Orientadora: Profa. Dra. Adriana Capuano de Oliveira / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do ABC, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Humanas e Sociais, 2014. / O fluxo migratório de haitianos para o Brasil teve início após o terremoto que destruiu Porto Príncipe, capital do Haiti, e arredores em 2010. Em pouco tempo a cidade de São Paulo passou a figurar como destino de parte considerável dos imigrantes que entravam no Brasil através das fronteiras amazônicas. A Missão Paz, entidade mantida pelos missionários scalabrinianos na região central de São Paulo, passou a abrigar os imigrantes desde então. O entorno desta tornou-se um local de referência para os haitianos em São Paulo. Nesta região vivem muitos imigrantes e trabalham outros tantos, sendo possível notar o surgimento de comércios co-étnicos empreendidos por imigrantes haitianos. O alto custo de vida leva parte dos imigrantes a buscar locais alternativos à região central de São Paulo, como bairros afastados e cidades da região metropolitana, como Santo André, município onde a presente pesquisa foi desenvolvida. Além do custo do aluguel mais baixo, fatores como facilidade de locação dos imóveis e meios de locomoção, são levados em consideração pelos imigrantes, sendo possível observar que as comunidades estão se formando em regiões próximas às estações de trens. Na região do Grande ABC a comunidade haitiana mais representativa localiza-se no Núcleo Ciganos, próximo à estação Utinga da Companhia Paulista de Trens Metropolitanos. O trabalho de campo realizado nesta comunidade nos levou à percepção de fenômenos comuns a diversos fluxos migratórios, bem como a apreensão de signos particulares dos haitianos evangélicos, grupo o qual nos inserimos. As redes de contato entre os haitianos estão em constante expansão, consolidando rotas migratórias diversas. Já é possível observar imigrantes que partem do Haiti diretamente para Santo André, o que não existia há até pouco tempo atrás. Reve de Brezil, em crioulo haitiano, alude ao "Sonho Brasileiro" dos haitianos; sonho este repleto de fantasias que se desfazem com a realidade cotidiana dos imigrantes que aqui chegam. / The migration of haitians to Brazil began after the earthquake that destroyed Port Prince, capital of Haiti, and surrounding areas in 2010. In a short time the city of São Paulo has been integrated as destination of large part of immigrants who entered in Brazil through the amazon borders. The Missão Paz, supported by the scalabrini missionaries in downtown São Paulo, has housed the immigrants since then. The surroundings of this have become a reference site for haitians. In this region many immigrants live and some of them work, it is possible to note the emergence of co-ethnics trades undertaken by haitian immigrants. The high cost of living leads the immigrants to seek alternative sites regarding to São Paulo downtown, as outer boroughs and cities of the metropolitan area, such as Santo André, the county where this research was conducted. Besides cheap rent, factors such as ease for rental property and means of transportation are taken into consideration by immigrants; it is possible to observe that communities are forming in regions close to train stations. In the Grande ABC region, the most representative haitian community are located at the Núcleo Ciganos, near Utinga station from the metropolitan train company. The fieldwork in this community led us to the perception of common phenomena to various migration flows, as well as the seizure of particular signs of evangelical haitians, group which we immersed ourselves. Contact networks among haitians are constantly expanding, consolidating several migratory routes. It is possible to observe immigrants who depart from Haiti directly to Santo André, which did not exist in a very short time ago. Reve de Brezil in Haitian Creole, alludes to the "Brazilian Dream" of Haitians; this dream full of fantasies which break with the daily reality of the immigrants who arrive here.

Submitted by Marilene Donadel (marilene.donadel@unioeste.br) on 2018-11-29T20:30:25Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Carmem_Manica_2018.pdf: 2971917 bytes, checksum: a09dd08a0424e127722056fd3d8e3b0e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-11-29T20:30:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Carmem_Manica_2018.pdf: 2971917 bytes, checksum: a09dd08a0424e127722056fd3d8e3b0e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-09-17 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Natural catastrophes and economical and political problems have been working as catalysts for migration of an extensive amount of the Haitian population to other countries. The migratory route to Brazil has increased after the natural disaster of January 10th 2010, when Haiti was struck by a level 7 earthquake in the Richter scale. According to data from the Brazilian Ministry of Labour and Employment, around 30,000 Haitians have immigrated to the country. Cities such as Manaus/AM, Tabatinga/AM, São Paulo/SP, Curitiba (PR), and Cascavel/PR are some of the destinies chosen by these migrants, accounting that 3,000 Haitians currently live in the latter. The main objective of the present research is to investigate the Haitian migratory activity to Brazil, specifically in the city of Cascavel, state of Paraná, from the year 2010, analyzing their integration in the local workforce, as well as to understand the migrants' perspective on the conditions of such integration. In order to achieve these goals, the methods of bibliographical review and exploratory research were employed. Data collection was achieved through qualitative field research, using participant observation and oral telling. / Les catastrophes naturelles et les problèmes politiques économiques sont servis pour stimuler la migration d’ une partie expressive de la population haïtienne vers d’autres pays. Le flux migratoire vers le Brésil s’est acentué après la catastrophe naturelle du 12 janvier 2010, date à laquelle Haïti a été secoué par un tremblement de terre de 7,0 degrés sur l’échelle de Richter. Selon les données du Ministère du Travail et Éducation du Brésil, environ 30.000 haïtiens sont entrés dans le pays, étant que villes comme Manaus/AM, Tabatinga/AM, São Paulo/SP, Curitiba/PR et Cascavel/PR, ont étés quelques-unes des destinations choisies par les migrants, et que seulement dans cette dernière commune vivent environ 3.000 haïtiens. L’objectif central de la recherche est discuter le phénomène de la migration haïtienne vers le Brésil, en particulier dans la ville de Cascavel/Paraná à partir de l’ année 2010, analysant l’insertion de ces migrants dans le marché du travail local, ainsi que comprendre la perception de ces migrants sur leurs conditions d’insertion. Pour atteindre ces objectifs nous utilisons comme méthodes la révision bibliographique et la recherche exploratoire. La collection d’informations a été réalisée grâce à la recherche qualitative sur le terrain, avec l’utilisation de l’observation participante et de l’histoire orale. / As catástrofes naturais e os problemas políticos econômicos têm servido de estímulo para migração de uma expressiva parcela da população haitiana para outros países. O fluxo migratório para o Brasil se acentuou após a catástrofe natural de 12 de Janeiro de 2010, data em que o Haiti foi abalado por um terremoto de 7,0 graus na escala Richter. Segundo dados do Ministério do Trabalho e Educação do Brasil, cerca de 30.000 haitianos ingressaram no país, sendo que cidades como Manaus/AM, Tabatinga/AM, São Paulo/SP, Curitiba/PR e Cascavel/PR, foram alguns dos destinos escolhidos pelos migrantes, somente neste último município vivem aproximadamente 3 mil haitianos. O objetivo central da pesquisa é discutir o fenômeno da migração haitiana para o Brasil, especificamente na cidade de Cascavel/Paraná a partir do ano de 2010, analisando a inserção destes migrantes no mercado de trabalho local, bem como compreender a percepção destes migrantes sobre suas condições de inserção. Para atingir estes objetivos utilizamos como métodos a revisão bibliográfica e a pesquisa exploratória. A coleta de informações foi realizada por meio de pesquisa de campo qualitativa, com o uso da observação participante e da história oral.

Ce travail s’inscrit dans le cadre de la linguistique fonctionnelle. C’est un mémoire de linguistique comparative historique qui se veut une contribution à l’établissement de la parenté entre trois franco-créoles : le haïtien, l‘antillais (Guadeloupe & Martinique) et le louisianais et les variétés de français colonial. Une comparaison du syntagme prédicatif des trois franco-créoles est réalisée dans un premier temps puis la comparaison est établie avec les variétés de français colonial. Le corpus étudié est constitué de deux ensembles de textes. Il s’agit de textes créoles anciens et de documents relatifs aux variétés de français colonial. Les documents créoles étudiés s’étalent sur une période allant de 1671 à 1850, 1804 et 1867 respectivement pour les territoires de Guadeloupe / Martinique, Haïti et Louisiane. Le système TMA, la négation, les verbes sériels, la copule et l’expression du passif sont les points étudiés. Les points retenus pour l’étude ont été sélectionnés en vertu de l’intérêt qu’ils ont suscité dans la littérature. / Within the framework of functionalism, this dissertation is a historical comparative research that aims at bringing a contribution to the establishment of relatedness between three French-based Creoles (Haitian, Antillean (Guadeloupe/Martinique) Louisianan and the varieties of colonial French. The predicative syntagm of the three Creoles are compared on one hand and on the other hand a comparison is established with the varieties of colonial French. The corpus is compound of two kinds of texts: the texts showing the early stage of the Creole languages and the documents showing the language state of Colonial French. The Creole documents extend from a period that starts from 1671 to 1850, 1804 and 1867 respectively for Guadeloupe / Martinique, Haiti and Louisiana. The TMA system, negation, serial verbs, the copula and the expression of passivity are studied. The choice of the topics was based on the great interest observed towards them in specialized literature.

Oxidative stress plays a key role in the development of Type 2 Diabetes (T2D). This cross-sectional study examined the relationship among serum levels of manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD), 8-hydroxy-2’-deoxyguanosine (8OHdG), dietary antioxidant intakes and glycemic control in African Americans (n=209) and Haitian Americans (n=234) with and without T2D. African Americans had higher BMI (32.8 vs. 29.3 kg/m2), higher energy intake (2148 vs. 1770 kcal), and were more educated as compared to Haitian Americans; all variables were significant at p < .001. Serum levels of 8OHdG and MnSOD for African Americans (1691.0 ± 225.1 pg/ml, 2538.0 ± 1091.8 pg/ml; respectively) were significantly higher than for Haitian Americans (1626.2 ± 222.9, 2015.8 ± 656.3 pg/ml; respectively). 8OHdG was negatively correlated with MnSOD (r = -.167, p < .001) in T2D. Having T2D was negatively correlated with MnSOD (r = -.337; p < .01) and positively correlated with 8OHdG (r = .500; p < .01). African Americans and Haitian Americans with T2D had fasting plasma glucose (FPG) levels of 143.0 ± 61.0 mg/dl and 157.6 ± 65.5 mg/dl, and A1C of 7.5 ± 1.8 % and 8.4 ± 2.4 %, respectively. African Americans and Haitian Americans without T2D had FPG levels of 95.8 ± 13.2 mg/dl and 98.7 ± 16.9 mg/dl, and A1C of 5.9 ± 0.4% and 6.0 ± 0.5%, respectively. Dietary intakes of vitamin C and vitamin D were negatively correlated with FPG (r = -.21; r = -.19, p < .05) respectively. Carotenoids negatively correlated with A1C (r = -.19, p < .05). Lower levels of MnSOD were associated with lower levels of zinc, r = .10, p < .05, and higher levels of carotenoids r = -.10, p < .05. Higher levels of 8OHdG were associated with lower levels of Vitamin D, r = -.14, p < .01, and carotenoids, r = -.09, p < .05. The results demonstrate greater oxidative mtDNA damage in persons with T2D compared to those without T2D and in African Americans compared with Haitian Americans. The inverse relationship between dietary intake of antioxidants and oxidative stress implies a potential to reduce oxidative stress with diet. African Americans were significantly younger (53.3 vs. 55.6 years), had higher BMI (32.8 vs. 29.3 kg/m2), higher energy intake (2148 vs. 1770 kcal), and were more educated as compared to Haitian Americans; all variables were significant at p < .001. Serum levels of 8OHdG and MnSOD for African Americans (1691.0 ± 225.1 pg/ml, 2538.0 ± 1091.8 pg/ml; respectively) were significantly higher than for Haitian Americans (1626.2 ± 222.9, 2015.8 ± 656.3 pg/ml; respectively). 8OHdG was negatively correlated with MnSOD (r = -.167, p < .001) in T2D. Having T2D was negatively correlated with MnSOD (r = -.337; p < .01) and positively correlated with 8OHdG (r = .500; p < .01). African Americans and Haitian Americans with T2D had fasting plasma glucose (FPG) levels of 143.0 ± 61.0 mg/dl and 157.6 ± 65.5 mg/dl, and A1C of 7.5 ± 1.8 % and 8.4 ± 2.4 %, respectively. African Americans and Haitian Americans without T2D had FPG levels of 95.8 ± 13.2 mg/dl and 98.7 ± 16.9 mg/dl, and A1C of 5.9 ± 0.4% and 6.0 ± 0.5%, respectively. Dietary intakes of vitamin C and vitamin D were negatively correlated with FPG (r = -.21; r = -.19, p < .05) respectively. Carotenoids negatively correlated with A1C (r = -.19, p < .05). Lower levels of MnSOD were associated with lower levels of zinc, r = .10, p < .05, and higher levels of carotenoids r = -.10, p < .05. Higher levels of 8OHdG were associated with lower levels of Vitamin D, r = -.14, p < .01, and carotenoids, r = -.09, p < .05. The results demonstrate greater oxidative mtDNA damage in persons with T2D compared to those without T2D and in African Americans compared with Haitian Americans. The inverse relationship between dietary intake of antioxidants and oxidative stress implies a potential to reduce oxidative stress with diet.

The world has experienced multiple disasters in recent years that have highlighted the importance of effective disaster preparedness and response initiatives. One prominent example is the January 12, 2010, 7.0 magnitude earthquake that shook Port-au-Prince, Haiti. The massive disaster made it difficult for local Haitian community officials to respond immediately, leaving the country reliant on foreign aid and international and non-governmental relief organizations. Within days, hundreds of organizations and volunteers mobilized to send physicians and medical specialists, nurses, physiotherapists, psychologists and social workers to the affected area. However, the political and financial instability of Haiti, in conjunction with limited resources and severe destruction from the earthquake, made it difficult to coordinate response efforts between hundreds of responding organizations. The literature indicates that when health professionals are disorganized and unprepared, they are at risk physically, emotionally and mentally which could hinder their effectiveness as first responders. While these risks have been made known, there is little literature that explores the effectiveness of the supports, as perceived by Canadian health and social service providers in Haiti. In order to address this gap, this qualitative study explores various supports that were available to health and social service providers in Haiti by focusing on their lived experiences pre-deployment, on-site and post-deployment. These findings provide evidence to inform policy development regarding future disaster relief and the supports available to health and social service workers assisting with international disaster response.

Ce mémoire s’intéresse au genre littéraire de l’audience, ou lodyans en créole, par la traversée d’un corpus de textes brefs d’écrivains haïtiens contemporains, Gary Victor et Verly Dabel. Ces deux auteurs populaires, dont les œuvres nous éclairent sur les torts sociopolitiques de leur société, vivent et écrivent en Haïti. Ils s’inspirent d’une « oraliture » locale tout en reprenant la tradition écrite des lodyanseurs ou (audienciers), sciemment initiée par Justin Lhérisson au début du XXe siècle. Par une analyse des récits brefs de Victor et de Dabel (lesquels totalisent vingt publications en recueils pour le premier, et quatre pour le second), nous constatons que le genre jusqu’ici nébuleux de la lodyans répond à des critères spécifiques déjà en partie suggérés par la critique (Anglade, Ndiaye), mais méritant à la fois une démonstration détaillée et un travail de synthèse. En plus d’accorder un intérêt justifié à ce corpus peu commenté de Gary Victor et Verly Dabel, cette recherche affirme donc que la lodyans est un genre dynamique possédant ses propres codes formels et thématiques. La première partie permet au lecteur non familier de la lodyans de comprendre de quoi il s’agit, en retraçant l’histoire de ce genre littéraire et en proposant des éléments de définition et de compréhension de cet art né de la parole, mais ayant été adapté à l’écrit. Les trois autres parties se destinent à une interprétation du corpus à la lumière du genre de la lodyans. Ainsi, le deuxième chapitre est consacré à une analyse principalement structurelle, c’est-à-dire un examen de la manière de conter particulière aux lodyanseurs Victor et Dabel ; le troisième chapitre illustre la thématique privilégiée du genre, soit le face-à-face inégal entre des personnages puissants et des personnages démunis réussissant tout de même à se tirer d’affaire ; enfin, le dernier chapitre interroge la fonction ambiguë du surnaturel (dont la présence est attestée par des éléments fantastiques et merveilleux issus du vaudou et des croyances populaires) dans les récits – ces derniers s’avérant génériquement très hybrides, moins typiquement réalistes que ceux de leurs prédécesseurs. En somme, cette recherche pose la lodyans comme un type spécifique de narration faisant une critique sociale voilée d'humour – une œuvre « miniature » culturellement emblématique, située entre le conte et la nouvelle dans l'échelle traditionnelle des genres en Occident –, et vise à montrer la richesse et la pertinence d’un pan de la littérature haïtienne qui a longtemps été occulté par les savants. / This thesis focuses on the literary genre of lodyans ("audience" in French), through a study of short texts by two contemporary Haitian writers, Gary Victor and Verly Dabel. These popular authors, whose works shed light on the sociopolitical wrongs of their society, are living and writing in Haiti. They are inspired by a local "oraliture" as they renew the written tradition of lodyansè (audienciers) initiated by Justin Lhérisson at the beginning of the 20th century. Through an analysis of Victor’s and Dabel’s short works (numbering twenty collections for the first, and four for the latter), we will see that the hitherto underexamined genre of lodyans meets specific criteria already partly suggested by criticism (Anglade, Ndiaye) but also calls for further critical demonstration and refinement. Through substantial readings of Gary Victor and Verly Dabel's short stories, works which have largely been overlooked by scholarship thus far, this thesis asserts that lodyans is a dynamic genre with its own formal and thematic codes. The first part of the thesis allows readers unfamiliar with lodyans to acquaint themselves with its development and mechanics, by outlining the history of this literary genre and by proposing a definition and theorization of this art of speech as it has been adapted to written forms. The other three parts feature an interpretation of the corpus in light of the genre of lodyans. Thus, the second chapter is devoted to a mainly structural analysis, through an examination of the particular way in which lodyansè Victor and Dabel tell their stories ; the third chapter illustrates the privileged theme of the genre, the unequal face-to-face contact between powerful characters and poor people who manage to get by; and finally, the last chapter questions the ambiguous function of the supernatural (attested by the presence of fantastic and magical elements derived from voodoo and popular superstitions) in the stories – the latter proving to be generically very hybrid and less typically realistic than those of their predecessors lodyansè. This research situates lodyans as a specific type of narrative, leveraging a social criticism that is veiled with humor – a culturally emblematic "miniature" work situated between the tale and the short-story in the traditional scale of genres in the West – and aims to show the richness and relevance of a section of Haitian literature that has long been underexamined by scholars. / Tèz sa a chita sou fòm (jan) literè ki rele odyans lan, atravè yon pakèt istwa kout ki soti anba plim 2 ekriven ayisyen kontanporen, Gary Victor ak Verly Dabel. De otè popilè sa yo, k ap viv epi k ap ekri an Ayiti louvri je nan liv yo ekri yo sou enjistis sosyopolitik ki gen nan sosyete yo a. Otè yo enspire de yon "oraliti " lokal nan reprann yo reprann tradisyon ekri Justin Lhérisson te inisye odyansè yo esprè nan kòmansman 20yèm syèk la. Avèk yon analiz kèk ti istwa kout Victor ak Dabel (ki totalize ven piblikasyon liv nan premye koleksyon an, epi kat pou dezyèm lan), nou wè jiskaprezan fòm flou ki nan lodyans la satisfè an pati kritè espesyal Kritik (Anglade, Ndiaye) sigjere yo, men yo merite an menm tan yon demonstrasyon detaye ak yon travay sentèz. Anplis enterè byen merite rechèch sa a bay tèks Gary Victor ak Valery yo kote moun pa twò kòmante yo, rechèch la montre lodyans lan se yon jan dinamik ki gen pwòp kòd fòmèl ak tematik li. Premye pati a pèmèt lektè ki pa abitye ak fòm sa ki rele lodyans lan, konprann sa li ye, nan retrase li retrase istwa fòm literè sa a epi nan pwopoze li pwopoze kèk eleman definisyon ak konpreyansyon fòm atistik sa a ki soti nan lapawòl, men yo adopte li alekri. Lòt twa pati yo tabli sou yon entèpretasyon nan tèks yo selon fòm lodyans la. Se konsa, dezyèm chapit la chita sou yon analiz sitou estriktirèl, ki vle di yon egzamen sou fason an patikilye lodyansè Victor ak Dabel rakonte istwa. Twazyèm chapit la montre tematik privilejye ki gen nan fòm nan, tankou fas a fas miwo miba ant karaktè pwisan ak karaktè pòv kote yo toujou rive jwenn yon mannyè kanmenm pou yo retire tèt yo nan sitiyasyon an. Finalman, dènye chapit la poze kesyon sou fonksyon flou ki gen nan sinatirèl la (kote prezans yon pakèt kokenn chenn eleman ak bèl bagay ki sòti nan vodou ak nan kwayans popilè a montre sa) nan istwa yo – bagay sa yo pwouve yo jeneralman trè melanje epi yo pa esansyèlman pi reyalis pase sila yo ki te la avan yo. An rezime, rechèch sa a poze lodyans la kòm yon kalite naratif espesyal ki fè yon kritik sosyal anbachal ak plezantri – yon zèv « tou zuit » kiltirèlman anblematik ki chita kò li ant kont krik krak ak nouvèl nan echèl tradisyonèl estil peyi oksidantal yo –, epi nan objektif pou montre aklè tout richès ak enpòtans yon seksyon nan literati ayisyen entèlektyèl yo te kite sou kote depi lontan.

Meeting the psychological needs of the culturally and linguistically different has always posed challenges to mental health providers. The Haitian community in South Florida has been one such group for whom mental health services have been less than readily available. Some reasons include a lack of trust from the community, a pejorative cultural framework of mental health services, as well as, a lack of competent Haitian Creole speaking therapists armed with culturally congruent therapeutic skills. These present as challenges for community based-agencies attempting to meet the mental health needs of this population. It is even more problematic for humanitarian voluntary agencies (VOLAG) that sponsor refugees and support them throughout their resettlement efforts. Additionally, the 2010 earthquake has given rise to gender based violence disproportionally impacting women and girls (Amnesty International, 2011) who are now seeking safe haven in the U.S. and particularly South Florida. Tasked with assisting in the resettlement of Haitian refugees/asylees/parolees, many psychologically affected by pre and post migration traumas, these agencies must find unique solutions to help their clients toward the ultimate goal of resettlement, self-sufficiency (Stenning, 1996). This Applied Clinical Project (ACP) showcases a community-university partnership with a VOLAG. Participatory Action Research (PAR) protocol was used as an explorative tool to learn from stakeholders about the efficacy of incorporating Solution-Focused Group Therapy (SFBT) in a resettlement integrative program for Haitians. Results will also contribute to the future development of a toolkit to support family therapists in adapting their western trainings to provide culturally and linguistically competent mental health services.

Rethinking Our Outlines/ Redrawing Our Maps: Representing African Agency in the Antebellum South 1783-1829 The lenses through which our common perceptions of African/Black agency in the antebellum period are viewed, synthetic textbooks and maps, rarely reveal the tremendous number of liberating acts that characterized the movements of Black people in the South from 1783 to 1829. During the American Revolution, 80,000 to 100,000 such enslaved Africans threw off their yokes and escaped their bondage. Subsequently, large numbers embarked on British ships as part of the Loyalist exodus from the United States, while others fled to the deep South, to Native lands, to the North, or held their ground right where they were, attempting, as maroons, to establish themselves and survive as free persons. While recent historical scholarship has identified many of the primary sources and themes that characterize such massive levels of proactivity, few have tried to present them as a synthetic whole. This applies to maps used to illustrate the African American history of those regions and times as well. Illustrating these movements defines the scope of this scholarly work entitled Rethinking Our Outlines/ Redrawing Our Maps: Representing African Agency in the Antebellum South 1783-1829. This work also critically looks at several contemporary maps of this period published in authoritative atlases or textbooks and subsequently creates three original maps to represent the proactive movements and relationships of Africans during this period. / African American Studies

My goal is to study the nature of the Marvelous in René Depestre's Hadriana dans tous mes rêves. I want to demonstrate that René Depestre, in his novel, combines a number of surrealist or neo-surrealist premises that have influenced him as a Haitian writer. This goes beyond differences that can be discerned between the "Surrealist marvelous" endorsed by André Breton and the surrealists, and Alejo Capentier's "marvelous real"later proposed by Jacques Stephen Alexis as "marvelous realism" Depestre adapts Haitian natives' perceptions deep-rooted in their historical and social, cultural and religious past and ever-existing political and economical struggle. Taking into account both the surrealist perspective and the Haitian context, I shall address the complexity of the concept of the Marvelous and discuss Depestre's use of "zombification"as a form of metamorphosis, which preserves the mystical nature of Vodou as a religion that syncretizes the Roman Catholic ritual of exorcism of the Christian West and the animist and magical practices inherited from Africa. Scholars have explored the Marvelous and marvelous realism in Depestre's works as a whole, but not in Hadriana dans tous mes rêves specifically. The exclusive nature of this study will show that Depestre draws from Haiti's complex cultural ethos as well as from surrealism'es key principles, to create a hybrid Marvelous typical of Haiti and Depestre'es aesthetic as a writer. / text

Notre recherche analyse des discours théologiques qui épousent les traits caractéristiques de l’afro-descendance dans des ouvrages de l’Atabaque et de la Conférence Haïtienne des Religieux et Religieuses (CHR). Ces publications permettent de nommer la réflexion théologique afro-brésilienne et haïtienne comme l’expression d’un engagement au sein d’un Brésil multiculturel et métissé et d’une Haïti noire. Elles se réfèrent à la lutte des Afro-descendants et à leur résistance contre ce qu’ils considèrent comme les conséquences de la période de l’esclavage commencée au XVIe siècle qui oppriment encore des Noirs au XXIe siècle et empêchent leur pleine émancipation. Elles font partie d’une démarche postcolonialiste de changement qui inclut l’inculturation et la reconnaissance des forces des religions de matrices africaines dans leur quête d’une pleine libération des Noirs. Notre démarche, basée sur l’étude comparative des contenus de ces théologies développées au Brésil et en Haïti, met en relief des éléments essentiels de deux courants distincts de production théologique de 1986 à 2004. Cette délimitation correspond à la période de publication du résultat de trois consultations sur les théologies noires au Brésil en 1986, en 1995 et en 2004. Les ouvrages de la CHR datent de 1991 à 1999. Notre étude permet de suivre la pratique de la foi chrétienne qui s’y dégage, l’élaboration et le parcours d’évolution de cette pensée. Teologia Negra et théologie haïtienne représentent deux manières distinctes de faire de la théologie noire. Une comparaison entre les deux contextes n’a jamais été faite jusqu’à présent. Cette recherche a conduit au constat selon lequel trois paradigmes peuvent englober les principaux aspects des courants théologiques afro-brésiliens et haïtiens. Nous relevons des convergences et des divergences des paradigmes de l’inculturation libératrice, du postcolonialisme et du pluralisme religieux. La réflexion théologique afro-brésilienne est vue comme une démarche sociopolitique, ancrée surtout dans la promotion des actions positives qui consistent à favoriser l’insertion des Noirs en situation relativement minoritaire dans une société multiculturelle. En Haïti, où les Noirs sont en situation majoritaire, cette réflexion théologique va dans la direction de la sauvegarde des racines historiques en vue de motiver des changements dans une société de Noirs. Cette optique de la question des Noirs, interprétée sous un nouvel angle, offre de nouvelles pistes de réflexion théologique en même temps qu’elle renforce les revendications culturelles des Afro-Brésiliens et des Afro-Haïtiens dans le but d’élaborer un nouveau discours théologique. Notre thèse contribue à mettre en évidence deux institutions qui se dévouent à la cause des Afro-Brésiliens et des Afro-Haïtiens. L’œuvre de l’Atabaque et de la CHR témoigne du fait que celles-ci ont été susceptibles d’agir collectivement en contribuant à la diversité de la réflexion théologique des Afro-descendants, en soutenant un processus de solidarité entre les victimes permanentes du racisme explicite et implicite. Notre étude suscite l’ouverture vers le développement d’une théologie de la rencontre au sein des théologies noires tout en érigeant le défi de construire un réseau Brésil-Haïti à partir des Afro-descendants. Finalement, la spécificité de ces théologies contribue à inspirer le christianisme latino-américain et des Caraïbes et cette réflexion ne se limite pas seulement à ces deux pays, mais s’étend à d’autres contextes latino-américains ou africains. / Our analysis of the theological discourse relates the characteristic traits of Afro-descendants in the Atabaque and the Conférence Haïtienne des Religieux et Religieuses (CHR) research work. These publications are used to bring to light the Afro-Brazilian and Haitian theological reflection as an expression of their commitment to multicultural and mestizo Brazil as well as black Haiti. They refer to the struggle of Afro-descendants and their resistance against what they consider to be the consequences of the period of slavery. What begun in the 16th century still oppresses Blacks in the 21st century and prevents their full emancipation. They are engaged in a post-colonialist approach to change which includes enculturation, recognition of African religions are an essential strength in their quest for full freedom of Blacks. Our approach, based on the comparative study of the content of these theologies developed in Brazil and in Haiti, highlights two separate currents from 1986 to 2004 in theological databases. This delimitation corresponds to the phase of publication of results of three consultations about black theologies in Brazil in 1986, in 1995 and 2004. The CHR’s works date from 1991 to 1999. Our study aims to trace their practice of the Christian faith, as well as their development and their evolution. Teologia Negra and Haitian theology represent two distinct black theologies. A comparison of the two contexts has never been made. This research led to the fact that three paradigms can encompass the major aspect of Afro-Brazilian and Haitian theological currents. We note the convergences and divergences of paradigms of the liberating enculturation, the post-colonialism and religious plurality. Afro-Brazilian theological reflection is seen as a socio-political approach above all anchored in the promotion of positive action to promote integration of Blacks, relatively a minority in a multicultural society. In Haiti, where Blacks are in majority, this theological reflection goes in the direction of the safeguarding of the historic roots to motivate change in a black society. This approach the issue of Blacks, interpreted in a new light, offer new avenues for theological reflection while strengthening cultural claims of the Afro-Brazilians and the Afro-Haitians to develop a new theological discourse. Our theory helps highlight two institutions committed to the cause of the Afro-Brazilians and the Afro-Haitians. The work of the Atabaque and the CHR testifies that they were likely to act collectively in contributing to the diversity of theological reflection of afro-descendants by supporting a process of solidarity between permanent victims of racism whether explicit or implicit. Our study raises the possibility of developing a meeting of black theology while taking on the challenge of building a network Brazil-Haiti regarding Afro-descendants. Finally, the specificity of these theologies can help inspire Latin American Christianity. This reflection is not limited only to these two countries, but extends to other Latin American or African contexts.