The thesis dealing with the occupational safety and health protection for acute care department nurses had three goals. The first goal was to map the specifics of health protection and safety at work for acute care department nurses. The second goal was to ascertain the most frequent occurrence of failures to adhere to the H&S rules. The third goal was to find out whether the duration of the practice and the level of education affect the H&S knowledge among nurses. Qualitative as well as quantitative research was applied to the ascertainment of the answers to the prepared questions. When the two kinds of research had been set it was necessary to set research questions and hypotheses. The method of hidden observation of nurses working at an anaesthesiology and resuscitation department was applied within the qualitative research. Ten nurses were observed. The method of questionnaire survey sent through the Internet was used to obtain the quantitative results. Surprisingly, two hundred and forty respondents replied to the questionnaire. To confirm the hypotheses a statistical processing was carried out, which confirmed or refuted the significance level of the individual questions and replies. The asset of this work and of a part of its results is a finding that nurses from an anaesthesiology and resuscitation department are aware of the necessity of the adherence to the H&S rules and instructions, which protects their health, but they fail to do it in practice. This is why the results of this thesis might stimulate further solutions. The thesis also contains a proposal how to deal with complicated situations. All solutions are however completely individual and depend on the internal and further rules set by the hospital management.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:26:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2011-04-12Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:29:56Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 ranzani_c_me_bauru.pdf: 2094729 bytes, checksum: c210f6a979b7defe9f252348fef04a1c (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Para que as organizações sejam competitivas e aumentem as chances de sobrevivência no mercado competitivo, é necessária a gestão do processo produtivo cada vez mais eficiente. Nesta gestão são utilizados sistemas focados em qualidade, meio ambiente, segurança e saúde no trabalho, entre outros. A integração desses sistemas otimizam recursos, processos e melhoram a imagem da organização, influenciando, assim, a lucratividade. Esta dissertação tem como objetivo formular diretrizes para o planejamento e implementação de sistema de gestão integrada em empresas da construção civil. Para a elaboração deste trabalho, foi adotada a pesquisa qualitativa, exploratória, bibliográfica com a realização de dois estudos de caso sobre os elementos do sistema de gestão integrada de duas construtoras certificadas em ISO 9001, ISO 4001 e OHSAS 18001 fazendo com que o pesquisador, se ambiente ao universo de estudo. Um referencial teórico foi apresentado sobre as características do processo produtivo, sistema de gestão da qualidade, meio ambiente, saúde e segurança no trabalho e integração desses. Conclui-se que, o objetivo traçado, foi devidamente alcançado, pois foram apresentados os elementos do sistema de gestão integrada nas duas construtoras, sendo identificadas as boas práticas e pode-se propor, diretrizes para o planejamento e implamentação do sistema de gestão integrada em empresas da construção civil / To ensure that organizations are competitive and increase the changes of survival in competitive market, it is necessary to management of the productive process ever more efficiently. This management systems are used raised in quality, environment, health and safety at work, among others. The integration of these systems optimize resources, process, and improve the image of the organization, influencing, thus, the profitability. This dissertation has like objetctive, formulate guidelines for the planning and implementation of integrated management system in civil construction companies. For this work was adopted the qualitative research, exploratory, bibliographic with the achievement of two case studies about the elements of the integrated management system of two construction companies certifieds in ISO 9001, ISO 14001, and OHSAS 18001 making the researcher, environment the universe of study. A theoretical reference was presented about the characteristics of the production process, a system of quality management, environment, health and safety at work and integration of these. It concludes that, the outlined objective was duly achieved, because the elements of integrated management system were submitted in the two construction companies, being identified the good practices and could propose, guidelines for the planning and implementation of integrated management system in civil construction companies

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T20:09:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DissMSM.pdf: 3636856 bytes, checksum: 4728c6556c4d4a2445aa3f930a42c5b0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2004-12-02 / Concepts, evolution and the importance of safety engineering are presented in this dissertation. The aspects that should be approached in the elaboration of the Conditions and Labor Environment Program for the Construction Industry are also considered, particularly the ones for activities that make falls from height possible. The difficulties of implementation of the program are analyzed, considering the characteristics of the Building Industry. Moreover, a case study carried out in the city of Londrina-PR is presented in order to find out the preventive measures against falls from height by building companies. Standards are presented for aid and parameters of safety design for collective protective equipment which approaches protection types, dimensions for calculations. Preventive measures against falls from height and forms of prevention are also presented. They consist basically in knowing the system and the construction process to be adopted by the company; evaluation of the risky and ergonomic situations in the activities of production in building plot; elaboration of collective preventive systems for the several production phases as well as the postoccupation phase; work training; specification of personal protective equipment for the production phases; documentation and evaluation of the safety system. / Esta dissertação apresenta conceitos, evolução e a importância da engenharia de segurança. São contemplados os aspectos que devem ser abordados na elaboração do Programa de Condições e Meio Ambiente de Trabalho na Indústria da Construção Civil (PCMAT), em específico para atividades com possibilidade de quedas de altura. São analisadas as dificuldades de implantação do programa dadas as características da indústria da construção civil no subsetor edificações. Apresenta-se, ainda, estudo de caso realizado na cidade de Londrina-PR com intuito de verificar as medidas de prevenção empregadas por empresas construtoras. São apresentadas normas para auxílio e parâmetros de projeto de segurança para equipamentos de proteção coletiva, abordando tipos de proteção, e dimensões recomendadas para cálculos. Apresentam-se, também, medidas de prevenção contra quedas de altura e formas de prevenção que consistem basicamente no seguinte: conhecimento do sistema e do processo de construção a serem adotados pela empresa construtora; avaliação das situações de riscos e ergonômicas nas atividades de produção em canteiro; elaboração de projeto de sistemas de prevenção coletivos para as diversas fases de produção assim como para a fase de pós-ocupação; treinamento da mão-de-obra direta e terceirizada; especificação de equipamentos de proteção individual para as etapas de produção; documentação e avaliação do sistema de segurança.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-07-29T15:07:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao2008_Leonado_Franca.pdf: 610450 bytes, checksum: 1fc7bfc6096780687d2226f632e6aa85 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-08-28 / Intending to stipulate the parcel of Listeria spp. and L. monocytogenes in several sources, using the PCR techicic, 360 samples were analyzed in the period between november 2006 and february 2008, proceeding from 25 commercial abattoirs of five companies all licensed to export from some Brazilian States. Primers U1/LI1 for Listeria spp. and LM1/LM2 and LL5/LL6 for L. monocytogenes. Listeria spp. was detected in 19,72% of the samples, with percentage of 23% in the bone rooms, cold chamber and half carcass, 15% in beef cuts and 10% in the slaughter rooms. In the slaughterhouses it was detected in 19,42% in the A, 17,72% in the B, 22,95% in the C and 20% in the D and E. Analyzing the states, 16,34% in São Paulo, 23,94% in Mato Grosso do Sul, 14,06% in Goiás, 32% in Mato Grosso, 27,27% in Bahia and 14,28% in Pará were positive for its genus. No matter the pair of ‟primers‟‟ used for amplication, L. monocytogenes were detected in 14,72% of the samples, 20% in cold chambers, 15,83% in bone rooms, 13.33% in halfcarcass and in beef cuts and 10% in slaughter rooms. In the slaughterhouse A, 12,57% of the samples were detected positive‟, 11,39% in B, 21,31% in C and 13,33% in D e E. The bacterium was detected in São Paulo in 12,42% of positive samples, 14,08% in Mato Grosso do Sul, 12,30% in Goiás, 24%, in Mato Grosso, 27,27% in Bahia and 14,28% in Pará. The pair of primer LM1/LM2 revealed better efficience than the LL5/LL6 and although this last one has presented low efficiency to detection, the total of positive samples of L. monocytogenes of this research only was possible by the association of both. Listeria spp. and L. monocytogenes are largely propagated in the sources and studied places, and, therefore, disseminated in all slaughterhouses and analyzed States, excepting Minas Gerais. The results of this research revealed the necessariness of adoption of urgent providences about the control of the pathogen in the bovine slaughterhouses in Brazil and must alert the possibility of occurrence of outbreak of listeriosis of nutritious transmission, considering the occurrence and the frequency repetition here verified in half-carcass and beef cuts / Objetivando determinar a distribuição de Listeria spp. e L. monocytogenes em fontes diversas, pela técnica de PCR, foram analisadas 360 amostras no período de novembro de 2006 a fevereiro de 2008, procedentes de 25 unidades frigoríficas de cinco empresas habilitadas para comércio internacional localizadas em alguns Estados. Foram utilizados os primers U1/LI1 para Listeria spp. e LM1/LM2 e LL5/LL6 para L. monocytogenes. Listeria spp. foi detectada em 19,72% do total analisado, com percentuais de 23% em salas de desossa, câmaras-frias e meiascarcaças, 15% em cortes cárneos e 10% em salas de matança. Nos matadouros frigoríficos foi identificada em 19,42% no A, 17,72% no B, 22,95% no C e 20% no D e E. Em relação aos Estados, 16,34% em São Paulo, 23,94% no Mato Grosso do Sul, 14,06% em Goiás, 32% no Mato Grosso, 27,27% na Bahia e 14,28% no Pará foram positivas para o gênero. Independente do par de primers utilizado para amplificação, L. monocytogenes foi detectada em 14,72% da amostragem, sendo 20% em câmaras-frias, 15,83% em salas de desossa, 13,33% em meiascarcaças e em cortes cárneos e 10% em salas de matança. Foram obtidas 12,57% de amostras positivas no matadouro-frigorifico A, 11,39% no B, 21,31% no C e 13,33% no D e E. A espécie foi detectada em São Paulo, com 12,42% de amostras positivas, 14,08% no Mato Grosso do Sul, 12,30% em Goiás, 24% no Mato Grosso, 27,27% na Bahia e 14,28% no Pará. O par de primer LM1/LM2 revelou maior eficiência que o LL5/LL6 e, apesar deste último ter apresentado baixa eficiência para detecção, a totalidade de amostras positivas para L. monocytogenes deste trabalho só foi possível com a associação de ambos. Listeria spp. e L. monocytogenes se encontram amplamente distribuídas nas fontes e sítios estudados, estando disseminadas em todos os matadourosfrigoríficos e Estados analisados, com exceção de Minas Gerais. Os resultados deste trabalho revelam a necessidade de adoção de medidas urgentes para o controle do patógeno nos estabelecimentos de abate de bovinos no Brasil e devem servir de alerta para a possibilidade de ocorrência de surtos de listeriose de veiculação alimentar, dadas as freqüências de ocorrência aqui verificadas em meias-carcaças e cortes cárneos

En accédant à l'indépendance, la République de Djibouti, comme la plupart des pays anciennement colonisés, a reconduit le droit du travail mis en place pendant la période de colonisation. Il s'est agi pour les nouvelles autorités djiboutiennes de faire perdurer une réglementation faisant de la loi l'outil exclusif d'encadrement des relations de travail. Cette situation, caractérisée par une absence de créativité normative unique en Afrique, a duré presque un demi-siècle, jusqu'aux années 90. A cette époque, le pays a été atteint par la crise économique et financière. Ceci a contraint l'Etat djiboutien à se tourner vers les Institutions financières internationales (FMI, Banque mondiale) qui l’ont appelé à se désengager de la vie économique et sociale. La réforme du droit du travail entamée en 1997 et confirmée par l'adoption d'un nouveau Code du travail en 2006 s'est inscrite dans cette optique.Malgré l'offensive libérale, le nouveau droit du travail porte la marque d’une hétéronomie persistante. Toutefois, une contractualisation relative mais significative de l'encadrement juridique des relations de travail est engagée. Ainsi, les normes étatiques issues de la législation antérieure sont largement reconduites pour garantir la santé et la sécurité au travail ainsi que pour limiter et répartir le temps de travail. En revanche, en matière de fixation de la rémunération, la réforme libérale a donné lieu à une large déréglementation.A ce jour, la réforme ne paraît pas être allée au bout de sa logique libérale. Elle ne s'est pas traduite par un retrait radical de la puissance publique. Il ne fait toutefois aucun doute qu'on est bien passé du recours exclusif à la loi pour la détermination des conditions d'emploi, de travail et de rémunération, à la possibilité d'intervention, de façon inégale en fonction des matières, du contrat individuel ainsi que des conventions et accords collectifs. / Upon gaining independence, The Republic of Djibouti, as is the case with most of former colonies, renew the labour law implemented during the colonial period. For Djiboutian authorities, it is a matter of preserving a regulation which is the exclusive tool for managing working relations. This situation which is marked by the lack of a normative creativity, only peculiar to Africa, has lasted for half of a century and went on up until the 90’s during which the country witnessed a financial and economic crisis. Beset with this crisis, the Djiboutian state turned to the international financial institutions (IMF, World Bank) which impel it to disentangle from social and economic life. The reform of labour law which began in 1997 and materialized by the adoption of the new Labour Code of 2006 is truly a part of this approach.Despite the liberal offensive, the new modification which is currently under way is characterized by the remarkable persistence of heteronomy and a relative yet significant contractualization of the legal framework of working relations. With regards to the working conditions, the state standards derived from former legislation are mostly renewed to not only ensure the hygiene and the security at the work place but to limit and organize the working time. However, regarding the setting of remunerations, the liberal reform leads to a large deregulation.Up to this day, the reform has not fulfilled its liberal purpose. It has failed to result in decrease of public power. However, there is no doubt that there has been a shift from the exclusive recourse to terms and conditions of employment, work, and remuneration to the possibility of intervention, to varying degrees and according to the matters, of individual contracts as well as the conventions and collective agreements.

Cette recherche s'est donné pour objectif d’étudier le dialogue entre les différents acteurs de la prévention des risques au travail. Ce champ touchant à plusieurs domaines de connaissance, les entreprises cherchent à maîtriser les risques dans une perspective pluridisciplinaire. Cependant, bien qu'il soit important le regard des différents champs de connaissance, plusieurs facteurs font partie des activités d’un collectif qui s'occupe de la prévention : l'interaction entre les membres du groupe, la circulation et le dialogue entre les savoirs des différents acteurs, un rapport de force entre les membres de l’équipe, etc. On a enquêté sur la circulation de savoirs entre les acteurs du CHSCT du Centre NF-B, et leur contribution à la prévention des risques. Pour que cette étude reflète la réalité du travail du CHSCT, on a pris en compte les savoirs constitués (formels) ainsi que les savoirs de l’expérience des acteurs. En s'appuyant sur la démarche ergologique qui considère ces deux formes de savoirs, on a pris en compte le point de vue de ceux qui participent au CHSCT. L’analyse des données a été centrée sur l’évolution du dialogue au fil du temps à propos de certains thèmes. On a constaté que les acteurs rencontrent plusieurs difficultés qui interfèrent dans les dialogues lors de l'accomplissement de leurs missions. Ainsi, on a vu que la circulation et le dialogue entre les savoirs des acteurs apporte des contributions importantes à la prévention et que cette dernière est également favorisée par la manière dont les acteurs surmontent ces obstacles en mettant finalement leurs savoirs en circulation dans l'ensemble du groupe, afin qu'il y ait un dialogue sur ces savoirs. / This research aimed at studying the dialogue between the actors involved in risk prevention at work. As the preventive field covers several areas of knowledge, companies seek to control occupational hazards within a multidisciplinary perspective. However, despite the importance of viewing from various fields of knowledge, several factors are part of the activities of a collective that deals with prevention: the interaction among group members, circulation and dialogue between the knowledge of the actors, a relationship of power among people or groups that make up this team, etc. The circulation of knowledge between the actors of the CHSCT (Committee for Hygiene, Safety and Working Conditions) of NF-B Center and its contribution to risk prevention was taken into account. So that this study could reflect the reality of CHSCT, the established knowledge (formal) and also the knowledge of the actors experience were considered. Relying on ergological approach that considers these two forms of knowledge the point of view of those who participate in the CHSCT was taken into account. Data analysis was focused on the development of the dialogue on certain topics over time. It showed that the actors find various difficulties that interfere in the dialogues that take place in the fulfillment of their missions. Thus, it was seen that the circulation and dialogue between the knowledge of different actors promote risk prevention, and that this is also favored by the way these actors overcome these obstacles, by placing their knowledge ultimately circulating between various actors of the CHSCT, so there may be a dialogue on this knowledge. / O objetivo desta pesquisa foi o de estudar o diálogo entre as diferentes categorias de atores que intervêm na prevenção de riscos no trabalho. Em razão do campo preventivo abranger vários domínios do conhecimento, as empresas procuram controlar os riscos profissionais dentro de uma prespectiva pluridisciplinar. Contudo, apesar da importância do olhar dediversos campos do conhecimento, observou-se que vários fatores fazem parte das atividades de um coletivo que se ocupa da prevenção, como: a interação entre os membros do grupo, a circulação e o diálogo entre os saberes dos diferentes atores, uma relação de forças entre as pessoas ou os grupos que constituem esta equipe, etc. Investigou-se a circulação de saberes entre o diferentes atores do Comité de higiene, segurança e condições de trabalho (CHSCT)do Centro NF-B e sua contribuição na prevenção de riscos. Este CHCT é composto de atores que representam disciplinas e profissões diferentes e de vários níveis hierárquicos. Para que este estudo refletisse a realidade do trabalho do CHSCT, levou-se em conta os saberes contituídos (formais) e também os saberes da experiência dos atores. Apoiando-se naabordagem ergológica, que considera estas duas formas de saberes, levou-se em conta o ponto de vista daqueles que participam do CHSCT. A análise de dados foi centarada na evolução do diálogo sobre certos temas, ao longo do tempo. Constatou-se que os atores encontram várias dificuldades que interferem nos diálogos que se estabelecem no cumprimento de suas missões. Assim, viu-se que a circulação e o dialogo entre os saberes dos diferentes atores favorecem a prevenção de riscos e que, esta é também favorecida, pela a maneira como os atores superam esses obstáculos colocando, finalmente, seus saberes em circulação entre os diversos atores do CHSCT, para que, assim, haja um dialogo sobre esses saberes.

L'évolution de l'environnement du travail, de l'organisation du travail, et des modes de gestion des hommes, introduit de nouvelles pathologies de travail à côté des pathologies traditionnelles dites physiques : il s'agit de pathologies mentales. Ces dernières sont liées à des contraintes organisationnelles ou de marché comparativement aux pathologies traditionnelles rattachées aux conditions physiques et matérielles de la tâche. Dans ce contexte d'émergence de nouvelles formes de mal-être au travail, le concept de souffrance au travail, concept « fantôme » en sciences de gestion, apparaît pertinent car il interroge le fonctionnement organisationnel et le rôle de la gestion des ressources humaines. Cette recherche possède un double objectif : contribuer à une meilleure compréhension de la souffrance au travail par la production d'une définition claire de ce concept, et théoriser le lien entre souffrance et implication au travail en définissant de quelle manière ces construits s'influencent mutuellement. Notre recherche est animée par la question suivante : quelles relations existe-t-il entre souffrance et implication au travail ? Pour y répondre, nous nous appuyons sur la théorie de la conservation des ressources. Les résultats de la recherche montrent que la souffrance au travail naît d'une perte de ressources organisationnelles engendrant une érosion des ressources subjectives permettant à l'individu de se définir, et crée une forme d'implication au travail précise : le sur-engagement. Celui-ci trouve ses origines dans la souffrance au travail elle-même et est orienté par des expériences de travail négatives forçant des sentiments négatifs envers l'organisation. / The evolution of the work environment, work organization, and practices of human ressource management, introduces new pathologies work alongside the traditional pathologies so-called physical pathologies : there are mental pathologies. These are related to organizational or market constraints compared to traditional pathologies related to physical and material task's conditions. In this context of new forms of ill-being at work, the concept of suffering at work, "ghost" concept in management science, appears relevant because it queries the organizational functioning and the role of human resource management. This research has two objectives: contribute to a better understanding of suffering at work in producing a clear definition of this concept, and theorize the link between suffering at work and work commitment in defining how these constructs influence each other. Our research is motivated by the question : what relationship is there between suffering at work and work commitment ? To answer, we rely on conservation of resources theory. The results of this research show that suffering at work arises from a loss of organizational ressources causing an erosion of subjective resources that allow the individual to define himself, and creates a specific form of work commitment : the over-involvement. It is rooted in the suffering at work itself and it is guided by negative experiences of work forcing of negative feelings toward the organization.

Submitted by Nadir Basilio (nadirsb@uninove.br) on 2016-06-23T14:59:55Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Fabiana Dos Santos Pereira Campos.pdf: 2460024 bytes, checksum: 6317b67817bb3e38ae9a77cb0716aab8 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-23T14:59:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Fabiana Dos Santos Pereira Campos.pdf: 2460024 bytes, checksum: 6317b67817bb3e38ae9a77cb0716aab8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-11-03 / The objective of the research was to evaluate the performance of management of health care waste systems in hospitals organizations, in view of their managers. Indicators were created and developed a performance evaluation tool for the management of healthcare waste integrated with environmental management systems, occupational health and safety; to further identify the predominant model RSS management in each organization investigated. We used the method of multiple case study, through exploratory research, qualitative in nature. The main sources of evidence in the triangulation of data were: a semi-structured interview and the identification form the predominant model for assessing the RSS management systems in the hospital; structured questionnaires; documentary research, and direct non-participant observation conducted in selected health organizations. There was a content analysis, which had the category and subcategory dimensions (operational, administrative, environmental and financial) and parameters of the assessment tool proposed. The results indicated that all hospitals need improvement. The operational dimension presented greater relevance, while the financial dimension is the lowest maturity by limitations on resources. All hospitals investigated were classified as organizations with an RSS management, but need improvement. The RSS management goes beyond the implementation of an ideal management system for the proper management of RSS, as it is also necessary that the individual has commitment and values of citizenship and ethics, responsibility and solidarity in the exercise of their daily activities in this process. It is believed that this evaluation can help improve the GRSS, serving as instrumental for managers assess the management system of the RSS, with the support of prevailing models, favoring strategic decisions to improvements in all worked dimensions in an integrated way. / O objetivo da pesquisa foi avaliar o desempenho dos sistemas de gerenciamento de resíduos de serviços de saúde em organizações hospitalares, na visão de seus gestores. Foram criados indicadores e desenvolvido um instrumento de avaliação de desempenho do gerenciamento de resíduos de serviços de saúde integrado com os sistemas de gestão ambiental, de saúde e segurança ocupacional; para posteriormente identificar o modelo preponderante de gerenciamento de RSS em cada organização investigada. Utilizou-se o método estudo de casos múltiplos, por meio de pesquisa tipo exploratória, de natureza qualitativa. As principais fontes de evidência na triangulação dos dados foram: a entrevista semiestruturada e o formulário de identificação do modelo preponderante para avaliação dos sistemas de gerenciamento de RSS no hospital; os questionários estruturados; a pesquisa documental e a observação direta não participante realizadas nas organizações de saúde selecionadas. Fez-se uma análise de conteúdo, que teve como categoria e subcategoria as dimensões (operacionais, administrativas, ambientais e financeiras) e parâmetros do instrumento de avaliação proposto. Os resultados indicaram que todos os hospitais necessitam de melhorias. A dimensão operacional apresentou maior relevância, enquanto que a dimensão financeira é a de menor maturidade pelas limitações dos recursos. Todos os hospitais pesquisados foram classificados como organizações que possuem um gerenciamento de RSS, mas necessitam aperfeiçoamento. O gerenciamento de RSS vai além da implantação de um sistema de gestão ideal para o manejo adequado dos RSS, pois é necessário também que o indivíduo tenha comprometimento e valores de cidadania e ética, responsabilidade e solidariedade no exercer de suas atividades cotidianas neste processo. Acredita-se que a presente avaliação possa auxiliar na melhoria do GRSS, servindo de instrumental para os gestores avaliarem o sistema de gerenciamento dos RSS, com o apoio dos modelos preponderantes, favorecendo decisões estratégicas, para a melhoria de todas as dimensões trabalhadas de forma integrada.

On observe au plan national comme international une augmentation de la consommation de certains produits, singulièrement de drogues illicites, voire d’une poly consommation (alcool, médicament, cannabis,…). Du fait de cette tendance générale, mais aussi en raison des évolutions propres au travail, les lieux d’activité professionnelle sont aujourd’hui de plus en plus confrontés à la question. En effet, des risques peuvent être encourus au travail par le consommateur, ses collègues ou des tiers. Alors même que les obligations patronales concernant la santé et la sécurité des travailleurs sont aujourd’hui substantielles, l’employeur est tenu dans sa gestion de la question au respect des libertés et droits fondamentaux de la personne salariée. En évitant toute approche généralisante, dénonciatrice du salarié-consommateur nécessairement pourvoyeur de risques pour l’entreprise, il convient, dans une démarche constructive, de ne pas nier un phénomène porteur de mises en cause potentielles de la santé ou de la sécurité de travailleurs, de difficultés de gestion et de responsabilités de l’entreprise. Quelles réponses juridiques sont disponibles, pertinentes, imaginables, dans une perspective à la fois de sécurisation juridique des entreprises mais aussi de respect des libertés et droits fondamentaux des personnes, de prévention des risques professionnels et de prise en charge du salarié consommateur ? L’approche juridique entend ici prendre en compte les réalités du terrain, les acquis et questionnements d’autres disciplines ainsi qu’un éclairage de droit comparé. / At both national and international levels we can observe an increase in the use of certain substances, particularly illicit drugs and even poly consumption (alcohol, medication, cannabis,…). Due to this general trend, and because of evolutions inherent to work itself, the work place is now more and more confronted to these issues. Indeed, such behavior exposes the user, his or her colleagues and even third parties to a number of risks. Even though employer's duties on matters concerning employee's health and safety are substantial nowadays, the employer is held to respecting the fundamental rights and freedom of the worker when dealing with such issues. While avoiding a general approach that would simply denounce the user-employee that is necessarily a cause of risk exposure for the firm, it is necessary, in a constructive approach, to not deny a phenomenon that puts in question the health and safety of the workers, and generates managerial and liability problems for the firm. Which are the available juridical responses that are pertinent and imaginable, that would protect legal certainty, respect the fundamental human rights of the people involved, help prevent professional risks and take care of the employee-user? The juridical approach intends to take into account the realities of the field, the insights of other scientific disciplines and a comparative contribution.

The middle manager situation is sometimes squeezed between requirements from different parties at the same time as they are crucial for the development of the organization. Masters, chief engineers and managers in the catering department onboard are middle managers squeezed between the office requirements and the working conditions of their crew. The purpose of this study was to look into the middle managers conditions with focus on the work for good working environment onboard ships in the commercial shipping industry. A study was made consisting of two main parts, first a literature review and secondly focus group interviews. The literature review looked for findings about the middle managers work for occupational health and safety, which were mostly about industries and organisations ashore. These findings were tested in the focus groups in order to find out if they applied also for the commercial shipping industry and if there are any special things to consider there. The focus group members were of both genders, from different management positions and companies within the Swedish commercial shipping industry. So what recommendations can be made in order to improve the middle managers work for a good working environment or occupational health and safety (OHS)? Recommendations are given about competence, staff engagement, policies, shared leadership and administrative workload. Three findings are suggested for further research, shared leadership, administrative workload and client pressure. It is interesting that the type of shared leadership that are found onboard seems to be rather unique for the commercial shipping industry.