Already in the late 1970´s it became clear that the traditional catalogs in libraries were not suited for children, neither their interests nor their way expressing themselves were accounted for. The goal of this thesis is to investigate if and how children’s OPACs (Open public access catalogs) interface design is at present adapted to the presumed audience of children. My method consists of literature studies and an investigation on the graphical interfaces in OPACs for children, according to the five criteria formulated by childrens library consultant Lena Lundgren and IT-consultant Kia Gumbel. The aims are to find out: a) what requirements for children’s OPAC interfaces and their usability are defined in literature and b) what the actual (real) features of the children’s OPAC interfaces are. What interests me, regarding the graphical interfaces, is the actual appearance seen by the children, and partly the interactivity supplied by the OPACs. Using the criteria of Lundgren and Gumbel, I analyse figures, the front page, key-words, the text and the quality appearing in the different OPACs. In conclusion, the graphical interfaces of the three OPACs for children are somewhat adapted for children according to the Lundgren/Gumbel criteria. By using for example more user-polls, individualized graphical interfaces and reference groups consisting of children, the graphical interface for OPACs can be modified, and hopefully optimised, to take full account of the varied abilities of children. / Uppsatsnivå: C

La résolution du problème d'allocation de charge représente un enjeu important dans l'exploitation des machines parallèles. Nous faisons d'abord une étude bibliographique de ce problème dans le cadre des architectures à mémoire distribuée en mettant l'accent sur l'allocation dynamique, plus précisément sur l'équilibrage et la régulation de charges régulières. Une stratégie originale de régulation basée sur un calcul de préfixe généralisé est proposée. Elle s'avère à la fois correcte, exacte et indépendante du réseau d'interconnexion de processeurs. Un noyau de régulation de charge basé sur cette stratégie est développé. Nous poursuivons ensuite avec une analyse de son temps total d'exécution. Nous trouvons qu'une loi de probabilité de Gumbel modélise le temps maximal d'exécution. A partir de ce résultat nous inférons des politiques d'initiation et de décision pour la mise en oeuvre de là stratégie proposée. L'algorithme de régulation ainsi obtenu est donc efficace. Une application de simulation des phénomènes mécaniques, déformation-recristallisation à chaud des agrégats polycristallins, est développée. Pour cette application dynamique nous utilisons le noyau de régulation de charge avec les politiques d'initiation et décision proposés. L'algorithme complet s'avère en pratique correct, stable et efficace.

The study of biological diversity has seen a tremendous growth over the past few decades. Among the commonly used indices capturing both the richness and evenness of a community, the Berger-Parker index, which relates to the maximum proportion of all species, is particularly effective. However, when the number of individuals and species grows without bound this index changes, and it is important to develop statistical tools to measure this change. In this thesis, we introduce two estimators for this maximum: the multinomial maximum and the length of the longest increasing subsequence. In both cases, the limiting distribution of the estimators, as the number of individuals and species simultaneously grows without bound, is obtained. Then, constructing the 95% confidence intervals for the maximum proportion helps improve the comparison of the Berger-Parker index among communities. Finally, we compare the two approaches by examining their associated bias corrected estimators and apply our results to environmental data.

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This thesis introduces an novel approach to model regularization in Vision Transformers (ViTs), a category of deep learning models. It employs stochastic embedded feature selection within the context of echocardiography video analysis, specifically focusing on the EchoNet-Dynamic dataset. The proposed method, termed Gumbel Vision-Transformer (G-ViT), combines ViTs and Concrete Autoencoders (CAE) to enhance the generalization of models predicting left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF). The model comprises a ViT frame encoder for spatial representation and a transformer sequence model for temporal aspects, forming a Video ViT (V-ViT) architecture that, when used without feature selection, serves as a baseline on LVEF prediction performance. The key contribution lies in the incorporation of stochastic image patch selection in video frames during training. The CAE method is adapted for this purpose, achieving approximately discrete patch selections by sampling from the Gumbel-Softmax distribution, a relaxation of the categorical. The experiments conducted on EchoNetDynamic demonstrate a consistent and notable regularization effect. The G-ViT model, trained with learned feature selection, achieves a test R² of 0.66 outperforms random masking baselines and the full-input V-ViT counterpart with an R² of 0.63, and showcasing improved generalization in multiple evaluation metrics. The G-ViT is compared against recent related work in the application of ViTs on EchoNet-Dynamic, notably outperforming the application of Swin-transformers, UltraSwin, which achieved an R² of 0.59. Moreover, the thesis explores model explainability by visualizing selected patches, providing insights into how the G-ViT utilizes regions known to be crucial for LVEF prediction for humans. This proposed approach extends beyond regularization, offering a unique explainability tool for ViTs. Efficiency aspects are also considered, revealing that the G-ViT model, trained with a reduced number of input tokens, yields comparable or superior results while significantly reducing GPU memory and floating-point operations. This efficiency improvement holds potential for energy reduction during training. / Detta examensarbete introducerar en ny metod för att uppnå regularisering av Vision-Transformers (ViTs), en kategori av deep learning-modeller. Den använder sig stokastisk inbäddad feature selection i kontexten av analys av ekokardiografivideor, specifikt inriktat på datasetet EchoNet-Dynamic. Den föreslagna metoden, kallad Gumbel Vision-Transformer (G-ViT), kombinerar ViTs och Concrete Autoencoders (CAE) för att förbättra generaliseringen av modeller som förutspår ejektionsfraktion i vänstra ventrikeln (left ventricular ejection fraction, LVEF). Modellen inbegriper en ViT frame encoder för spatiella representationer och en transformer-sekvensmodell för tidsaspekter, vilka bilder en arkitektur, Video-ViT (V-ViT), som tränad utan feature selection utgör en utgångspunkt (baseline) för jämförelse vid prediktion av LVEF. Det viktigaste bidraget ligger i införandet av stokastiskt urval av bild-patches i videobilder under träning. CAE-metoden anpassas för detta ändamål, och uppnår approxmativt diskret patch-selektion genom att dra stickprov från Gumbel-Softmax-fördelningen, en relaxation av den kategoriska fördelningen. Experimenten utförda på EchoNet-Dynamic visar en konsekvent och anmärkningsvärd regulariseringseffekt. G-ViTmodellen, tränad med inlärd feature selection, uppnår ett R² på 0,66 och överträffar slumpmässigt urval och V-ViT-motsvarigheten som använder sig av hela bilder med ett R² på 0,63, och uppvisar förbättrad generalisering i flera utvärderingsmått. G-ViT jämförs med nyligen publicerat arbete i tillämpningen av ViTs på EchoNet-Dynamic och överträffar bland annat en tillämpning av Swin-transformers, UltraSwin, som uppnådde en R² på 0,59. Dessutom utforskar detta arbete modellförklarbarhet genom att visualisera utvalda bild-patches, vilket ger insikter i hur G-ViT använder regioner som är kända för att vara avgörande för LVEF-estimering för människor. Denna föreslagna metod sträcker sig bortom regularisering och erbjuder ett unikt förklaringsverktyg för ViTs. Effektivitetsaspekter beaktas också, vilket avslöjar att G-ViT-modellen, tränad med ett reducerat antal inmatningstokens, ger jämförbara eller överlägsna resultat samtidigt som den avsevärt minskar GPU-minnet och flyttalsoperationer. Denna effektivitetsförbättring har potential för energireduktion under träning.

In the case of soil chemical analyses, frequency distributions for some elements show a dissymmetrical aspect, with a very marked spread to the right or to the left. A high frequency of extreme values is also observed and a possible mixture of several distributions, due to the presence of various soil types within a single geographical unit, is encountered. Then, for the outliers detection and the establishment of detection limits, an original outliers detection procedure has been developed; it allows estimating extreme quantiles above and under which observations are considered as outliers. The estimation of these detection limits is based on the right and the left of the distribution tails. A first estimation is realised for each elementary geographical unit to determine an appropriate truncation level. Then, a spatial classification allows creating adjoining homogeneous groups of geographical units to estimate robust limit values based on an optimal number of observations. / Dans le cas des analyses chimiques de sols, les distributions de fréquences des résultats présentent, pour certains éléments étudiés, un caractère très dissymétrique avec un étalement très marqué à droite ou à gauche. Une fréquence importante de valeurs extrêmes est également observée et un mélange éventuel de plusieurs distributions au sein dune même entité géographique, lié à la présence de divers types de sols, peut être rencontré. Dès lors, pour la détection des valeurs aberrantes et la fixation des limites de détection, une méthode originale, permettant destimer des quantiles extrêmes au-dessus et en dessous desquelles les observations sont considérées comme aberrantes, a été élaborée. Lestimation des limites de détection est établie de manière distincte à partir des queues des distributions droite et gauche. Une première estimation par entité géographique élémentaire est réalisée afin de déterminer un niveau de troncature adéquat. Une classification spatiale permet ensuite de créer des groupes dentités homogènes contiguës, de manière à estimer des valeurs limites robustes basées sur un nombre dobservations optimal.

The thesis deals with extreme value distributions. The theoretical part is devoted to the basics of extreme value theory and to the characterization of extreme value distributions. There is the limit theorem for distributions of the maximum formulated and characteristics of the extreme value distributions deduced. There are parameter estimates for Weibull, lognormal and exponential distributions inferred using method of maximum likelihood and method of moments. There is also the theory of censored samples described. The practical part is devoted to statistical analysis of rainfall.

現今在處理財務資料的過程當中，通常對於資料的分配特性是未知的，然而 透過關聯結構可以較容易的得知資料的聯合機率分配，但要如何得知資料是最 適合配適何種關聯結構呢？為了解決這個問題，Dobric & Schmid (2005, "Testing Goodness of Fit for Parametric Families of Copulas ---Application to Financial Data",Communication in Statistics: Simulation and Computation, 34,pp.1053-1068) 提 出了針對在二維關聯結構的方法---卡方適合度檢定，來檢視資料配適多種關 聯結構是否恰當。本篇論文延續著 Dobric & Schmid(2005)所提出的方 法，把資料配適二維關聯結構的情形推廣到三維上面來探討，並檢視類股間日 漲跌幅資料配適關聯結構的情形。模擬方面，利用蒙地卡羅模擬法，探討五種 三維關聯結構中卡方適合度檢定的模擬結果以及檢定力曲線的表現。實證方 面，以台灣股票市場為例，選取四個建築相關類股的日內 (Intra- day)股 價漲跌幅資料，檢定實際資料配適五種關聯結構的情形，並進一步了解實際資 料配適何種關聯結構最恰當，從實證研究得知可以發現實際資料配適 Normal、 Clayton、 Frank 和 Gumbel 關聯結構的表現並不佳，唯獨在 配適 t關聯結構最恰當，尤其是自由度為3或4的t關聯結構表現較佳。 關鍵字: 關聯結構，卡方適合度檢定，Normal 關聯結構，Clayton 關聯結 構，t關聯結構，Frank 關聯結構，Gumbel 關聯結構，日內(Intra-day) 價漲跌幅