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Une identification précise des espèces exotiques est essentielle afin de déterminer la nature et l’ampleur des impacts que ces espèces auront sur leurs nouveaux habitats. Le complexe d’Arion subfuscus s. l., originaire d’Europe, fait partie des limaces les plus abondantes dans le nord-est de l’Amérique du Nord et plusieurs impacts dus à leur présence ont été rapportés. Cependant, l’identité des espèces introduites demeure inconnue dans la plupart des régions. L’objectif de ce projet est donc de déterminer la répartition récente, la diversité taxonomique et l’origine des membres du complexe d’A. subfuscus s. l. au Québec en se basant sur leur identité mitochondriale (16S rDNA). Un total de 526 spécimens provenant de 68 sites à travers le Québec et un site en Nouvelle-Écosse ont été analysés à l’aide de la technique des SSCP et leurs séquences ont été déterminées. Huit haplotypes de deux espèces allopatriques, A fuscus et A. subfuscus s. s. (lignées S1 et S2) ont été détectés. Les résultats confirment que des limaces provenant de régions distinctes d’Europe ont été introduites à de multiples reprises. Une comparaison avec des données historiques de répartition a révélé une expansion fulgurante de la répartition depuis les 50 dernières années. Arion fuscus est la principale espèce envahissante qui a été détectée dans toutes les régions échantillonnées, ce qui contraste avec les études antérieures réalisées ailleurs en Amérique du Nord. Le rôle potentiel des échanges commerciaux internationaux dans l’histoire d’introduction des espèces exotiques est discuté. / Accurate identification of exotic species is required to assess the magnitude and nature of consequences on their new habitats. The Arion subfuscus s. l. species complex comprised slugs of European origins that are amongst the most abundant slug species in northeastern North America and various impacts of their presence are reported. However, the identities of the species introduced remain unknown in most regions. This study aims at determining the current distribution, taxonomic identity and the origins of the members of the A. subfuscus s. l. complex in Quebec (Canada) based on mitochondrial 16S rDNA. A total of 526 specimens from 68 locations throughout Quebec and one site in Nova Scotia were SSCP analysed and their sequences were determined. Eight haplotypes of the allopatric A. fuscus and A. subfuscus s. s. (lineages S1 and S2) were detected. Results confirmed that slugs from distinct European regions were introduced multiple times. Comparison with previous survey revealed an impressive expansion of the distribution during the last 50 years. Arion fuscus is the major invasive species found throughout Quebec, contrasting with previous North American studies. The potential role of international trade in the introduction history of exotic species is discussed.

L’avènement du génotypage à haut débit permet aujourd’hui de mieux exploiter le phénomène d’association, appelé déséquilibre de liaison (LD), qui existe entre les allèles de différents loci sur le génome. Dans ce contexte, l’utilité de certains modèles utilisés en cartographie de locus à effets quantitatifs (QTL) est remise en question. Les objectifs de ce travail étaient de discriminer entre des modèles utilisés en routine en cartographie et d’apporter des éclaircissements sur la meilleure façon d’exploiter le LD, par l’utilisation d’haplotypes, afin d’optimiser les modèles basés sur ce concept. On montre que les modèles uni-marqueur de liaison, développés en génétique il y a vingtaine d’années, comportent peu d’intérêts aujourd’hui avec le génotypage à haut débit. Dans ce contexte, on montre que les modèles uni-marqueur d’association comportent plus d’avantages que les modèles uni-marqueur de liaison, surtout pour des QTL ayant un effet petit ou modéré sur le phénotype, à condition de bien maîtriser la structure génétique entre individus. Les puissances et les robustesses statistiques de ces modèles ont été étudiées, à la fois sur le plan théorique et par simulations, afin de valider les résultats obtenus pour la comparaison de l’association avec la liaison. Toutefois, les modèles uni-marqueur ne sont pas aussi efficaces que les modèles utilisant des haplotypes dans la prise en compte du LD pour une cartographie fine de QTL. Des propriétés mathématiques reliées à la cartographie de QTL par l’exploitation du LD multiallélique capté par les modèles haplotypiques ont été explicitées et étudiées à l’aide d’une distance matricielle définie entre deux positions sur le génome. Cette distance a été exprimée algébriquement comme une fonction des coefficients du LD multiallélique. Les propriétés mathématiques liées à cette fonction montrent qu’il est difficile de bien exploiter le LD multiallélique, pour un génotypage à haut débit, si l’on ne tient pas compte uniquement de la similarité totale entre des haplotypes. Des études sur données réelles et simulées ont illustré ces propriétés et montrent une corrélation supérieure à 0.9 entre une statistique basée sur la distance matricielle et des résultats de cartographie. Cette forte corrélation a donné lieu à la proposition d’une méthode, basée sur la distance matricielle, qui aide à discriminer entre les modèles utilisés en cartographie. / The advent of high-throughput genotyping nowadays allows better exploitation of the association phenomenon, called linkage disequilibrium (LD), between alleles of different loci on the genome. In this context, the usefulness of some models to fine map quantitative trait locus (QTL) is questioned. The aims of this work were to discriminate between models routinely used for QTL mapping and to provide enlightenment on the best way to exploit LD, when using haplotypes, in order to optimize haplotype-based models. We show that single-marker linkage models, developed twenty years ago, have little interest today with the advent of high-throughput genotyping. In this context, we show that single-marker association models are more advantageous than single-marker linkage models, especially for QTL with a small or moderate effect on the phenotype. The statistical powers and robustness of these models have been studied both theoretically and by simulations, in order to validate the comparison of single-marker association models with single-marker linkage models. However, single-marker models are less efficient than haplotype-based models for making better use of LD in fine mapping of QTL. Mathematical properties related to the multiallelic LD captured by haplotype-based models have been shown, and studied, by the use of a matrix distance defined between two loci on the genome. This distance has been expressed algebraically as a function of the multiallelic LD coefficients. The mathematical properties related to this function show that it is difficult to exploit well multiallelic LD, for a high-throughput genotyping, if one takes into account the partial and total similarity between haplotypes instead of the total similarity only. Studies on real and simulated data illustrate these properties and show a correlation above 0.9 between a statistic based on the matrix distance and mapping results. Hence a new method, based on the matrix distance, which helps to discriminate between models used for mapping is proposed.

Introdução: A endometriose afeta 10 a 15% das mulheres em idade reprodutiva e há evidências crescentes de que o estresse oxidativo está envolvido na sua patogênese. Os polimorfismos na região controladora do DNA mitocondrial podem levar à replicação e à transcrição alterada dos genes mitocondriais, o que pode afetar a função mitocondrial e, consequentemente, a geração intracelular de espécies reativas de oxigênio. Descobertas recentes indicam que os polimorfismos do DNA mitocondrial (mtDNA) estão relacionados à endometriose em populações coreana e indiana. Objetivo: Avaliar a associação entre polimorfismos e haplogrupos do DNA mitocondrial e a presença de endometriose em mulheres brasileiras. Métodos: Pacientes com idade entre 18 e 50 anos foram divididas nos grupos endometriose (n = 90) e controle (n = 92). O primeiro grupo incluiu mulheres com diagnóstico histológico de endometriose e estadiamento cirúrgico, enquanto o segundo grupo incluiu pacientes submetidas à cirurgia para laqueadura tubária, leiomioma ou cistos ovarianos benignos, sem evidência de endometriose. O DNA foi extraído a partir de amostras de sangue periférico seguido do sequenciamento de Sanger e eletroforese capilar. Os polimorfismos foram determinados comparando as sequências obtidas com a Sequência padrão de Cambridge Revisada. Resultados: As frequências dos polimorfismos T16217C (14,4% vs. 5,4%; p = 0,049), G499A (13,3% vs. 4,3%; p = 0,038), T236C (5,6% vs. 0%; p = 0,028) e G185A (6,7% vs. 0%; p = 0.013) foram maior no grupo endometriose em comparação ao grupo controle, respectivamente, enquanto as frequências dos polimorfismos T146C (18,9% vs 32,6%; p = 0,042) e 573.2C (5,6% vs. 29,3%; p < 0.001) foram menores. A distribuição dos haplogrupos foi semelhante entre os grupos endometriose e controle. Nenhuma diferença foi observada nos haplogrupos de acordo com o estádio ou localização da doença. Conclusão: Os polimorfismos T16217C, G499A, T236C e G185A do DNA mitocondrial foram relacionados à presença de endometriose, enquanto T146C e 573.2C foram relacionados à ausência de doença, em amostra de mulheres brasileiras. Não foram observadas diferenças significativas entre os haplogrupos mitocondriais / Background: There is increasing evidence that oxidative stress is a major factor in the pathogenesis of endometriosis, a prevalent disease that affects 5-15% of reproductive-aged women worldwide. Polymorphisms in the control region of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) can lead to the altered replication and transcription of mitochondrial genes, thereby affecting both overall mitochondrial function, and the intracellular generation of reactive oxygen species. Objective: The present study investigated whether the incidence of mtDNA polymorphisms and/or haplogroups is associated with endometriosis in a Brazilian population. Methods: Female patients (aged 18-50 years) were enrolled in the present study, and assigned to either endometriosis (n = 90) or control (n = 92) group. The former group comprised patients who had received a histological diagnosis of endometriosis and had been assigned a surgical stage, while the latter comprised patients who had undergone gynecological surgery for tubal ligation, leiomyoma, or ovarian cysts, and showed no evidence of endometriosis. DNA was extracted from peripheral blood samples, and then subjected to Sanger sequencing and capillary electrophoresis. Polymorphisms were identified by comparing the isolated mtDNA sequences with the revised Cambridge Reference Sequence. Results: The frequency of some identified polymorphisms was found to be higher in the endometriosis group than in the control group, including polymorphisms T16217C (found in 14.4% and 5.4% of endometriosis- and control-group members, respectively; p=0.049), G499A (13.3% vs. 4.3%; p=0.038), T236C (5.6% vs. 0%; p=0.028), and G185A (6.7% vs. 0%; p=0.013). In contrast, polymorphisms T146C (18.9% vs. 32.6%; p=0.042) and 573.2C (5.6% vs. 29.3%; p < 0.001) were found to occur at a lower frequency in the endometriosis compared to the control group. Observed haplogroup frequencies were similar between the endometriosis and control groups, and did not appear to be affected by either disease location and/or staging. Conclusion: mtDNA polymorphisms T16217C, G499A, T236C, and G185A were found to be associated with endometriosis, while conversely, T146C and 573.2C were shown to be associated with an absence of disease in the analyzed Brazilian population. No significant differences were observed between the mitochondrial haplogroups of patients with, versus without endometriosis

Aborto espontâneo recorrente (AER) é definido pela presença de três ou mais abortos espontâneos e consecutivos que ocorreram até a 20ª semana de gestação. O AER possui origem multifatorial. Dentre os diversos fatores associados ao AER, alterações na hemostasia podem comprometer o fluxo sanguíneo na placenta e com isso pode aumentar o risco de complicações obstétricas, como o aborto. O objetivo geral deste estudo foi investigar se existe associação entre polimorfismos genéticos (no gene do fibrinogênio (FGB -455G>A e -148C>T), da trombomodulina (THBD 1418C>T), do fator V (F5 1691G>A), da protrombina (F2 20210 G>A), do PAI-1 (SERPINE1 4G/5G) e do TAFI (CPB2<i/> c.505G>A)) e os abortos espontâneos recorrentes (primários e secundários). Os objetivos específicos desse estudo foram: 1- avaliar se existe associação entre os sete polimorfismos e o período em que ocorreram as perdas fetais (precoce ou tardia) e o número de abortos recorrentes; 2- determinar se os haplótipos dos polimorfismos FGB -455G>A e FGB -148C>T estão ou não associados aos abortos primários e secundários. Foram incluídas 256 mulheres com história de abortos espontâneos recorrentes, provenientes do Ambulatório de Obstetrícia da Clínica Obstétrica do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da USP e 264 mulheres saudáveis, sem história de aborto espontâneo e que tiveram pelo menos duas gestações normais (grupo controle), pareadas segundo as idades. Amostras de sangue foram obtidas para realização das genotipagens dos polimorfismos por meio de PCR em tempo real (FGB -148C>T, FGB -455G>A, THBD 1418C>T e CBP2 c.505G>A), e PCR-RFLP (SERPINE14G/5G, F5 1691G>A e F2 20210 G>A). As frequências dos genótipos e de alelos para os sete polimorfismos foram semelhantes entre os grupos aborto primário, aborto secundário e grupo controle. Entretanto, quando foi realizada um modelo de regressão logística multivariada saturada, que incluiu as variáveis independentes: F5 1691G>A (referência GG vs GA), F2 20210G>A (referência GG vs GA), CBP2 c.505G>A (referência GG + GA vs AA), THBD 1418C>T (referência CC + CT vs TT), SERPINE1 4G/5G (referência 5G/5G vs 4G/4G + 4G/5G) FGB -455G>A (referência GG vs GA vs AA) e FGB -148C>T (referência CC vs CT vs TT), apenas o polimorfismo FGB -148C>T foi associado ao maior risco de ter aborto primário (OR: 2,91, IC 95% 1,02 - 8,29, p=0,045). Quando os haplótipos para os polimorfismos FGB -455G>A e FGB 148C>T foram considerados, foi observada maior frequência de haplótipo 455G/148T em mulheres com AER primário (3,4%) do que no grupo controle (1,1%), (p=0,030); porém esse efeito não foi observado no AER secundário. Em relação ao número de abortos consecutivos, houve uma tendência (p=0,060) a maior frequência de genótipo TT para o polimorfismo FGB -148C>T no grupo de aborto primário com até três perdas quando comparado com as mulheres do mesmo grupo, porém com número maior de perdas (>3). Em conclusão, os sete polimorfismos quando analisados separadamente, não foram associados ao AER; no entanto, em modelo multivariado de regressão logística, o genótipo TT do polimorfismo FGB 148C>T foi associado com o aumento do risco de ter AER primário. Além disso, foi encontrado maior frequência do haplótipo 455G/148T para os polimorfismos FGB -455G>A e FGB -148C>T em mulheres com aborto primário. / Recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL) is defined by the presence of three or more consecutive losses prior to 20 weeks of gestation. The RPL has multifactorial origin. Among several factors associated with RPL, changes in hemostasis may impair the blood flow in the placenta and thus may increase the risk of obstetric complications, such as pregnancy loss. The general aim of this study was to investigate the association between genetic polymorphisms (in the genes of fibrinogen (FGB -455G>A and -148C>T), thrombomodulin (THBD 1418C>T), factor V (F5 1691G>A), prothrombin (F2 20210 G>A), PAI-1 (SERPINE1 4G/5G) and TAFI (CPB2 c.505G>A)) and recurrent pregnant losses (primary and secondary). The specific aims of this study were: 1 - to evaluate the association between the seven polymorphisms and the period in which the fetal losses occurred (early or late) and the number of recurrent losses; 2 - to determine if the haplotypes of polymorphisms FGB -455G>A and FGB -148C>T present association with primary and secondary pregnant losses. We included 256 women with a RPL history, from the Ambulatory of Obstetrics from Clinical Hospital of the Medical School of USP and 264 healthy women without losses history that have had at least two normal pregnancies (control group), matched according to age. Blood samples were obtained to perform the genotyping of polymorphisms by real-time PCR (FGB -148C>T, FGB -455G>A, THBD 1418C>T and CBP2 c.505G>A), and PCR-RFLP (SERPINE1 4G/5G, F5 1691G>A and F2 20210G>A). The frequencies of genotypes and alleles for the seven genetic polymorphisms were similar in 3 groups. However, when it was performed a model of multivariate logistic regression, which included the independent variables: F5 1691G>A (GG vs GA reference), F2 20210G>A (GG vs GA reference), CBP2 c.505G>A (GG + GA reference vs AA), THBD 1418C>T (reference CC + CT vs TT), SERPINE1 4G/5G (reference 5G/5G + 4G/5G vs 4G/4G), FGB -455G>A (GG reference vs GA vs AA) and FGB - 148C>T (reference CC vs CT vs TT), only the polymorphism FGB 148C>T polymorphism was associated with a higher risk of having primary losses (OR: 2.91, 95% CI 1.02 to 8.29, p = 0.045). When the haplotypes for the polymorphisms FGB -455G>A and FGB -148C>T were considered, had a higher frequency of the haplotype 455G/148T in women with primary RPL (3.4%) than in the control group (1.1%) (p = 0.030); but this effect was not observed in secondary RPL. Regarding the number of successive pregnant losses, there was a trend (p = 0.060) to higher frequency of the TT genotype for FGB -148C>T polymorphism in the group with primary RPL up to three losses when compared with women of the same group, but with loss number higher than three. In conclusion, when the seven genetic polymorphisms were evaluated separately, they do not show association with RPL, however, in multivariate logistic regression analysis, the TT genotype of the FGB -148C>T polymorphism was associated with increased risk for primary RPL. Furthermore, it was found higher frequency of the haplotype 455G/148T for the FGB -455G>A and FGB -148 C>T polymorphisms in women with primary RPL.

Introdução: A endometriose afeta 10 a 15% das mulheres em idade reprodutiva e há evidências crescentes de que o estresse oxidativo está envolvido na sua patogênese. Os polimorfismos na região controladora do DNA mitocondrial podem levar à replicação e à transcrição alterada dos genes mitocondriais, o que pode afetar a função mitocondrial e, consequentemente, a geração intracelular de espécies reativas de oxigênio. Descobertas recentes indicam que os polimorfismos do DNA mitocondrial (mtDNA) estão relacionados à endometriose em populações coreana e indiana. Objetivo: Avaliar a associação entre polimorfismos e haplogrupos do DNA mitocondrial e a presença de endometriose em mulheres brasileiras. Métodos: Pacientes com idade entre 18 e 50 anos foram divididas nos grupos endometriose (n = 90) e controle (n = 92). O primeiro grupo incluiu mulheres com diagnóstico histológico de endometriose e estadiamento cirúrgico, enquanto o segundo grupo incluiu pacientes submetidas à cirurgia para laqueadura tubária, leiomioma ou cistos ovarianos benignos, sem evidência de endometriose. O DNA foi extraído a partir de amostras de sangue periférico seguido do sequenciamento de Sanger e eletroforese capilar. Os polimorfismos foram determinados comparando as sequências obtidas com a Sequência padrão de Cambridge Revisada. Resultados: As frequências dos polimorfismos T16217C (14,4% vs. 5,4%; p = 0,049), G499A (13,3% vs. 4,3%; p = 0,038), T236C (5,6% vs. 0%; p = 0,028) e G185A (6,7% vs. 0%; p = 0.013) foram maior no grupo endometriose em comparação ao grupo controle, respectivamente, enquanto as frequências dos polimorfismos T146C (18,9% vs 32,6%; p = 0,042) e 573.2C (5,6% vs. 29,3%; p < 0.001) foram menores. A distribuição dos haplogrupos foi semelhante entre os grupos endometriose e controle. Nenhuma diferença foi observada nos haplogrupos de acordo com o estádio ou localização da doença. Conclusão: Os polimorfismos T16217C, G499A, T236C e G185A do DNA mitocondrial foram relacionados à presença de endometriose, enquanto T146C e 573.2C foram relacionados à ausência de doença, em amostra de mulheres brasileiras. Não foram observadas diferenças significativas entre os haplogrupos mitocondriais / Background: There is increasing evidence that oxidative stress is a major factor in the pathogenesis of endometriosis, a prevalent disease that affects 5-15% of reproductive-aged women worldwide. Polymorphisms in the control region of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) can lead to the altered replication and transcription of mitochondrial genes, thereby affecting both overall mitochondrial function, and the intracellular generation of reactive oxygen species. Objective: The present study investigated whether the incidence of mtDNA polymorphisms and/or haplogroups is associated with endometriosis in a Brazilian population. Methods: Female patients (aged 18-50 years) were enrolled in the present study, and assigned to either endometriosis (n = 90) or control (n = 92) group. The former group comprised patients who had received a histological diagnosis of endometriosis and had been assigned a surgical stage, while the latter comprised patients who had undergone gynecological surgery for tubal ligation, leiomyoma, or ovarian cysts, and showed no evidence of endometriosis. DNA was extracted from peripheral blood samples, and then subjected to Sanger sequencing and capillary electrophoresis. Polymorphisms were identified by comparing the isolated mtDNA sequences with the revised Cambridge Reference Sequence. Results: The frequency of some identified polymorphisms was found to be higher in the endometriosis group than in the control group, including polymorphisms T16217C (found in 14.4% and 5.4% of endometriosis- and control-group members, respectively; p=0.049), G499A (13.3% vs. 4.3%; p=0.038), T236C (5.6% vs. 0%; p=0.028), and G185A (6.7% vs. 0%; p=0.013). In contrast, polymorphisms T146C (18.9% vs. 32.6%; p=0.042) and 573.2C (5.6% vs. 29.3%; p < 0.001) were found to occur at a lower frequency in the endometriosis compared to the control group. Observed haplogroup frequencies were similar between the endometriosis and control groups, and did not appear to be affected by either disease location and/or staging. Conclusion: mtDNA polymorphisms T16217C, G499A, T236C, and G185A were found to be associated with endometriosis, while conversely, T146C and 573.2C were shown to be associated with an absence of disease in the analyzed Brazilian population. No significant differences were observed between the mitochondrial haplogroups of patients with, versus without endometriosis

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-19T17:47:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Francisleide Lisboa Ferreira.pdf: 653404 bytes, checksum: df345a6af79843bea75c16b5c13463f5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-06-16 / FUNDAÇÃO DE AMPARO À PESQUISA E AO DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTIFICO E TECNOLÓGICO DO MARANHÃO / The HLA system has as one of their main characteristics the high degree of genetic polymorphisms and it is known that the HLA molecules represent the main aloantígenos related to the rejection of grafts of solid organs and to the reaction of grafts against host in transplants of cells trunk hematopoietic. Those properties allow that the HLA alleles are used as instrument of characterization of the genetic composition of different people, once the allelic and haplotypes frequencies are characteristic of each ethnic group and population; for the study of HLA alleles associations with diseases and to evaluate the compatibility between donors and receivers of organs. In this study it was verified the allelic frequencies and the haplotype associations present in a sample of DVMO of the state of Maranhão and the power of these loci in exams of paternity. 1151 unrelated individuals, been born in Maranhão, were analyzed. All of the samples were analyzed by PCR - SSO method, in the Laboratory of Imunogenética and Molecular Biology (LIB) of UFPI. It was observed that the most frequent HLA-A genes were *02 (24,87%), *24 (9,87%), *01 (7,63%), *03 (6,96%) and *31 (6,71%). The largest frequencies for HLA-B alleles the were *44 (9,44%), *35 (9,19%), *15 (7,42%) and *07 (5,56%), and for HLA-DRB1 it was observed that *07 (12,81%), *13 (10,61%), *04 (8,07%), *11 (7,86%) and *03 (7,27%) were the most frequent. The haplotypes associations more frequents were HLA A*02 B*44 DRB1*07 (0,61%), HLA A*01 B*08 DRB1*03 (0,52%), HLA A*02 B*44 DRB1*13 (0,46%), HLA A*02 B*15 DRB1*04 (0,35%), HLA A*02 B*51 DRB1*13 (0,29%). The observed frequencies showed similar to those found in other Brazilian population studies and in comparison with other ethnic groups, there was larger similarity with the frequencies of European groups, following by the African. This result can be explained by the characteristics of the formation of the population from Maranhão that had effective contribution of three ethnic groups: the Indian, the white (mainly the Portuguese) and the black. The values of the Power of Exclusion and Power of Discrimination observed in the HLA loci in study were superior to the observed in common markers used for exams of exclusion of paternity. / O Sistema HLA tem como uma de suas principais características o alto grau de polimorfismo genético e sabe-se que as moléculas HLA representam os principais aloantígenos relacionados à rejeição de enxertos de órgãos sólidos e à reação de enxertos contra hospedeiro em transplantes de células tronco hematopoéticas. Essas propriedades permitem que os alelos HLA sejam utilizados como instrumento de caracterização da composição genética de diferentes povos, uma vez que as freqüências alélicas e haplotípicas são características de cada grupo étnico e população; para o estudo de associações de alelos HLA com doenças e para avaliar a compatibilidade entre doadores e receptores de órgãos. Neste estudo verificou-se as freqüências alélicas e as associações haplotípicas presentes numa amostra de DVMO do estado do Maranhão e o poder destes loci em exames de paternidade. Foram analisados 1151 indivíduos não aparentados, nascidos no Maranhão. Todas as amostras foram analisadas pelo método PCR SSO, no Laboratório de Imunogenética e Biologia Molecular (LIB) da UFPI. Observou-se que os genes HLA-A mais freqüentes foram *02 (24,87%), *24 (9,87%), *01 (7,63%), *03 (6,96%) e *31 (6,71%). Para os alelos HLA-B as maiores freqüências foram *44 (9,44%), *35 (9,19%), *15 (7,42%) e *07 (5,56%), e para HLA-DRB1 observou-se que *07 (12,81%), *13 (10,61%), *04 (8,07%), *11 (7,86%) e *03 (7,27%) foram os mais freqüentes. As associações haplotípicas mais freqüentes foram HLA A*02 B*44 DRB1*07 (0,61%), HLA A*01 B*08 DRB1*03 (0,52%), HLA A*02 B*44 DRB1*13 (0,46%), HLA A*02 B*15 DRB1*04 (0,35%), HLA A*02 B*51 DRB1*13 (0,29%). As freqüências observadas mostraram-se semelhantes às encontradas em outros estudos populacionais brasileiros e em comparação com outros grupos étnicos, houve maior semelhança com as freqüências de grupos europeus seguido do africano. Esse resultado pode ser explicado pelas características da formação da população maranhense, que teve contribuição efetiva de três grupos étnicos: o índio, o branco (principalmente o português) e o negro. Os valores do Poder de Exclusão e Poder de Descriminação observados nos loci HLA em estudo foram superiores aos observados em marcadores de uso comum para exames de exclusão de paternidade.

Neste estudo, foram incluídos 201 indivíduos com idade de 30 a 80 anos, sendo 100 obesos (IMC> 30 kg/m2) e 101 indivíduos do grupo controle. Os obesos participaram do programa de orientação nutricional para redução do peso corporal. As medidas antropométricas, avaliação da composição corporal e o perfil metabólico foram avaliados no grupo total. Os polimorfismos genéticos foram analisados pela técnica de PCR em tempo real e apenas o polimorfismo do gene IL 6 por PCR convencional. A avaliação de consumo alimentar foi realizada em apenas 73 indivíduos obesos que completaram o programa de orientação nutricional. Não encontramos associação entre os polimorfismos estudados e a obesidade em nosso estudo. No polimorfismo LEP -2548G>A, os indivíduos do grupo controle apresentaram concentração elevada de VLDL-c e triglicérides. Para o polimorfismo LEP 19A>G, os indivíduos obesos apresentaram concentração elevada de VLDL-c, insulina, HDL-c e valores aumentados de Homa&#946; e o grupo controle apresentou a concentração elevada de hemoglobina glicada. Para o polimorfismo LEPR Lys109Arg (c.326A>G), os obesos apresentaram valores aumentados de CA e RCQ e concentração elevada de ApoB e HDL-c, enquanto que os indivíduos do grupo controle apresentaram os valores aumentados de IMC, CA e teor de gordura e usPCR. Para o polimorfismo Gln223Arg (c.668A>G), os obesos apresentaram valores aumentados de teor de gordura e a concentração elevada de hemoglobina glicada e usPCR . Os indivíduos obesos, para o polimorfismo ADIPOQ 45T>G, apresentaram as concentrações elevadas de colesterol total e LDL-c ao passo que no grupo controle as concentrações elevadas de glicose e triglicérides. Para o polimorfismo 276G>T, os obesos apresentaram valores aumentados de IMC, CA, RCQ e teor de gordura e concentração elevada de IL-6. Os mesmos indivíduos apresentaram também o valor de IMC aumentado e a concentração de usPCR elevada para o polimorfismo PPARG Pro12Ala (34G>C). Já para o polimorfismo 161C>T os indivíduos obesos demosntraram a concentração elevada de HDL-c enquanto o grupo controle apresentou a concentração elevada de insulina e IL-1&#946;. Os indivíduos obesos para o polimorfismo IL-6 -174 G>C, apresentaram os valores de CA aumentados e a concentração elevada de PAI-1 já para os indivíduos do grupo controle a concentração elevada de ApoA, IL1&#946; e usPCR. No programa intervencional, foi possível observarmos uma adequação em relação ao consumo recomendado de carboidrato e lipídios, excedendo apenas proteínas. O consumo de carboidratos foi maior nos grupos com graus II e III de obesidade. Após a intervenção nutricional, observamos mudanças no hábito alimentar dos envolvidos devido à diminuição da ingestão calórica e á redução do perfil lipídico, inflamatório, nos polimorfismos LEP, LEPR, ADIPOQ, PPARG e IL6. Os indivíduos obesos portadores dos haplótipos TG+GG/GG, para os polimorfismos do gene ADIPOQ, apresentaram valor aumentado de CA, RCQ e concentração elevada de glicose. Os portadores do haplótipo TG+GG/GT+TT demonstraram hemoglobina glicada e ApoB. Os indivíduos obesos portadores dos haplótipos AG+GG/GG, para os polimorfismos do gene LEPR, apresentaram valores aumentados de CA, RCQ e teor de gordura, já portadores do haplótipo AG+GG/AG+GG demonstraram concentração elevada de leptina, adiponectina, glicose, usPCR e HDL-c. / This study included 201 individuals aged 30 to 80 years, and 100 obese (BMI> 30 kg/m2) and 101 control subjects. The obese participated in the program of nutritional guidelines for weight reduction. Anthropometric measurements, assessment of body composition and metabolic profile were evaluated in the total group. The genetic polymorphisms were analyzed by PCR in real time and only the IL 6 gene polymorphism by conventional PCR. The assessment of food intake was performed in only 73 obese subjects who completed the program of nutrition education. We found no association between the studied polymorphisms and obesity in our study. Polymorphism in the LEP-2548G> A, the control subjects showed high concentration of VLDL-C and triglycerides. For LEP polymorphism 19A> G, obese individuals showed high concentration of VLDL-C, insulin, HDL-C and increased values of Homa&#946; and the control group had a high concentration of glycated hemoglobin. To LEPR polymorphism Lys109Arg (c.326A> G), obese patients presented increased values of WC and WHR and high concentration of ApoB and HDL-c, while those in the control group showed increased values of BMI, WC and content values of fat and high concentration of usPCR. To polymorphism Gln223Arg (c.668A> G), obese patients presented increased values of fat content and high concentration of glycated hemoglobin and usPCR. Obese people, for the ADIPOQ polymorphism 45T> G, showed elevated concentrations of total cholesterol and LDL-C while in the control group the concentrations of glucose and triglycerides. For the polymorphism 276G> T, the obese had increased values of BMI, WC, WHR and fat content and high concentration of IL-6. The same individuals also had increased the value of BMI and the concentration of high usPCR for the PPARg polymorphism Pro12Ala (34G> C).As for the polymorphism 161 C> T obese individuals demonstrated the high concentration of HDL-C while the control group had a high concentration of insulin and IL-1&#946;. Obese individuals for polymorphism IL-6 -174 G> C showed increased values of WC and the high concentration of PAI-1 as for individuals in the control group, the high concentration of ApoA, and IL1&#946; usPCR. In the interventional program was able to observe a suitability in relation to recommended intake of carbohydrates and lipids, exceeding only protein. The carbohydrate intake was higher in groups II and III degree of obesity. After nutritional intervention, we observed changes in dietary habits of those involved due to decreased caloric intake and reducing the lipid profile, inflammatory, polymorphisms in the LEP, LEPR, ADIPOQ, PPARg and IL6. Obese individuals carring the haplotype TG+GG/GG, for the polymorphisms ADIPOQ gene showed increased values of WC, WHR end elevated glucose. Carries of haplotype TG+GG/GT showed glycate hemoglobin and ApoB. Obese individuals carrying the haplotype GG + AG / GG for the LEPR gene polymorphisms showed increased values of WC, WHR and fat, as carriers of the haplotype AG+GG/AG+GG showed high concentration of leptin, glucose, HDL-c and us PCR.

Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a chronic disease caused by destruction of the insulin producing beta-cells in the pancreas. The incidence of T1D has increased rapidly, especially in the Western world and among young children. The pathogenesis of T1D is not fully understood, but the beta-cells are believed to be destroyed by an autoimmune process initiated years before the onset of T1D. During this pre-clinical period, autoantibodies to insulin (IAA), glutamic acid decarboxylase (GADA) and the tyrosine phosphatase-like protein IA-2 (IA-2A) can be detected and are used to identify individuals at risk of T1D. The major genetic determinant for T1D is the HLA class II genes, but also polymorphism in the insulin gene and CTLA-4 gene are associated with T1D. The risk genes cannot explain the rapid increase in incidence of T1D, therefore a role for different environmental factors has been suggested. The aim was to study the prevalence of beta-cell autoantibodies in children from the general population in relation to known genetic and environmental risk factors, and in young patients with T1D in high and low incidence areas. Short duration of breast-feeding was associated with an increased risk of developing beta-cell autoantibodies in children from the general population at 5-6 years of age. We found an association between positivity for GADA and/or IAA at the age of 5-6 years and a short duration of total breastfeeding, and also between positivity for GADA, IA-2A and/or IAA and a short duration of exclusive breast-feeding. Our findings suggest that breast-feeding has a long term protective effect on the risk of beta-cell autoimmunity in children from the general population. The T1D related risk genes were not associated with beta-cell autoantibodies other than GADA in children from the general population at 5-6 years of age. Children with the DR4-DQ8 haplotype were more often positive for GADA than children without this haplotype. We found no association of GADA with DR3-DQ2 haplotype or between these two haplotypes and any of the other autoantibodies. Our results suggest that beta-cell autoimmunity in children from the general population is not strongly associated with any risk genes of T1D other than DR4-DQ8. In the non-diabetic children with allergic heredity GADA was detectable in almost all children, IA-2A in about half and IAA in 10% of the children. The levels low of these autoantibodies fluctuated with age and different patterns of fluctuations were seen for GADA and IA-2A, which may reflect differences in the immune response to the autoantigens. In patients with newly diagnosed T1D, we found some differences between patients from a high incidence country (Sweden) and a country with a lower incidence (Lithuania). Among the Swedish patients, the prevalence of IAA and GADA or multiple autoantibodies was higher than in Lithuanian patients. The risk genes DR4-DQ8 and the heterozygous high risk combination DR4-DQ8/DR3-DQ2 was more common among the Swedish patients than Lithuanian patients. Patients with low levels of IAA had higher levels of HbA1c and ketones, indicating that patients without IAA or with low levels of IAA have a more severe onset of T1D. Our findings indicate that beta-cell autoimmunity is more pronounced in a high incidence area compared to an area with a lower incidence. In conclusion, short duration of breast-feeding is a risk factor for beta-cell autoantibodies in children from the general population, and the beta-cell autoantibodies in these children are not associated with specific risk genes. Children with newly diagnosed T1D in a high incidence area carry risk genes and have autoantibodies more often than newly diagnosed children from an area with a lower incidence, perhaps indicating different disease phenotypes.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:26:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2011-02-25Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:12:53Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 carrocini_gcs_me_sjrp.pdf: 1450758 bytes, checksum: 22d1c253bc1aae8bf01a4211133799fb (MD5) / A hemoglobina Fetal (Hb F), formada por duas cadeias globínicas alfa (α) e duas gama (γ) (α2 γ2), apresenta expressão reduzida em indivíduos adultos, variando de 0% a 1% do total de hemoglobinas. Os níveis aumentados de Hb F são decorrentes de mutações na família β- globina, que originam a Persistência Hereditária de Hemoglobina Fetal (PHHF) e a Delta- Beta Talassemia (δβ-Talassemia). O controle na produção se dá por região reguladora e por regiões não pertencentes à família β-globina, dentre elas 2q16, 6q23, 8q e Xp22.2. Os objetivos do presente trabalho consistiram em verificar a presença e a frequência de duas mutações para a δβ-Talassemia, do polimorfismo XmnI e dos haplótipos β-globina em indivíduos saudáveis com Hb F aumentada do estado de São Paulo. Foram analisadas 60 amostras de sangue periférico de indivíduos adultos, saudáveis e sem queixa de anemia. Foram separadas em dois grupos de estudo, de acordo com os níveis de Hb F em grupo I - 34 amostras com Hb F variando de 2% a 15%; e grupo II - 26 amostras com níveis de Hb F superiores a 15%. Em relação aos polimorfismos analisados, foram encontrados três indivíduos heterozigotos (5%) para a mutação δβ-Talassemia Espanhola, pertencentes ao grupo I, cujos níveis de Hb F estavam dentro da faixa de normalidade. A mutação δβ- Talassemia Siciliana não foi encontrada, fato que requer a investigação de outros polimorfismos relacionados ao aumento de Hb F na vida adulta. A frequência do polimorfismo XmnI foi de 33,3% e os níveis médios de Hb F foram de 15,48 ± 11,69%. A frequência observada em nosso estudo para esse sítio polimórfico é maior do que os achados da literatura para indivíduos saudáveis. Esse polimorfismo foi mais presente em indivíduos com concentrações de Hb F abaixo de 15%. Para quatro das amostras positivas para esse polimorfismo os níveis... / Fetal Hemoglobin (Hb F), formed by two alpha globin chains (α) and two gamma chains (γ) (α2 γ 2 ), has reduced expression in adults, ranging from 0% to 1% of total hemoglobin. Increased levels of Hb F are due to mutations in β-globin family, which cause the Hereditary Persistence of Fetal Hemoglobin (HPFH) and Delta-Beta Thalassemia (δβ-Thalassemia). The control of the production takes place by the regulatory region and regions outside the β-globin family, among them 2q16, 6q23, 8q and Xp22.2. The aims of this study were to verify the presence and frequency of two mutations for δβ-thalassemia, of the XmnI polymorphism and β-globin haplotypes in healthy individuals with increased Hb F of the state of Sao Paulo. We analyzed 60 samples of peripheral blood of adults, healthy and without complaints of anemia. The samples were separated into two groups, according to the Hb F levels in group I - 34 samples with Hb F ranging from 2% to 15% and group II - 26 samples with Hb F levels above 15%. In relation to the polymorphisms examined, we found three heterozygous individuals (5%) for Spanish δβ-thalassemia, belonging to group I, whose Hb F levels were within the normal range. The Sicilian δβ-thalassemia mutation was not found, fact that requires the study of other polymorphisms related to the increase of Hb F in adult life. The frequency of XmnI polymorphism was 33.3% and the mean Hb F levels were 15.48 ± 11.69%. The frequency observed in our study to this polymorphic site is higher than the findings in the literature for healthy subjects. This polymorphism was more prevalent in individuals with Hb F concentrations below 15%. For four samples positive for this polymorphism, the Hb F levels were explained by the presence of HPFH and Spanish δβ-Thalassemia mutations, so that the presence of XmnI polymorphic site was not determinative to influence the γ-globin genes expression... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)