<p>As the internet has become an increasingly growing market for companies, it has also subsequently revolutionized shopping. There are countless different options on the internet for individuals. If a website does not live up to the expectations, there is always another one just a few clicks away. This raises the demands on the retailers, in terms of development and maintenance of their e-commerce websites. In order to succeed, there are many things that have to be considered and addressed. This thesis research discusses some of the most essential questions that may arise during the development of an e-commerce website. The process has been divided into four different sections; graphical design, information design, interaction design, and online trust. Each one of these sectors is important and every website developer should be familiar with them.</p>

This study aimed to investigate the influence of science textbook graphical design based on principles of cognitive process on graphical-textual learning performance of different academic achievement fifth graders students. A quasi-experimental design mainly and auxiliary to half-structure questionnaire and interview, fifty-seven elementary students participated in this research. The experiment treatment was students in different classes used different graphical science textbook (one was based on cognitive principles, and another was published by civil). The influences of learning performance compared to published science textbook were assessed using self-developed tests and the qualitative data were analyzed using independent sample t-test. Administration of a student graph perceptive questionnaire and then nine students from high and low achievement groups in each class were interviewed; qualitative data analyzed to infer the mental process. The results showed:(1) High academic achievement students were significantly enhanced leaning performances on knowledge dimension and cognitive process dimension and had strong effect size, the experimental group was better than the contol group. As to low academic achievement students, there was no significant different between these two groups. (2) Schema organizational graph enhance high academic achievement students on conceptual knowledge and assist low academic achievement students recognize material outline; experimental transformational graph enhance high academic achievement students on procedural knowledge and assist low academic achievement students participate in the experiment.

As the internet has become an increasingly growing market for companies, it has also subsequently revolutionized shopping. There are countless different options on the internet for individuals. If a website does not live up to the expectations, there is always another one just a few clicks away. This raises the demands on the retailers, in terms of development and maintenance of their e-commerce websites. In order to succeed, there are many things that have to be considered and addressed. This thesis research discusses some of the most essential questions that may arise during the development of an e-commerce website. The process has been divided into four different sections; graphical design, information design, interaction design, and online trust. Each one of these sectors is important and every website developer should be familiar with them.

<p>Examensarbetet har gått ut på att genom kvalitativa undersökningar ta reda på hur grafisk form ochinformationsstruktur samverkar för att skapa användarcentrerade webbplatser. Målet var att ta fram en grund för huranvändarcentrerade webbplatser bör byggas. Denna grund är tänkt att fungera som riktlinjer för formgivare som villskapa användarcentrerad webbdesign.</p><p>Studien visar att det viktigaste för att skapa användarcentrerad webbdesign är att involvera användarna kontinuerligti utvecklingsprocessen. Detta sker genom användartester och intervjuer med representanter för målgruppen. Vi harkommit fram till att graden av användbarhet spelar stor roll för hur målgruppen uppfattar webbplatsen som sådan,men också vilken uppfattning de får om företaget bakom.</p> / <p>This thesis considers a qualitative study in how info structure and graphical design collaborate to form a usercentredweb site. The aim was to produce guidelines for how to build user-centred web sites. The results from thestudy are built on qualitative interviews, user tests with the target group and expert evaluation.</p><p>The study has shown that the most important thing for creating user-centred web sites is to continuously involve thetarget group in the development process. This should be done through interviews and user tests. The level ofusability determines how the target group experience both the company and their web site.</p>

Examensarbetet har gått ut på att genom kvalitativa undersökningar ta reda på hur grafisk form ochinformationsstruktur samverkar för att skapa användarcentrerade webbplatser. Målet var att ta fram en grund för huranvändarcentrerade webbplatser bör byggas. Denna grund är tänkt att fungera som riktlinjer för formgivare som villskapa användarcentrerad webbdesign. Studien visar att det viktigaste för att skapa användarcentrerad webbdesign är att involvera användarna kontinuerligti utvecklingsprocessen. Detta sker genom användartester och intervjuer med representanter för målgruppen. Vi harkommit fram till att graden av användbarhet spelar stor roll för hur målgruppen uppfattar webbplatsen som sådan,men också vilken uppfattning de får om företaget bakom. / This thesis considers a qualitative study in how info structure and graphical design collaborate to form a usercentredweb site. The aim was to produce guidelines for how to build user-centred web sites. The results from thestudy are built on qualitative interviews, user tests with the target group and expert evaluation. The study has shown that the most important thing for creating user-centred web sites is to continuously involve thetarget group in the development process. This should be done through interviews and user tests. The level ofusability determines how the target group experience both the company and their web site.

I en värld där information delas på internet i en rasande takt har det blivit av allt större vikt att kunna avgöra om en webbsida är tillförlitlig eller inte. Vi gör ständigt bedömningar av webbsidor utifrån hur de ser ut, men vad är det som gör att vi väljer att lita på eller fördöma en webbsida efter bara några sekunder? Hur påverkar specifika designval upplevelsen av trovärdighet? Denna studie undersökte hur upplevelsen av trovärdighet påverkas av visuella egenskaper i en webbsidas grafiska design. Detta genom att utforma 12 versioner av en informativ webbsida, där egenskaperna kontrast, balans, grafik och text manipulerades. Varje egenskap manipulerades på tre olika sätt med hjälp av en parameter för vardera egenskap - färger för kontrast, placering av element för balans, mängd reklam för grafik och typsnitt för text. 21 deltagare blev presenterade för var och en av dessa 12 versioner under 10 sekunder. Deltagarnas uppgift var att bedöma hur trovärdig respektive version var på en skala från ett till nio. Resultatet visade att viss grad av kontrast, grafik och text påverkar upplevelsen av trovärdighet. Däremot hittades inget signifikant stöd för att varierande grad av balans påverkar upplevelsen av trovärdighet. Mer specifikt implicerar resultaten från denna studie att det är bättre att utforma en webbsida med för lite färger, för liten mängd reklam och ett för strikt typsnitt än tvärtom för att designa för trovärdighet. / In a world where information is spread rapidly on the Internet it is more important than ever to be able to determine if a website is trustworthy or not. We are constantly evaluating websites based on their appearance, but what makes us trust or condemn a website after only a few seconds? How do specific design choices affect the perception of trustworthiness? The present study investigated how the perception of trustworthiness on a website can be formed by visual properties in its graphical design. This was achieved by developing 12 versions of an informative website, where the properties contrast, balance, graphics and text were manipulated. Each property was manipulated in three different ways through one parameter  - color for contrast, position of elements for balance, amount of advertisement for graphics and typefaces for text. 21 participants were presented for each of the 12 versions during 10 seconds. Their task was to evaluate the trustworthiness of each version on a scale ranging from one to nine. The results showed that a certain degree of contrast, graphics and text have an impact on the perception of trustworthiness. Besides that, varying degrees of balance was not found to significantly affect the perception of trustworthiness. More specifically, the results suggest that it is preferable to design a website with few colors, a low amount of advertisement and a strict typeface rather than the opposite to design for trustworthiness.

O projeto de espaços públicos, pensados como ideais, necessita um investimento elevado. A abertura de licitações para profissionais residentes de outros estados, diferentes daquele de onde será feita a implantação, pode trazer reflexos negativos no mobiliário urbano projetado, pois esses profissionais planejam, muitas vezes, de acordo as vivências de sua cidade local, gerando mobiliários urbanos descontextualizados com o padrão cultural, a identidade visual da cidade, a instalação ideal, o acesso universal do usuário e o tipo de material mais conveniente, por exemplo. Em virtude disso, esta pesquisa visa investigar e gerar subsídios para os profissionais ligados às atividades de mobiliário urbano. A ABNT, através da NBR9383, divide o mobiliário urbano em categorias. O foco desta dissertação é a investigação, através de análises e interpretações de arquivos históricos, fotografias e dados de gestores públicos, a categoria de Infra-estrutura, Informação e Comunicação Visual, especificamente no que diz respeito às placas de sinalização e de logradouro. Apresenta-se uma metodologia de projeto de mobiliário urbano, exemplificada através de avaliação por questionário e de proposta de design gráfico para a criação de uma identidade visual na "Rua dos Antiquários" em Porto Alegre, e a produção do aplicativo executável "Geraplaca", para auxiliar os projetistas na elaboração de placas de sinalização e de nome de rua de forma padronizada na escolha da letra, diagramação, observações de produção, acabamento e instalação. Desde modo, pode-se diminuir gastos de produção e unificar linguagens de comunicação entre as diversas formações dos profissionais que trabalham com mobiliário urbano. / The project of public spaces, as ideal place, needs a high investment. The opening of licitations for professionals of other states, different from where the implantation will be made, can bring negative consequences in the projected urban furniture. This happens because these professionals plan, many times, in agreement with the experiences of their local city, generating urban furniture out of the context with respect to cultural standard, visual identity of the city, ideal installation, access of the universal user and the type of more convenient material, for example. Due to it this, this research aims to investigate and to generate tools for professionals that work with urban furniture. The ABNT, through the NBR9383, divides the urban furniture in categories. The focus of this work is the research, through analyses and interpretations of historical archives, photographs and data of public managers, the Infrastructure, Information and Visual Communication category, specifically in what it says respect to the public place and signalling plates. A methodology for urban furniture project is presented, exemplified by the evolution of a quiz and the graphic design to create a visual identity in the "Street of the Antiquários" in Porto Alegre, with the production of application "Geraplaca", to help the designers in the creation of signaling plates and street plate of standardized form with respect to the choice of the letter, diagramming, production comments, finishing and installation. This way, production expenses can be diminished and the communication language among several different professionals who work with urban planning can be unified.

O projeto de espaços públicos, pensados como ideais, necessita um investimento elevado. A abertura de licitações para profissionais residentes de outros estados, diferentes daquele de onde será feita a implantação, pode trazer reflexos negativos no mobiliário urbano projetado, pois esses profissionais planejam, muitas vezes, de acordo as vivências de sua cidade local, gerando mobiliários urbanos descontextualizados com o padrão cultural, a identidade visual da cidade, a instalação ideal, o acesso universal do usuário e o tipo de material mais conveniente, por exemplo. Em virtude disso, esta pesquisa visa investigar e gerar subsídios para os profissionais ligados às atividades de mobiliário urbano. A ABNT, através da NBR9383, divide o mobiliário urbano em categorias. O foco desta dissertação é a investigação, através de análises e interpretações de arquivos históricos, fotografias e dados de gestores públicos, a categoria de Infra-estrutura, Informação e Comunicação Visual, especificamente no que diz respeito às placas de sinalização e de logradouro. Apresenta-se uma metodologia de projeto de mobiliário urbano, exemplificada através de avaliação por questionário e de proposta de design gráfico para a criação de uma identidade visual na "Rua dos Antiquários" em Porto Alegre, e a produção do aplicativo executável "Geraplaca", para auxiliar os projetistas na elaboração de placas de sinalização e de nome de rua de forma padronizada na escolha da letra, diagramação, observações de produção, acabamento e instalação. Desde modo, pode-se diminuir gastos de produção e unificar linguagens de comunicação entre as diversas formações dos profissionais que trabalham com mobiliário urbano. / The project of public spaces, as ideal place, needs a high investment. The opening of licitations for professionals of other states, different from where the implantation will be made, can bring negative consequences in the projected urban furniture. This happens because these professionals plan, many times, in agreement with the experiences of their local city, generating urban furniture out of the context with respect to cultural standard, visual identity of the city, ideal installation, access of the universal user and the type of more convenient material, for example. Due to it this, this research aims to investigate and to generate tools for professionals that work with urban furniture. The ABNT, through the NBR9383, divides the urban furniture in categories. The focus of this work is the research, through analyses and interpretations of historical archives, photographs and data of public managers, the Infrastructure, Information and Visual Communication category, specifically in what it says respect to the public place and signalling plates. A methodology for urban furniture project is presented, exemplified by the evolution of a quiz and the graphic design to create a visual identity in the "Street of the Antiquários" in Porto Alegre, with the production of application "Geraplaca", to help the designers in the creation of signaling plates and street plate of standardized form with respect to the choice of the letter, diagramming, production comments, finishing and installation. This way, production expenses can be diminished and the communication language among several different professionals who work with urban planning can be unified.

O projeto de espaços públicos, pensados como ideais, necessita um investimento elevado. A abertura de licitações para profissionais residentes de outros estados, diferentes daquele de onde será feita a implantação, pode trazer reflexos negativos no mobiliário urbano projetado, pois esses profissionais planejam, muitas vezes, de acordo as vivências de sua cidade local, gerando mobiliários urbanos descontextualizados com o padrão cultural, a identidade visual da cidade, a instalação ideal, o acesso universal do usuário e o tipo de material mais conveniente, por exemplo. Em virtude disso, esta pesquisa visa investigar e gerar subsídios para os profissionais ligados às atividades de mobiliário urbano. A ABNT, através da NBR9383, divide o mobiliário urbano em categorias. O foco desta dissertação é a investigação, através de análises e interpretações de arquivos históricos, fotografias e dados de gestores públicos, a categoria de Infra-estrutura, Informação e Comunicação Visual, especificamente no que diz respeito às placas de sinalização e de logradouro. Apresenta-se uma metodologia de projeto de mobiliário urbano, exemplificada através de avaliação por questionário e de proposta de design gráfico para a criação de uma identidade visual na "Rua dos Antiquários" em Porto Alegre, e a produção do aplicativo executável "Geraplaca", para auxiliar os projetistas na elaboração de placas de sinalização e de nome de rua de forma padronizada na escolha da letra, diagramação, observações de produção, acabamento e instalação. Desde modo, pode-se diminuir gastos de produção e unificar linguagens de comunicação entre as diversas formações dos profissionais que trabalham com mobiliário urbano. / The project of public spaces, as ideal place, needs a high investment. The opening of licitations for professionals of other states, different from where the implantation will be made, can bring negative consequences in the projected urban furniture. This happens because these professionals plan, many times, in agreement with the experiences of their local city, generating urban furniture out of the context with respect to cultural standard, visual identity of the city, ideal installation, access of the universal user and the type of more convenient material, for example. Due to it this, this research aims to investigate and to generate tools for professionals that work with urban furniture. The ABNT, through the NBR9383, divides the urban furniture in categories. The focus of this work is the research, through analyses and interpretations of historical archives, photographs and data of public managers, the Infrastructure, Information and Visual Communication category, specifically in what it says respect to the public place and signalling plates. A methodology for urban furniture project is presented, exemplified by the evolution of a quiz and the graphic design to create a visual identity in the "Street of the Antiquários" in Porto Alegre, with the production of application "Geraplaca", to help the designers in the creation of signaling plates and street plate of standardized form with respect to the choice of the letter, diagramming, production comments, finishing and installation. This way, production expenses can be diminished and the communication language among several different professionals who work with urban planning can be unified.

The aim of the dissertation thesis is the control of the tube bundle on the cyclic fatigue caused by the flow past tube bundle. Fatigue due to flow is caused by flow-induced vibrations. Examined vibrations are caused by the mutual interaction of two phases (solid and liquid). The present work is focused mainly on the interaction of tube bundles with fluid. The current level of knowledge in this field allows to predict mainly static respectively quazi-static loading. These predictions are based on methods of comparing key vibration variables such as frequencies, amplitudes or speeds (see TEMA [1]). In this way, it is possible to determine quickly and relatively precisely the occurrence of a vibrational phenomenon, but it is not possible to quantitatively assess the effect of these vibrations on the damage of to the tube beam and to predict its lifespan, which would require the determination of the temperature field and the distribution of forces from the fluid on the beam. The aim of the work is to evaluate the-state-of-the-art, to perform a numerical simulation of the flow of fluids in the area of shell side under the inlet nozzle. Current methods of numerical analyses very well solve this problem, but at the expense of computing time, devices and expensive licences. The benefit of this work is the use of user-defined function (UDF) as a method for simulating interaction with fluid and structure in ANSYS Fluent software. This work places great emphasis on using the current state of knowledge for verifying and validation. Verifying and validation of results include, for example, experimentally measured Reynolds and Strouhal numbers, the drag coefficients and for example magnitude of pressure coefficient around the tube. At the same time, it uses the finite element method as a tool for the stress-strain calculation of a key part on tube such as a pipe-tube joint. Another benefit of this work is the extension of the graphical design of heat exchanger according to Poddar and Polley by vibration damages control according to the method described in TEMA [1]. In this section, the author points out the enormous influence of flow velocity on both the tube side and the shell side for design of the heat exchanger to ensure faultless operation. As an etalon of damage, the author chose a heat exchanger designated 104 from the Heat Exchanger Tube Vibration Data Bank [3]. With this heat exchanger, vibrational damage has been proven to be due to cutting of the tubes over the baffles. The last part outlines the possibilities and limits of further work.