Title: The Competency Profile of the Rhythmic Gymnastics Coach Objectives: The main aim of this thesis is to create the competency profile of the rhythmic gymnastics coach from the perspective of current and former rhythmic gymnasts, based on the identification of important competencies that Czech rhythmic gymnastics coaches lack. Methods: The thesis uses qualitative and quantitative methods. According to the expert literature studies, researches and interviews with the qualified rhythmic gymnastics coaches was created a list of four competency groups that should be needed for quality work of rhythmic gymnastics coach. After that current and former rhythmic gymnasts of the senior age category evaluated the importance of individual competencies and assessed the existence of these competencies in their rhythmic gymnastics coaches by electronic questioning. Results: Two theoretical competency profiles of the rhythmic gymnastics coach are created in the thesis, including competencies from all competency groups: personal characteristics, abilities and skills, education and knowledge, other specific competencies. The first profile includes 23 competencies that Czech coaches lack but the competencies are considered as important ones by the most rhythmic gymnasts. The second profile focuses on ideal...

Dissertation submitted in partial compliance with the requirements for the Master’s Degree in Technology: Chiropractic in the Department of Chiropractic at the Durban Institute of Technology, 2006. / The aim or purpose of this study is to determine the injury profile of gymnasts in the greater Durban area of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa; and to compare it with the international data that are available. Factors that should be considered regarding differences in the injury profile of South African gymnasts as compared with international gymnasts include: 1. Difference in standard of gymnastics (Cameron-Smith, 2005) 2. Sudden increase in the standard of South African gymnastics in an attempt to match that of other countries, which may lead to an increase in training hours, and attempts at more risky new manoeuvres. This, in turn, may increase the risk of injury (Cameron-Smith, 2005). For the purpose of this study, the following information was gathered in terms of: - Demographics of South African gymnasts - The participants’ gymnastics history - The presence of any past or current injuries, and - If present, factors relating to these injuries were investigated. This information mentioned above was gathered with the aim of helping to identify any problems that may exist, quantifying the extent of these problems and identifying to some extent the potential risk factors. This would be beneficial to South African gymnasts if recommendations for prevention of potential injuries were made, should any common injuries, or possible risk factors or associations be discovered/identified (Chadwick, 2004).

Studien bemöter ämnena avhopp och motivationsfaktorer inom svensk ungdomsidrott. Syftet är att identifiera orsaker till avhopp från svensk ungdomsidrott samt motivationsfaktorer för fortsatt idrottsdeltagande inom svensk ungdomsidrott. Deltagarna i studien har varit aktiva inom idrotterna simning eller gymnastik men hoppat av idrotten någon gång mellan 13 och 20 års ålder. Studien är baserad på 15 semi strukturerade intervjuer kring deltagarnas upplevelser av ungdomsidrott. Frågor ställdes gällande deltagarens generella bakgrund, idrottsliga bakgrund, idrottsmiljö, motivationsfaktorer, målorientering, yttre ramfaktorer och idrottsliga avslut. Resultatet visar på att bland annat låg upplevd kompetens, tävlingsfokus, nytt fokus och tidsaspekt är orsaker till avhopp från svensk ungdomsidrott. Resultatet visar på att utvecklande atmosfär, bra relationer, hög upplevd kompetens och nöje är de mest framträdande motivationsfaktorerna inom svensk ungdomsidrott. Resultaten stämmer övererens med tidigare forskning kring motivationsfaktorer och avhopp från ungdomsidrott. Implikationer ges. / The study deals with factors contributing to dropouts and sports participation in Swedish youth sport. The aim of the study is to identify reasons for dropouts from Swedish youth sport and to identify factors that motivate youth athletes to continue with the sport. The participants in this study have been active in gymnastics or swimming but dropped out of the sport somewhere between the ages of 13 and 20. The study is based on 15 semi-structured interviews about participants' experiences of youth sport. Questions were asked regarding the participants´ general background, sporting background, sporting environment, motivators, goal orientation, external factors and athletic termination. The results show that, among other things, low perceived competence, focus on competitions, a new focus and time factors are the main reasons for dropouts from Swedish youth sport. The results show that a developmental atmosphere, good relationships, high perceived competence and enjoyment are the most prominent motivational factors within the Swedish youth sport. The results correspond with previous research on motivation factors and dropouts from youth sport. Implications are given.

This investigation compares the results of three different methods of teaching tumbling, the Trampoline Method, Mental Practice, and the Traditional Method. The study also investigates whether sex and ability level significantly affect the results of the teaching methods. The subjects were the ninety members of the junior-level gymnastics classes for physical education majors at New Mexico State University during the fall and spring semesters of the 1972-1973 school year. There were forty-five female and fortyfive male subjects. A stratified random sample was constructed to insure equality of the teaching-method groups. The motor educability scores of the Johnson-Metheny Test were used to develop high-, medium-, and low-ability groups. The subjects in the ability groups were randomly selected and assigned to one of the teaching methods.

Title: Measurement of movement creativity of pupils aged 10 - 12 years Objectives: The aim of the work was to verify the impact of extra-curricular movement activities on movement creativity of the pupils 10 - 12 old. By means of survey questionnaire we will acquire the information how many responders pursue movement activities and what kind of these activities. For the purpose of this work the basic schools in Prague and Mladá Boleslav will be addressed, research will be done with the pupils of 4th - 6th class. P.E. teachers with the pupils will fill in anonymous personal questionnaires with the chosen group and consequently a standardized Iowa-Brace test of docility and non-standardized test of movement creativity will be done with them. Method: The results will be acquired by the methods of qualitative and quantitative research. Non- standardized questionnaire, standardized Iowa-Brace test and non-standardized test of movement creativity will be used. The results will be worked out by Microsoft Excel computer program. Results: The found out results proved that the responders who go in for gymnastic sports achieved the best assessments in the tested group. In the order of popularity the dancing activities and games take the leading positions, on the contrary we found a little interest in...

Title: Verification of instructor influence on the load during exercise session of "Jumping". Goals: The main goal is to observe the dynamics of heart rate during the 62-minute exercise session of "Jumping" and to observe the impact of the instructor on the cardiovascular system load, by monitoring heart rate. Methods: During the exercise session of "Jumping" we observe the cardiovascular system load on 38 volunteers aged 18-30 years, by monitoring of heart rate. For measuring heart rate, we used equipment Polar RS800CX. Probands were divided into four groups according to gender and age. Two groups of men and women in each age categories up to 20 years and from 21 to 30 years. Each proband completed four exercise sessions lasting about 62 minutes. The sessions were led by four different instructors. Results: The analysis results show that the average heart rates during 62 minute exercise session of "Jumping" are not significantly different. Measured values showed that Jumping is not aerobic activity. Keywords: Jumping, trampoline, heart rate, cardiovascular system, sport tester

O presente estudo objetiva analisar a influência da atividade física regular orientada, enquanto vertente da política pública de esporte e lazer, na qualidade de vida das praticantes, por meio de uma pesquisa-ação nos grupos de ginástica da Secretaria de Esportes e Lazer da Prefeitura Municipal de Valinhos - SP. Participaram da pesquisa, 244 alunas, na faixa etária de 35 a 74 anos de idade. Para coleta dos dados, utilizou-se a combinação de abordagem qualitativa e quantitativa, sendo que o principal enfoque ocorreu na análise qualitativa. Quantitativamente, utilizou-se o Instrumento de Avaliação da Qualidade de Vida da Organização Mundial da Saúde versão abreviada (WHOQOL bref), objetivando caracterizar a qualidade de vida das alunas, e qualitativamente, realizou-se uma sessão de grupo focal em duas turmas selecionadas utilizando-se o critério de classe social em situações inversas, com o objetivo de identificar, prioritariamente, os motivos de adesão e permanência das alunas nos grupos de ginástica, bem como, entender o significado dessa participação para elas, entender os pontos fortes e fracos da modalidade ginástica, enquanto política pública municipal, identificar o que significa qualidade de vida para as alunas e se elas utilizam outros equipamentos de esporte e lazer ou se realizam outras atividades físicas orientadas ou autônomas, nessa etapa, participaram apenas 20 alunas, com faixa etária de 44 a 65 anos. Em análise dos resultados, verificou-se que nos dois grupos a adesão ocorreu principalmente por indicação de alunas já praticantes ou por indicação médica, também se constatou que em ambos os grupos, o principal motivo de permanência das alunas é o entendimento do momento aula de ginástica enquanto um espaço de sociabilização, transformando a participação nas aulas em um momento de encontro e trocas, bem como na possibilidade de sair de casa, fazer novas amizades, conversar com pessoas diferentes, distrair-se e pertencer a um grupo. Em segundo plano, também objetivam cuidar da saúde física e psicológica. Dessa forma, pode-se perceber que para as alunas, participar das aulas de ginástica representa principalmente um momento de lazer, e este se constitui um importante dispositivo de promoção da saúde, prioritariamente por seus benefícios psicológicos. Para finalizar, pode-se dizer que o principal significado para as alunas de ginástica do bairro Morada do Sol é que o grupo representa uma família e para as alunas de ginástica do Jardim Pinheiros, um momento de trocas e sociabilização, e em ambos os grupos, o seu significado para as praticantes influencia positivamente na qualidade de vida, por intermédio dos benefícios psicossociais proporcionados pela prática de atividade física orientada em grupo, e apesar das diferenças socioeconômicas refletirem nas oportunidades de vivências em atividade física desde a infância até o momento atual, os critérios para adesão e permanência no grupo de ginástica foram similares nos dois bairros / The present study aims to analyze the influence of regular physical activity oriented as a strand of sports and leisure public policy in the quality of life of the practitioners, through an action research in the gymnastics groups of the Sports and Leisure Department of the City Hall of Valinhos - SP. A total of 244 students participated in the study, ranging from 35 to 74 years old. For data collection, the combination of qualitative and quantitative approaches was used, and the main focus was on the qualitative analysis. Quantitatively, was used the World Health Organization instrument to evaluate quality of life - abbreviate version (WHOQOL- bref), aiming to characterize the quality of life of the students, and qualitatively, a focus group session was held in two classes selected using the social class criterion in inverse situations, with the objective of identifying, primarily, the reasons for adherence and permanence of the students in the gymnastic groups, as well as to understand the meaning of this participation for them, to understand the strengths and weak gymnastics, as a municipal public policy, identify what quality of life means for the students and if they use other sports and leisure equipment or if they perform other physical activities oriented or autonomous, in this stage, participated only 20 students, with the range age from 44 to 65 years old. In the analysis of the results, it was verified that in both groups adherence occurred mainly by indication of students already practicing or by medical indication, it was also found that in both groups, the main reason for the students\' stay is the understanding of the moment of class gymnastics as a space for sociability, transforming participation in classes in a time of meeting and exchanges, as well as the possibility of leaving home, making new friends, talking to different people, being distracted and belonging to a group. In the background, they also aim to take care of physical and psychological health. In this way, it can be noticed that for the students, participating in the gym classes represents mainly a leisure moment, and this constitutes an important device for promotion health, primarily for its psychological benefits. To conclude, it can be said that the main meaning for gymnastics students from Morada do Sol neighborhood is that the group represents a family and for the gymnastics students from Jardim Pinheiros, a moment of exchange and sociability, and in both groups, its meaning for practitioners positively influences the quality of life through the psychosocial benefits provided by the practice of group-oriented physical activity, and although socioeconomic differences reflect in the opportunities of physical activity experiences from childhood to the present moment, the reasons for adherence and permanence in the gymnastic group were similar in the both neighborhoods

Esta pesquisa teve por objetivo analisar como certas práticas e representações das ciências influenciaram a concepção de corpo feminino presente nos primeiros livros brasileiros de Ginástica Feminina e Rítmica, objeto circunscrito, assim, pelas temáticas de gênero, corpo feminino e história da ciência. A ciência, considerada como elemento cultural na sociedade, tematizando, influenciando e sofrendo influência da cultura, pode tanto agir sobre a concepção de corpo como produzi-la, através de um discurso prescritivo. Antes tratado somente em comparação ao homem, o lugar do corpo feminino pode ser realçado a partir da Ginástica Feminina e Rítmica, prática corporal elaborada originalmente para as mulheres. A análise de cunho histórico dos primeiros manuais da modalidade no Brasil, de meados do século XX, incluindo a investigação de seus enquadramentos contextuais e de elementos das trajetórias de suas autoras, permitiu a compreensão da influência de algumas visões de ciência sobre expectativas a respeito do corpo feminino e das formas de intervenção sobre ele. Além de notar a presença de aspectos relacionados a ideias e conteúdos de determinadas ciências, como noções de evolução e experimentação, mostramos como os manuais analisados partem de uma certa visão de ciência para almejar sistematicidade, estruturar sua argumentação e empregar imagens. Nos manuais, a mulher, seu corpo e o feminino são representados como dotados de uma essência natural, mas que é passível de intervenção e cuidado por meio da Ginástica Feminina e Rítmica / The aim of this investigation was to analyze how certain practices and representations of the sciences influenced the conception of the female body in the first Brazilian handbooks of Womens and Rhythmic Gymnastics (an object thus circumscribed by the themes of gender, the female body and history of science). Considered as a cultural element in society, thematising, influencing and being influenced by culture, science can at the same time act upon conceptions of the body and construct it through a prescriptive discourse. Beforehand considered only in comparison to male bodies, the place of female ones can be highlighted within the universe of Womens and Rhythmic Gymnastics, bodily practices originally designed for women. The historical analysis of the first Brazilian handbooks of such practices, dating from the mid-twentieth century, including their contexts and elements of the trajectories of their authors, allowed us to understand the bearing of some visions of science on expectations about the female body and ways of intervening on it. In addition to noting the presence some ideas and contents related to certain sciences, such as notions of evolution and experimentation, here we show how the handbooks are based on a certain vision of science that leads to claims of systematicity, as well as structures their arguments and use of images. In the handbooks, women, their bodies, and the feminine are represented as having a natural essence, one that is nevertheless subject to intervention and care through Womens and Rhythmic Gymnastics

A estatura é um dos atributos físicos de grande destaque para o homem e para a mulher e, dependendo do meio ou da cultura, é valorizada de diferentes formas. Quando se faz referência ao esporte e a atletas de alto nível, a primeira imagem que nos vem à mente é a de uma figura alta e forte. No entanto, na Ginástica Artística (GA), especialmente no setor feminino, a maioria das ?grandes? campeãs apresenta uma característica em comum: a estatura baixa. No Brasil, a população em geral acredita que o fato se deve ao treinamento intensivo da modalidade. Conseqüentemente, pais chegam a proibir que as filhas pratiquem a modalidade preocupados com o comprometimento da estatura adulta. Até o momento, os estudos científicos realizados têm demonstrado que os aspectos biomecânicos, a rigorosa seleção natural e, principalmente, fatores hereditários provavelmente sejam os maiores responsáveis pela estatura baixa das ginastas. No entanto, a maioria desses estudos são realizados com atletas pré-púberes e adolescentes que estão em plena fase de crescimento. A falta de estudos conclusivos e especialmente relacionados à fase adulta das ginastas, mesmo no contexto internacional, contribui para a perpetuação do mito da estatura baixa na GA em alguns países como o Brasil. Assim, é preciso conduzir estudos específicos e em maior profundidade a fim de verificar se há ou não comprometimento da estatura final da ginasta de alto nível na fase adulta devido ao treinamento. Estudos que relacionem o crescimento estatural com ênfase na fase adulta da atleta de GA ainda não foram encontrados na nossa literatura. Além de raros, inclusive no contexto internacional, essas pesquisas são necessárias para esclarecer dúvidas e levantar evidências que possam justificar ou quebrar o mito relacionado à modalidade. O objetivo da nossa pesquisa foi levantar dados referentes à estatura de ex-ginastas e ginastas adultas de alto nível no Brasil, para verificar possíveis evidências de que o potencial hereditário estabelecido para estatura adulta tenha sido prejudicado devido ao treinamento de alto nível na Ginástica Artística. Utilizou-se o método quantitativo para comparação dos dados familiares referentes à estatura e maturação de 45 ex-ginastas e 06 ginastas em atividade com idade mínima de 18 anos. Os nossos resultados demonstraram que a estatura da ginasta de alto nível no Brasil está dentro da normalidade de acordo com os órgãos oficiais que estabelecem os referenciais para estatura em cada faixa etária. Evidenciaram também estreita relação entre a estatura média dos pais e a estatura final das ginastas, fator também observado na comparação entre as ginastas e respectivas irmãs, indicando que, aparentemente, o potencial genético ou fator hereditário estabelecido para a estatura não foi prejudicado em decorrência do treinamento de alto nível na Ginástica Artística / The stature is one of the physical attributes of great prominence for the man and for the woman and depending on the means or the culture it is valued in different ways. When reference is done to the sport and athletes of high level the first image that it comes to mind is of one that is tall and strong. However, in the artistic gymnastics (GA), especially in the feminine section, most of the \"great\" champions present a characteristic in common: the low stature. In Brazil, the population, in general believes, that the fact is due to the intensive training of the modality. Consequently, parents even prohibit their daughters to practice the modality worried about the compromising of the adult stature. Until the moment, the accomplished scientific studies have demonstrated that the aspects biomechanics, the rigorous natural selection and, mainly, hereditary factors are probably the largest responsible for the low stature of the gymnasts. However, most of these studies are accomplished with prepubescent and adolescent athletes that are in the middle of the growth phase. The lack of conclusive studies and especially related to the adult phase of the gymnasts, even in the international context, they contribute to the perpetuation of the myth of the low stature in GA in some countries, as Brazil. So, it is necessary to drive specific studies in larger depth in order to verify if there is or not compromising in the final stature of the gymnast of high level in the adult phase due to the training. Studies which are related to height growth with emphasis in the athletes of GA adult phase still were not found in our literature. Besides being rare, also in the international context, these studies are necessary to explain doubts and evidences that can justify to raise or to break the myth related to the modality. The objective of our research was to lift data regarding the stature of former-gymnasts and adult gymnasts of high level in Brazil, to verify possible evidences that the established hereditary potential for adult stature has been harmed due to the training of high level in the Artistic Gymnastics. The quantitative method was used for comparison of the family data regarding the stature and maturation of 45 former-gymnasts and 06 gymnasts in activity with minimum age 18 years old. Our results demonstrated that the stature of the gymnast of high level in Brazil is in the normality in accordance with the official organs which establish the reference for stature in each age group. It was also evidenced the narrow relationship between the parents medium stature and the final stature of the gymnasts, fact also observed in the stature in comparison with the gymnasts and respective sisters, indicating that seemingly, the genetic potential or established hereditary factor for the stature were not harmed due to the training of high level in the artistic gymnastics

Esta tese apresenta como tema o sistema competitivo da Ginástica Artística Feminina (GAF) nas categorias de base e suas contribuições para educação e formação de crianças e jovens, seguindo o modelo teórico proposto por Marques (2004). Segundo o autor, a competição apresenta-se como um importante evento no universo esportivo com potencial para direcionar as ações realizadas diariamente na prática esportiva. Sendo assim, é de fundamental importância conhecer como são planejadas e conduzidas as competições de GAF, possibilitando uma reflexão a respeito desse conhecimento com o intuito de direcioná-las para a efetiva contribuição no processo de educação e formação das jovens atletas, oportunizando um aprendizado mais abrangente (no tocante à abordagem pedagógica e a formação do indivíduo nos diversos aspectos) e progressivo (no que diz respeito à individualidade do sujeito, respeitando seu estado de prontidão e ritmo de desenvolvimento), ao mesmo tempo em que as prepare e motive-as para o alto rendimento. Portanto, o objetivo deste estudo foi descrever o sistema competitivo da GAF nas categorias de base no período de 2013 a 2016 e verificar de que forma as competições desenvolvidas podem contribuir para a educação e a formação de jovens atletas. Trata-se de um estudo descritivo com abordagem qualitativa, tendo como sujeitos técnicos (T:N=17) e responsáveis pela elaboração dos regulamentos técnicos (RRT – N=5) das competições de GAF nas categorias de base dos cinco estados brasileiros de maior expressão no cenário nacional no período relatado. As informações foram obtidas através dos documentos oficiais referentes às competições nacionais e estaduais dessas categorias (estatutos, regulamentos, resultados e calendários) e de entrevistas semiestruturadas, guiadas a partir de um roteiro baseado nas três categorias teórico-metodológicas propostas por Marques (2004): novas práticas num desporto mais conforme a criança; a competição como elemento estruturante da formação desportiva; o número e frequência das participações competitivas. Para a análise das informações, foram adotadas as fases propostas por Bardin (2011), isto é, realizar as transcrições das entrevistas e uma primeira leitura do material, em seguida, fazer as codificações e categorização, finalizando com o tratamento e interpretação das informações. Todo o processo de análise foi auxiliado pela utilização do software NVivo®, versão 11 PRO. Os resultados revelaram certa coerência entre o sistema analisado e o modelo teórico proposto por Marques (2004). No entanto, alguns elementos que compõem o sistema de competições da GAF nas categorias de base ainda se mostram muito semelhantes ao modelo adulto, sendo necessárias alterações emergenciais no intuito de melhor adequar-se às características das atletas nessas categorias. Urge, portanto, possibilitar à atleta atingir o alto rendimento esportivo mais tardiamente, permitindo a ela viver a plenitude de sua infância e não restringi-la aos centros de treinamento. Nesta perspectiva, sugerimos um modelo competitivo com atividades diversificadas, frequentes e coletivas, que contemple, nas categorias de base, os exercícios fundamentais da modalidade e desenvolva os aspectos físicos, motores, psíquicos e cognitivos exigidos na formação técnica da GAF para o alto rendimento esportivo e a educação para a vida em sociedade. / This thesis is about the competitive system of the Feminine Artistic Gymnastics (GAF) in the basic categories and their contributions to education and training of children and young people, according to the theoretical model proposed by Marques (2004). Based on the author, the competition presents itself as an important event in the sporting universe with the potential to direct the actions on the daily sports practice. Thus, it is of fundamental importance to know how the GAF competitions are planned and conducted, allowing a reflection on this matter with the intention of directing them to the effective contribution in the education and training process of the young athletes, contributing to a broader learning (regarding to the pedagogical approach and the formation of the individual in the various aspects) and progressive knowledge (respecting the individuality of the subject, his state of readiness and rhythm of development), at the same time that prepares and motivates them for the high performance. Therefore, the objective of this study is to describe the competitive system of the GAF in the base categories from 2013 to 2016 and to verify how the competitions developed can contribute to the education and training of young athletes. It is a descriptive study with a qualitative approach, having coaches as subjects (T: N = 17) and people responsible for the elaboration of the technical regulations (RRT: N = 5) of the GAF competitions in the basic categories of the five Brazilian states with the highest expression in the national scenario in the reported period. The information was obtained through the official documents referring to the national and state competitions of these categories (statutes, regulations, results and calendars) and semi-structured interviews, guided by a script based on the three theoretical-methodological categories proposed by Marques (2004): new practices in a more child-friendly sport; competition as a structuring element of sports training; the number and frequency of competitive participations. For the analysis of the information, the phases proposed by Bardin (2011) were adopted, that is, to carry out transcripts of the interviews along with reading out the material, then to do the codifications and categorization, ending with the treatment and interpretation of the information. The whole analysis process was aided by the use of NVivo® software, version 11 PRO. The results revealed a certain coherence between the analyzed system and the theoretical model proposed by Marques (2004). However, some elements that compose the GAF competitions system in the basic categories still show very similar to the adult model, being necessary emergency changes in order to better adapt to the characteristics of the athletes in these categories. It is, therefore, imperative to enable the athlete to achieve high sports performance later, allowing her to live the fullness of her childhood and not to restrict her to training centers. In this perspective, we suggest a competitive model with diversified, frequent and collective activities, which contemplates, in the basic categories, the fundamental exercises of the modality and develops the physical, motor, psychic and cognitive aspects required in the technical training of the GAF for the high sport performance and education for life in society.