
with the motion verbs.
Lastly, the lexical conceptual paradigm is examined in order to determine the different
senses or meanings of the motion verbs. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie studie ondersoek geselekteerde bewegingswerkwoorde in Xitstonga binne die
raamwerk van die leksikale semantiek ontwikkel deur Pustejovsky (1995). Die studie
ondersoek die polisemie van die onderskeie bewegingswerkwoorde in sinne met
verskillende onderwerp tipes in Xitsonga.
Die bewegingswerkswoorde wat ondersoek word is: -Y.ê_ (gaan), -ta (kom), -famba
(weggaan), -baleka (hardloop), -kasa (kruip), -khandziya (klim) and -gonya (daai) .. Hierdie
werkwoorde verskyn sintakties in voorbeelde soos hier onder geillustreer:
Die subjek NP is [mens] Sipho u ya ekaya hi milenge.
Sipho gaan huis toe per voet.
Die subjek NP is [nie-lewend] Tafuia ri tile exikolweni hi movha.
Die tafel gaan na die skool per motor, d.i. die tafel
word per motor afgelewer by die skool.
Die subjek NP is [weer naamwoord]: Mpfula yi fambile etikweni.
Die reën het weggegaan (gestop) in die land
Nkwangulatilo wu khandziya entshaveni.
Die reënboog klim teen die berg op.
Moya wo kasa.
Die wind kruip, d.i. waai stadig
Die subjek NP is [konkrete naamwoord]: Vuswa byi fambile emasin'wini.
Kos het gegaan (is geneem) na die land
Mugayo wu gonyile emakete.
Mieliemeel het gestyg in die mark
Die subjek NP is [abstrakte naamwoord]:Rivengo ri fambile eka vanhu.
Haat het geëindig by mense Die subjek NP is [natural phenomenon]
Dyambu ri balekile emapapeni.
Die son het weggehardloop uit die lug, d.i. dit is
baie warm.
Die studie ondersoek die geselekteerde bewegingswerkwoorde en stel vas wat die
spesifieke eienskappe is van seleksiebeperkings, toekenning van argumente en die
gebeurtenis struktuur van sinne met die bewegingswerkwoorde.
Laastens word die leksikale konseptueie paradigma ondersoek ten einde die verskillende
betekenisonderskeidings van die bewegingswerkwoorde vas te stel.
|
563 |
The speech act of apology in Tshivenda educational contextsMakhado, Avhatakali Jonathan 04 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MA)--Stellenbosch University, 2002. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: An apology in Tshivenda is offered when an individual has violated a social
norm or want to restore any form of a complainable. When it is given, it serves
as a remedial work, designed to smooth over any social disruption that was
caused. Sometimes a person who is suppose to apologize may find reasons to
minimize the degree of the offence. If the offence in question is big, a verbal
apology may be insufficient to restore the damaged relationship.
Male and female learners commit a lot of offences towards each other at school
and they are obliged to apologize for such offences. In the process of
apologizing, they are faced with a wide choice of strategies to choose from.
In most cases, male learners have a tendency of giving an explanation to their
offences. They do not always seek for a direct apology. Inthe acceptance of
their offences, they opt for longer strategies to apologize. Males seem to be
either proud or shy to ask for an apology from females. Female learners on the
other hand, do not want to use longer strategies to apologize, but they ask for
forgiveness immediately.
It is not all the males who do not want to apologize directly to females, but there
are others who apologize directly. They are the ones who take females as their
equals and they also want to maintain a good relationship with them. The same
applies with females, a minimal number of them use longer strategies to
apologize. They do not use direct strategies.
There are other strategies also useful in Tshivenda male and female learners, but
their use is not so popular. Strategies like explicit acceptance of the blame and
expression of self-deficiency are considered the least of other ones.
An apology is usually influenced by the way the complainant shows his or her
dissatisfaction. Male and female learners also differ with the way they complain.
They use complaint strategies differently. Both male and female learners use
direct accusation and indirect accusation extensively. But the difference comes
by the fact that females are longer with their complaints than males. Females
show their annoyance by involving more complaint strategies. Males do not take
long to complain, they involve only a few strategies. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: 'n Verskoning in Tshivenda word aangebied in geval waar 'n individu 'n sosiale
reeloortree het. Wanneer dit aangebied word, dien dit as 'n remedie ontwerp om
die sosiale onderbreking wat ontstaan het reg te siel. Soms sal die persoon wat
veronderstel is om 'n verskoning aan te bied redes vind om die graad van die
sosiale oortreding te probeer verminder. ln geval waar die oortreding as baie
groot beskou word waar' n mondelingse verskoning nie genoegsaam wees om
die verhouding weer te herstel nie.
Manne en vrou skoliere behaan heelwat sosiale oortreding teenoor mekaar by
die skool en is oorplig om verskoning aan te bied vir sulke oortredings. Tydens
die proses van verskoning aanbied word die skoliere gekonfronteer met verskeie
opsies om van te kies.
Manlike skoliere het die manier om verkonings en verduidelikings te gee vir
hulle oortredings. Hulle sal nie 'n direkte apologie aanbied nie. lndien hulle
aanvaar dat hulle verkeerd was, sal hul die opsie om hulle verduidelikings te gee
as strategie gebruik. Manspersone bly te trots en skaam te wees om 'n apologie
te vra van dames. Dames weer vra makliker en direk om verskoning.
Hierdie beginstel van om verskoning vra geld nie ten opsigte van alle skoliere
nie. Sommiges sal direk apologie aanbied. Ander aanvaar vroulike skoliere as
hul gelykes en probeer om 'n gesonde verhouding te handhaf Dieselfde beginsel
geld tot vroulike skoliere van hulle sal lang verduidelikings aanbied as 'n
strategie deur om verskoning te vra: Hulle vra nie direk om verskoning nie.
Daar is ook ander strategiee in gebruiklike in Tshivenda deur manlik sowel as
vroulike skoliere, maar is nie populer in gebruik nie. Strategiee soos die
duidelike aanvaarding van skuld en die uitdrukking van selfbeskulding word
beskou as die minste gebruiklike opsie.
'n Verskoning word beinvloed deur die manier waarop die klaer sy ofhaar
misnoe wys of uitspreek. Manlike sowel as vroulike leerders versoek ook in
metodiek hoe hulle kla. Hulle maak gebruik van 'n kla strategie wat verskillend
is van mekaar. Beide geslagte maak gebruik van direk sowel as indirek
beskuldigings. Die verskil egter is by vroulik klaers aangesien hul klagte langer
duur as hul manlike ewe nie. Vroulike klaers wys hul woede of ongelukkigheid
deur meer klagte strategie te betree. Mans daarom teen neem nie lang om te kla
nie en behels net a paar strategiee.
|
564 |
Isenzo sentetho yesingxengxezo kwimeko yasesikolweniNkunzi, Vuyani Allois 12 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MA)--Stellenbosch University, 2003. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The aim of the study is to examine the phenomenon of politeness in isiXhosa discourse
within the speech acts of apology and complaint. Politeness is evidenced where nonverbal
and verbal actions work together for the purpose of achieving smooth
communication among speakers. The actions that occur through discourse are called
speech acts. The most important aim of the speech act of apology is to maintain a good
relationship among speakers. This study focusses specifically on the speech act of
apology and the manner in which Xhosa speakers forward apologies and complaints
among themsleves. Politeness theory will be used as a basis of this study.
In this study, the main focuss is on how the male and female students forward complaints
and apologies. It is discovered that, there are different ways of expressing apologies and
complaints in isiXhosa in different situations, and the different ways in which males and
females students forward apologies among themselves. For instance, in space situation,
males forwarded more apologies as they occupied more space than females. In time
situation, females forward more apologies as they were lacking more in time management
than males do.
According to Trosborg (1995) there are several ways or strategies of apology, which are
as follows: The opting out-catergory; minimizing the degree of offence; indirect apologies;
explanation or account; promise of forbearance and the offer of repair. It has been
discovered firstly in this study, that females used more apology strategies than males.
Secondly, four main apology strategies: request for forgiveness; explicit explanation; offer
of apology and the expression of lack of intent have been extensively used by both males
and females in the empirical data examined.
Trosborg (1995) mentions eight complaints strategies, namely: hints; annoyance; ill
consequences; direct complaints; indirect complaints; modified blame (behavior) and an
explicit blame (person). Females used more complaint strategies than males. Five
complaint strategies: direct complaint; annoyance; ill consequences; indirect complaint and
the modified blame have been extensively used by both males and females. This study helps us to understand the different ways of expressing apologies and
complaints in different situations in isiXhosa. The more appropriate apology and complaint
is used, the better the communication. This becomes evident in the manner in which males
and females forwarded apology and complaint strategies in the discourse analysed in this
study. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die doel van hierdie studie is om die verskynsel van beleefdheid in isiXhosa te ondersoek
binne die uitvoering van die spraakhandelinge van verskoning en klagte. Beleefdheid word
aangedui wanneer nie-verbale en verbale aksies saam van belang is vir die bereiking van
doeltreffende kommunikasie tussen sprekers. Die handelinge wat plaasvind deur diskoers
word spraakhandelinge genoem. Die belangrikste oogmerk van die spraakhandeling van
verskoning is om goeie verhoudinge tussen sprekers te handhaaf. Hierdie studie fokus
spesifiek op die spraakhandeling van verskoning en die wyse waarop Xhosasprekers
verskonings en klagtes tussen mekaar uitruil. Beleefdheidsteorie sal as raamwerk gebruik
word vir hierdie studie.
Die studie gee ook aandag aan hoe vroulie en manlike studente verskonings uitruil. Dit
word bevind dat daar verskillende wyses is waarop verskonings en klagtes in Xhosa
uitgedruk word in verskillende situasies, en dat daar verskillende wyses is waarop manlike
en vroulike studente verskonings uitruil. Byvoorbeeld, in 'n ruimte situasie gee manlike
persone meer verskonings as vroulike persone, aangesien hulle meer ruimte in beslag
neem. In 'n tyd situasie, gee vroulike persone meer verskonings as manlike persone
aangesien dit voorkom of hulle minder besorg is oor tydsbestuur.
Volgens Trosborg (1995), is daar verskeie wyses of strategieë van verskoning, insluitende
die volgende: die uitwegkategorie, minimalisering van oortreding, indirekte verskonings,
verduideliking, belofte van geduld, en aanbod vir herstel. Daar is bevind in die studie dat
vroulike persone meer verskoning strategieë gebruik as manlike persone. Tweedens, vier
hoof verskoning strategieë, nl. versoek vir vergiffenis, eksplisiete verduideliking, aanbod
van 'n verskoning en die uitdrukking van 'n tekort aan bedoeling, is uitgebreid gebruik deur
sowel manlike as vroulike persone.
Trosborg (1995) noem agt klagte strategieë, naamlik skimpe, irritasie, sleg gevolge,
direkte klagtes, indirekte klagtes, gewysigde blaam (t.o.v. gedrag), en eksplisiete blaam
(t.o.v. 'n persoon). Die vroulike persone het meer klagte strategieë as manlike persone.
Vyf klagtestrategieë, naamlik direkte klagte, irritasie, sleg gevolge, indirekte klagte, en die
gewysigde blaam is uitgebreid gebruik deur sowel vroulike as manlike persone.
Hierdie studie werp lig op die verskillende wyses van hoe verskonings in Xhosa uitgedruk
word en klagtes in verskillende situasies. Hoe meer gepas 'n klagte of verskoning is, hoe
meer doeltreffend vind die kommunikasie plaas. Hierdie feit word geïllustreer deur die wyses waarop manlike en vroulike persone verskonings maak, soos aangetoon in die
studie.
|
565 |
The classificatory system of human features in SesothoMokhokhoba, Mamotheba Mataelo. 12 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MA)--Stellenbosch University, 2003. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The classificatory system for features of humans in Sesotho has been investigated to show the
unique nature of such human features. There are various models to handle the lexicon of a
language and one of these models has been applied to Sesotho, i.e. the theory of the
Generative lexicon.
In chapter one attention has been given to the purpose of the study as well as various
problems within lexical semantics such as lexical ambiguity.
Chapter two is concerned with the theory of lexical semantics in which attention has been
given to the various levels of representation of a noun in the lexicon. A representation has
been given of the semantic entry of a noun in the Sesotho lexicon.
Chapter three has the core of the study which investigates the semantic features of human
nouns in Sesotho. Various semantic categories have been found within which such human
nouns may be classified. The major categories contain nouns of humans with various physical
and psychological features as well as nouns with features of various types of behaviour and
features of wealth vs. poverty.
Chapter four contains the conclusions of the study. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die klassifikasie sisteem vir kenmerke van mense in Sesotho is ondersoek met die oog op die
unieke aard van sulke menslike kenmerke. Daar is verskillende modelle om die leksikon van
'n taal te hanteer en een van hierdie modelle is toegepas op Sesotho, d.i. die teorie van die
Generatiewe leksikon.
In hoofstuk een is aandag gegee aan die doel van die studie asook verskeie probleme binne
die leksikale semantiek waaronder leksikale dubbelsinnigheid.
Hoofstuk twee handeloor die teorie van leksikale semantiek waarin aandag gegee is aan die
verskillende vlakke van representasie van 'n naamwoord in die leksikon. 'n Voorstelling is
gegee van die semantiese representasie van 'n naamwoord in die Sesotho leksikon.
Hoofstuk drie bevat die kern van die studie wat handeloor semantiese kenmerke VIr
naamwoorde wat mense aandui. Verskeie kategorieë is gevind waarin sulke naamwoorde
tereg kom. Die belangrikste kategorieë bevat naamwoorde van mense met verskillende fisiese
en psigologiese kenmerke asook naamwoorde wat dui op gedragspatrone en rykdom teenoor
armoede.
Hoofstuk 4 bevat die konklusies van die studie.
|
566 |
The polysemy of selected motion verbs in SesothoNgozo, Khulu Nicodemus 12 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MA)--Stellenbosch University, 2003. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The subject of this study is the polysemy of the motion verbs in Sesotho. Motion verbs can be
classified as verbs of process or transition. This study examines the semantic and the syntactic
properties of motion verbs in Sesotho. These motion verbs include verbs denoting process e.g. -ya,
-tla, -tsamaya, -baleha, -nyoloha and -theoha as shown in the sentences below:
a. Monna 0 ya toropong.
'The man goes to town'
b. Bashanyana ba tsamaya thoteng.
'The boys walk in the veld'
c. Bana ba tla hae.
'The children come home'
d. Bashemane ba balehile mophatong.
'The initiates run away from the initiation school'
e. Tshwene e theoha sefateng.
'The baboon descends from the tree'
f. Banna ba nyoloha thaba.
'Men ascend the mountain'
The study demonstrates that motion verbs in Sesotho are semantically divided into verbs denoting
'to go' e.g. -ya, verbs denoting 'to walk', e.g. -tsamaya, verbs denoting 'to run away', e.g. -baleha,
verbs denoting to ascend, e.g. -nyoloha, verbs denoting to descend, e.g. -theoha.
The study further demonstrates that these verbs are canonically intransitive. The study provides
evidence that motion verbs are characterized by specific selection restrictions and event structures.
The study further demonstrates that motion verbs are used with different subjects denoting (groups
of) people, animals, abstract nouns, mass nouns, nouns denoting food, intoxicating and nonintoxicating
liquids, natural phenomena, artifacts, natural object, possession/property, humans and
animals. Lastly the lexical conceptual paradigm, providing the different word senses of each verb,
is examined. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die onderwerp van hierdie studie is die polisemie van bewegingswerkwoorde m Sesotho.
Bewegingswerkwoorde kan gekarakteriseer word as werkwoorde van proses (aktiwiteit) of
transisie. Hierdie studie ondersoek die semantiese en sintaktiese eienskappe van
bewegingswerkwoorde in Sesotho. Hierdie werkwoorde sluit in werkwoorde wat 'n proses
(aktiwiteit) aandui, byvoorbeeld -~, -tla, -tsamaya, -baleha, -nyoloha en -theoha, soos geïllustreer
in die volgende sinne:
a. Monna 0 ya toropong.
'Die man gaan dorp toe'
b. Bashanyana ba tsamaya thoteng.
'Die seuns loop in die veld'
c. Bana ba tla hae.
'Die kinders gaan huis toe'
d. Bashemane ba balehile mophatong.
'Die inisiante hardloop weg van die inisiasieskool'
e. Tshwene e theoha sefateng.
'Die bobbejaan daal afuit die boom'
f. Banna ba nyoloha thaba.
'Die mans bestyg die berg'
Die studie demonstreer dat bewegingswerkwoorde in Sesotho semanties geklassifiseer kan word in
werkwoorde wat beteken 'om te gaan', bv. -~, werkwoorde wat beteken 'om te loop', bv. -tsamaya,
werkwoorde wat beteken 'om (weg) te hardloop', bv. -baleha, werkwoorde wat beteken 'om te
bestyg', bv. -nyoloha, en werkwoorde wat beteken 'om afte daal', bv. -theoha.
Die studie demonstreer verder dat bewegingswerkwoorde in Sesotho tiperend onoorganklik is. Daar
word aangetoon dat hierdie werkwoorde gekenmerk word deur spesifieke seleksiebeperkings en
gebeure-strukture ('event structures'). Die studie toon op uitgebreide wyse aan dat
bewegingswerkwoorde in Sesotho met onderwerpe gebruik kan word wat verskillende semantiese
tipes verteenwoordig, en wat verskillende kenmerke het, insluitende onderwerpe wat menslike
individue, groepe mense of diere aandui, abstrakte naamwoorde, massanaamwoorde, voedsel,
vloeistowwe, natuurlike verskynsels, artifakte, natuurlike voorwerpe, of be sittings.
|
567 |
Uhlalutyo lwesemantiki yelekhisikoni yesenzi sentshukumo u-phuma kwisixhosaYekiwe, Mpumezo Martin 03 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MA)--University of Stellenbosch, 2003. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study explores the lexical semantic analysis of motion verb - phuma in Xhosa.
In Chapter 1 the aim of the study is stated. Properties about the lexical semantic analysis of the
verb -phuma as well as the generative lexicon theory by Pustejovsky (1996) are discussed. The
theoretical framework and the organisation of study are also discussed in this chapter.
Chapter 2 addresses in more detail the type system for semantics. A generative theory of the
lexicon includes multiple levels of representation for different types of lexical information needed.
Among such levels are Argument Structure, Event Structure, Qualia Structure and Inheritance
Structure. Chapter 2 also represent in more detail the structure of qualia and the role they play in
distributing the functional behaviour of words and phrases in composition.
Chapter 3 examines the lexical semantic analysis of the verb -phuma to account for the range of
selectional properties of the NP subject argument of the verb -phuma and the various
interpretations that arise in terms of composition with its complement arguments. The polysemous
behaviour of the verb -phuma is examined in sentence alternation constructions with respect to
event structure properties. The lexical representation in terms of argument structure and the event
structure of the verb -phuma in different sentences is also investigated.
Chapter 4 is the conclusion, summarising the findings of all the previous chapters in this study on
lexical semantic analysis of the motion verb -phuma in Xhosa. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie studie ondersoek die leksikaal-semantiese analise van die bewegingswerkwoord -phuma in
Xhosa.
In hoofstuk 1 word die doelstellings van die studie uiteengesit. Die teorie van Generatiewe
Leksikon van Pustejovsky word ook kortliks bespreek, wat die teoretiese raamwerk is van die
studie. Laastens word die organisasie van die studie bespreek.
Hoofstuk 2 bespreek in groter besonderhede die model van Generatiewe Leksikon teorie. 'n
Generatiewe teorie van die leksikon sluit in veelvuldige vlakke van representasie vir die
verskillende tipes leksikale inligting wat benodig word. Hierdie vlakke van representasie sluit in die
Argument struktuur, Gebeure ('Event') struktuur, Qualia struktuur en Leksikale Erf (Inheritance)
struktuur. Hoofstuk 2 bied ook in meer detail die struktuur van qualia en die rol wat dit speel in die
verspreiding van die funksionele gedrag van woorde en frases in kombinasie.
Hoofstuk 3 ondersoek die leksikaal-semantiese analise van die werkwoord -phuma en die
verskeidenheid interpretasies wat beskikbaar is vir -phuma in kombinasie met die komplement
argumente daarvan. Die polisemiese gedrag van die werkwoord -phuma word ondersoek in
sinsalternasiekonstruksies ten opsigte van die gebeure ('event') struktuur. Die leksikale representasie
in terme van argument struktuur en die gebeurestruktuur van die werkwoord -phuma ill
verskillende sinne met verskillende seleksiekenmerke van die subjek, word ook ondersoek.
Hoofstuk 4 is die Samevatting van die studie, wat 'n opsomming bied van die vernaamste
bevindings van al die vorige hoofstukke van hierdie studie oor die leksikaal-semantiese analise van
die werkwoord -phuma in Xhosa. / ISISHW ANKA THELO:
Esi sifundo siphonononga uhlalutyo lwesemantiki yelekhisikoni yesenzi sentshukumo u-phuma.
ISahluko 1 umongo wesifundo uxeliwe kwisahluko 1. Iziphumo zohlalutyo lwesemantiki
yelekhisikoni yesenzi u-phuma
ngokukaPustejovsky (1996) ZIXOXlwe.
zikwaxoxiwe kwesi sahluko.
ngokunjalo nengcmgane yelekhisikoni evelisayo
Ubume bengcingane kunye nolungiselelo lwesifundo
ISahluko 2 siyila indlela ermsrweyo yohlobo lwesemantiki yethu. Ingcingane evelisayo
yelekhisikoni iquka imigangatho imininzi yenkcazelo ngokwentlobo ezahlukeneyo ezifuna ulwazi
lwesemantiki. Eminye yale migangatho lulwakhiwo lwe-Adyumenti, uLwakhiwo IweSiganeko,
uLwakhiwo IweKhwaliya kunye noLwakhiwo Lobalo. ISahluko 2 sikwabonisa ngokucace kakhulu
ngolwakhiwo lwekhwaliya ngendima edlaliweyo ekusasazeni impatho yomsebenzi wamagama
kunye namabinzana kwindibaniso.
ISahluko 3 sivavanya ngohlalutyo lwesemantiki yelekhisikoni yesenzi u-phuma ngokwengcaciso
yodweliso lweempawu ezikhethiweyo ze-adyumenti yebinzana lesibizo esiyintloko sesenzi uphuma
kunye notoliko olwahlukeneyo oluvela ngokwamagama endibaniso ngokwe-adyumenti
yemfezekiso. Impatho yentsingiselo ezininzi yesenzi u-phuma ivavanyiwe kulwakhiwo
lotshintshwano lwezivakalisi ngokuhlonela iimpawu zolwakhiwo lwesiganeko. Inkcazelo
yelekhisikoni ngokwamagama olwakhiwo lwe-adyumenti kunye nolwakhiwo lwesiganeko sesenzi
u-phuma kwizivakalisi ezahlukeneyo zikwaphengululiwe.
ISahluko 4 sisiqukumbelo, esishwankathela iziphumo zezahluko ezingaphambili kwesi sifundo
kuhlalutyo lwesemantiki yelekhisikoni yesenzi sentshukumo -uphuma kwisiXhosa.
|
568 |
Obligatory reflexivity in Afrikaans : a minimalist approachOosthuizen, Johan 03 1900 (has links)
Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2013. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study focuses on the phenomenon of obligatory reflexivity in Afrikaans. Despite a considerable literature on this phenomenon as it is reflected in other languages, the Afrikaans data have not received any systematic attention. Hence, a first major aim is to address this empirical gap. Secondly, informed by the Afrikaans data, the study aims to develop an analysis that can provide a conceptually adequate account for the facts, and that is amenable to extension beyond Afrikaans. The proposed nominal shell analysis (of obligatory reflexivity) (NSA) is developed within, on the one hand, the general framework of Minimalist Syntax and, on the other hand, the specific framework of proposals about word order and linearisation phenomena in Germanic languages worked out in, amongst others, Holmberg (2000), Biberauer (2003), Biberauer & Richards (2006), Biberauer & Roberts (2006), and Biberauer et al. (2009, 2011). The basic idea underlying the NSA is that two expressions which enter into an obligatory coreferential relationship are initially merged into a nominal shell structure headed by an identity focus light noun n. It is argued that the identity focus n belongs to a natural class of identificational elements which also includes a contrastive focus n, a presentational focus n, a possessor focus n, and a quantity focus n. In terms of the NSA, the identity focus n takes a reflexive pronoun as its complement, with such a pronoun being analysed as a syntactic compound that is derived by merging a category-neutral lexical root √PRON with a D constituent containing unvalued φ-features. This means, then, that a reflexive pronoun is defined in syntactic terms and not in terms of special lexical features. The reflexive is subsequently raised to the identity focus n – which forms the locus of the suffix -self associated with morphologically complex reflexive pronouns – where it is spelled out as part of the compound n that is derived in this manner. The antecedent expression is next merged as the specifier of the compound light noun, resulting in a configuration where the antecedent can value the φ-features of the reflexive, with the n serving as mediator. In this configuration, the φ-valued pronoun is semantically interpreted as an anaphor and the nominal expression in the specifier position of the nP as its antecedent; that is, the pronoun is interpreted as obligatorily coreferential with this nominal expression. The details of the NSA and its empirical and conceptual consequences are worked out with reference to six constructions in which reflexive pronouns can occur: verbal object constructions, prepositional object constructions, double object constructions, infinitival constructions, small clause constructions, and possessive constructions. Brief attention is also given to the possibility of extending the ideas underlying the NSA to (i) languages of the Southern Bantu family, where the reflexive element surfaces as a verbal affix, and (ii) two further types of construction in Afrikaans which seem amenable to such a nominal shell approach, namely floating quantifier constructions and expletive daar (“there”) constructions. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie studie fokus op die verskynsel van verpligte refleksiwiteit in Afrikaans. Ten spyte van ’n aansienlike literatuur oor die realisering van hierdie verskynsel in ander tale, is daar nog geen sistematiese aandag gegee aan die Afrikaanse data nie. ’n Eerste hoofoogmerk van die studie is derhalwe om hierdie empiriese leemte te vul. ’n Tweede hoofoogmerk is om, in die lig van die Afrikaanse data, ’n analise te ontwikkel wat ’n konseptueel toereikende beskrywing en verklaring van die feite kan gee, en wat hopelik na ander tale uitgebrei kan word. Die voorgestelde nominale skulp-analise (van verpligte refleksiwiteit) (NSA) word ontwikkel binne, enersyds, die algemene raamwerk van Minimalistiese Sintaksis en, andersyds, die spesifieke raamwerk van voorstelle oor woordvolgorde en lineariseringsverskynsels in Germaanse tale soos uiteengesit in, onder meer, Holmberg (2000), Biberauer (2003), Biberauer & Richards (2006), Biberauer & Roberts (2006), and Biberauer et al. (2009, 2011). Die basiese idee onderliggend aan die NSA is dat twee uitdrukkings wat in ’n verhouding van verpligte koreferensie staan, inisieel saamgevoeg word in ’n nominale skulpstruktuur met ’n identiteitsfokus-ligte naamwoord n as hoof. Daar word geargumenteer dat hierdie n tot ’n natuurlike klas van identifikatoriese elemente behoort, waaronder ook ’n kontrasfokus-n, ’n presentasiefokus-n, ’n besittersfokus-n, en ’n kwantiteitsfokus-n. Volgens die NSA neem die identiteitsfokus-n ’n refleksiewe voornaam-woord as komplement, waar so ’n voornaamwoord ontleed word as ’n sintaktiese samestelling wat afgelei word deur die samevoeging van ’n kategorie-neutrale leksikale wortel √PRON met ’n D wat beskik oor ongewaardeerde φ-kenmerke. ’n Refleksiewe voornaamwoord word dus in sintaktiese terme gedefinieer en nie in terme van spesiale leksikale kenmerke nie. Die refleksief word vervolgens gehys na die identiteitsfokus-n – die lokus van die suffiks -self wat geassosieer word met morfologies komplekse relatiewe voornaamwoorde – waar dit uitgespel word as deel van die n-samestelling wat op dié manier afgelei word. Die uitdrukking wat as antesedent dien, word op sy beurt saamgevoeg as die spesifiseerder van die n-samestelling. Dit lei tot ’n konfigurasie waarin die antesedent waardes aan die φ-kenmerke van die refleksief kan toeken – via die n, wat dus as ’n tussenganger optree. In hierdie konfigurasie word die φ-gewaardeerde voornaamwoord semanties geïnterpreteer as ’n anafoor en die nominale uitdrukking in die spesifiseerderposisie van die nP as sy antesedent; met ander woorde, die voornaamwoord word geïnterpreteer as verplig koreferensieel met dié nominale uitdrukking. Die besonderhede van die NSA en die empiriese en konseptuele konsekwensies daarvan word uitgewerk aan die hand van ses konstruksies waarin refleksiewe voornaamwoorde kan voorkom: verbale-objekkonstruksies, preposisionele-objekkonstruksies, dubbelobjekkonstruksies, infinitiefkonstruksies, beknopte-sinkonstruksies, en besitskonstruksies. Daar word ook kortliks aandag gegee aan die moontlikheid om die idees onderliggend aan die NSA uit te brei na (i) tale van die Suidelike Bantoe-familie, waar die refleksiewe element voorkom as ’n verbale affiks, en (ii) twee verdere konstruksies in Afrikaans wat moontlik aan die hand van so ’n nominale skulp-benadering ontleed kan word, nl. swewende-kwantifiseerderkonstruksies en ekspletiewe-daar-konstruksies. / National Research Foundation (NRF)
|
569 |
Formaliteit in bedryfstekste met verwysing na bepaalde grammatikale veranderlikesSmith, Wanda 03 1900 (has links)
Thesis (DPhil)--University of Stellenbosch, 2009. / This study about formality in business texts is situated within the field of document
design. For this reason, the definition of formality and the operasionalisation thereof
in business texts are approached from a functional framework, which can lead to the
realisation of useful guidelines to text producers based on the conclusions drawn
from the research. With these guidelines, informed decisions can be made about
formality in texts.
In this study formality is defined and operasionalised in terms of the two notions
context (in)dependency and deixis. Formality and deixis both involve distance.
Greater distance between die text/writer and the reader or interlocutors mutually is
associated with a higher degree of formality. On the other hand, a higher frequency
deictic referential words such as personal pronouns (you, he, we, they), adverbs of
place (here, there), direction (forwards, outside) and time (just now, only just, at
present) implies a shorter social and spatio-temporal distance, and therefore a higher
degree of informality. The reason for this is that deictic referential words (you, here,
outside, now) and the reference to which such words refer should be deduced from
the context immediately in order for the message to be understood unambiguously.
For this reason, deictic referential words are context dependent in this study and
because the context is immediately available and the distance thus shorter, these
words are markers of informality. On the other hand, nondeictic referential words
imply a greater distance and therefore a higher degree of formality.
Grammatical variables that possibly have an effect on the degree of formality in
annual reports and brochures, such as nouns, objective and subjective adjectives,
verbs and pronouns, are divided in terms of their context dependence or context
independence into one of two categories, namely a nondeictic category that is
associated with context independence and formality, or a deictic category that is
associated with context dependence and informality.
Based on the frequencies of the various language variables in the two categories
(context independent, nondeictic category and context dependent, deictic category)
an empirical measure of formality is proposed with which formality (F-index) can be
measured in Afrikaans business texts. Although the proposed measure should be
refined, the study illustrates, among others, that the measure exhibits the capacity to
point out variation based on differences in formality between the text types.
The study further indicates that advice based on intuition should be regarded with
caution. A survey aimed at readers showed that variables such as subject, tone,
style, word choice and language usage play a greater role in the evaluation of the
degree of formality of texts than grammatical variables such as the passive voice.
In conclusion, the study gives clear guidelines as to how the language variables that
were part of this study should be dealt with and in a sense be manipulated to ensure
a suitable degree of formality of a text and thus the effective transfer of
communication.
|
570 |
Deverbal nominals in XitsongaHlungwani, Madala Crous 03 1900 (has links)
Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2012. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The study investigates the nature of Xitsonga deverbatives that are derived from three types of
syntactic verbs, namely intransitive verbs, monotranstive verbs and ditransitive verbs .The aim is to
determine the classes in which nominalisation occurs as well as to determine the semantic features
which occur with these deverbatives in various noun classes. The three types of verbs are further
distinguished into agentive verbs and non-agentive verbs. The deverbatives that are examined in this
study are arranged in terms of Levin (1993)’s semantic classification of verbs. The focus of this study
is on the verbs without derivational suffixes. However, few deverbatives with derived verbal forms
have been included. The nominal morphology of Xitsonga is also examined in this study
The study is conducted within the framework of four assumptions in morphology and lexical
semantics, namely lexeme-based theory, X-bar syntax, lexical semantic properties of verb classes
advanced by Levin (1993), and the Generative Lexicon theory advanced by Pustejovsky (1995),
specifically the assumption about the meta-entry for a lexeme. The study illustrates that nominalisation
in Xitsonga, in particular, and in African Languages in general occurs through the affixation of the
class prefix and the nominal suffix onto the verb stem.
The study found that the deverbal nominals occur in a similar morphological structure to that of nonderived
nouns. It was also demonstrated that Xitsonga deverbatives may be classified in terms of
Busa’s view of distinguishing between stage-level nominals and individual-level nominals. The study
has established that nominalisation in Xitsonga is a phenomenon that occurs in classes 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7,
8, 9, and 14 with both agentive and non-agentive verbs as verb stems. It however, found that the most
productive classes are 1, 3,5,7,and 14. The study demonstrated that class 1 deverbatives refer strictly
to humans, while deverbatives in other classes refer to various things. The data examined in this study
revealed that in general, Xitsonga deverbatives exhibit the following semantic features across various
noun classes: [Actor], [Experiencer], [Theme], [Patient] [Result], [Event], [Act], [State], [Artifact],
[Instrument]. [Excessive act], [Excessive state], [Place], [Expert], [Excessive actor], [Excessive
experiencer], [Excessive theme], and [Excessive patient]. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die studie ondersoek die aard van deverbatiewe naamwoorde in Xitsonga wat afgelei word vanaf drie
soorte werkwoorde, naamlik, intransitiewe, enkel-transitiewe en dubbel-transitiewe werkwoorde. Die
doelstelling van die studie is om te bepaal in watter naamwoordklasse nominalisering kan voorkom, en
wat die semantiese kenmerke is van die deverbatiewe wat in die verskillende naamwoordklasse
voorkom. Die drie tipes werkwoordklasse word voorts onderskei in terme van agentiewe en nieagentiewe
werkwoorde. Die deverbatiewe naamwoorde wat in die studie ondersoek word, word verder
onderskei volgens die klassifikasie van semantiese werkwoordklasse van Levin (1993). Die studie
fokus op naamwoorde afgelei van werkwoorde sonder afleidingsagtervoegsels. Nietemin is enkele
werkwoordvorme met afleidings-agtervoegsels ingesluit. Die studie ondersoek ook die
naamwoordmorfologie van Xitsonga.
Die studie is onderneem binne die raamwerk van vier breë weergawes van morfologie, sintaksis en
leksikale semantiek, naamlik morfeem-lekseem gebaseerde teorie, X-balk sintaksis, Levin (1993) se
semantiese werkwoordklas klassefikasie, en Generatiewe Leksikon Teorie van Pustejovsky (1995), in
die besonder die aanname van die meta-inskrywing vir die lekseem. Die studie bevestig dat
nominalisering in Xitsonga, soos in die Afrikatale in die algemeen, manifesteer deur die affiksering
van 'n prefiks en 'n suffiks aan die werkwoordstam waarvandaan die naamwoord afgelei word.
Die studie het bevind dat afgeleide naamwoorde in 'n soortgelyke morfologiese struktuur voorkom as
nie-afgeleide naamwoorde in Xitsonga. Daar is ook bevind dat Xitsonga deverbatiewe geklassifiseer
kan word in terme van Busa se onderskeid tussen fase-vlak en individuele-vlak nominate. Die studie
het bevind dat nominalisering in Xitsonga voorkom in klasse 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 en 14, afgelei van
sowel agentiewe as nie-agentiewe werkwoord stamme. Daar is bevind dat die mees produktiewe
klasse, klas 1, 3, 5, 7 en 14 is. Die studie het voorts aangetoon dat klas 1 deverbatiewe slegs mensverwysing
het, terwyl die deverbatiewe in ander klasse na 'n verskeidenheid semantiese entiteite
verwys. Volgens die data wat ondersoek is, volg dit dat Xitsonga deverbatiewe in die algemeen, die
volgende semantiese kenmerke vertoon oor die verskillende naamwoordklasse: [Akteur], [Ervaarder],
[Tema], [Pasiënt], [Resultaat], [Gebeurtenis], [Aksie], [Toestand], [Artifak], [Instrument], [Oordrewe
aksie], [Plek], [Ekspert], [Oordrewe akteur], [Oordrewe ervaarder], [Oordrewe tema] en [Oordrewe
pasiënt]. / NKOMISO: Dyondzo leyi yi kambisisa xivumbeko xa mavitimpfelelo ya Xitsonga lama ya pfelelaka ya suka eka
tinxaka tinharhu ta maendli ma le ka vulongoloxamarito, ku nga, maendli yo pfumala xiendliwa,
maendli ya xiendliwa xin’we, na maendli ya swiendliwa swimbirhi. Xikongomelo i ku lava ku
kumisisa mitlawa ya maviti leyi pfumelelaka mpfelelo wa maviti ku humelela ni ku kumisisa
swihlawulekisi swa tinhlamuselo leswi kumekaka eka mavitimpfelelo eka mitlawa yo
hambanahambana. Tinxaka tinharhu ta maendli ti tlhela ti hambanyisiwa ku ya hi maendli ya
nghingiriko ni maendli yo pfumala nghingiriko. Mavitimpfelelo lama kambisisiwaka eka dyondzo leyi
ma longoloxiwa hi ku ya hi maavelo ya maendli ya Levin (1993). Mhakankulu leyi dyondzo leyi yi
langutanaka na yona yi le ka maendli mo pfumala swilandzi swa mpfelelo. Hambiswiritano,
mavitimpfelelo ma nga ri mangani lama nga na swilandzi swa mpfelelo ma katsiwile eka dyondzo
leyi. Mofoloji ya Xitsonga ya kambisisiwa na yona eka dyondzo leyi.
Dyondzo leyi yi endliwa hi ku landza endlelo leri katsaka mavonelo ma mune eka mofoloji ni le ka
semantiki, ku nga Lexeme -based theory, X – bar syntax, lexical semantics properties of verb classes
leyi tumbuluxeke hi Levin (1993), na Generative Lexicon theory leyi tumbuluxeke hi Pustejovsky
(1995), ku kongomisiwa ngopfu eka meta-entry ya rito.Dyondzo leyi yi kombisa leswaku mpfelelo wa
maviti eka Xitsonga, hi ku kongomisa, na le ka tindzimi ta Xintima hi ku angarhela, wu va kona
hikokwalaho ka ku lungeleriwa ka xirhangi xa ntlawa na xilandzi xa riendli eka nsinya wa riendli.
Dyondzo leyi yi kumile leswaku mavitimpfelolo ma tirhisa xifaniso xa murhi xo fana na xa maviti mo
ka ma nga ri ma mpfelelo. Ku tlhele ku kombisiwa leswaku mavitimpfelelo ya Xitsonga ma nga aviwa
hi ku landza vonelo ra Busa (1996) ro hambanyisa exikarhi ka mavitipfelelo lama thyiwaka munhu hi
ku landza mhaka leyi humelelaka hi nkarhi wolowo ni lama ya thyiwaka munhu hi ku ya hi mhaka leyi
fambelanisiwaka na munhu wa kona, hambi a nga ri ku yi endleni hi nkarhi wolowo. Dyondzo leyi yi
kumile leswaku mpfelelo wa maviti eka Xitsonga I mhaka leyi humelelaka eka mitlawa ya maviti ya
1,3,4,6,7,8,9, and 14 eka maendli ya nghingiriko ni yo pfumala nghingiriko. Hambiswiritano, ku
kumekile leswaku mitlawa leyi mpfelelo wu humelelaka ngopfu eka yona I ya 1,3,5,7, and 14.
Dyondzo leyi yi kombisile leswaku mavitimpfelelo ma le ka ntlawa wa 1 ma kongomisa eka vanhu,
loko mavitimpfelelo ma le ka mitlawa yin’wana ma kongomisa eka swilo swo
hambanahambana.Vuxokoxoko lebyi kamberiweke eka dyondzo leyi byi paluxile leswaku hi ku
angarhela mavitimpfelelo ma humesa swihlawulekisi leswi landzelaka swa tinhlamuselo eka mitlawa
ya maviti yo hambanahambana: [Muendli], [Mutokoti], [Nkongomelo], [Mutwisiwa ku vava],
[Mbuyelo], [Xiendleko], [Nghingiriko], [Xiyimo], [Ximakiwa], [Xitirho], [Nghingiriko wo tlurisa],
[Xiyimo xo tlurisa], [Ndhawu], [N’wavuswikoti], [[Muendli wo tlurisa], [Mutokoti wo tlurisa],
[Nkongomelo wo tlurisa], na [Mutwisiwa ku vava wo tlurisa].
|
Page generated in 0.0835 seconds