Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro / Trata-se de uma pesquisa documental, retrospectiva de fonte secundária,que adota uma abordagem quantitativa descritiva-exploratória. A partir da constatação de altos índices de absenteísmo nas unidades hospitalares, despertou-se o interesse em estudar os custos diretos das doenças ocupacionais que levam aos afastamentos e seu impacto econômico para o orçamento de recursos humanos de um hospital universitário do Rio de Janeiro. Neste contexto, definiu-se como objeto de estudo, o impacto econômico do absenteísmo por doença na equipe de enfermagem e, como objetivos: identificar as causas prevalentes de afastamentos no hospital universitário, de acordo com Classificação Internacional de Doenças e Problemas Relacionados a Saúde (CID-10); estimar os custos diretos mínimos das doenças que afastaram o trabalhador de enfermagem; estimar o custo real aproximado do absenteísmo relacionado a 1 (um) dia de trabalho prestado pelos trabalhadores de enfermagem, com projeção de 1 (um) mês e 1(um) ano numa visão operacional do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS). Foi utilizada uma amostra estratificada de prontuários dos profissionais de saúde da equipe de enfermagem (enfermeiros e técnicos de enfermagem), a partir do seguinte critério de inclusão: profissionais de enfermagem concursados com afastamento no ano de 2010 e com diagnóstico médico determinante do afastamento, definido claramente. Para a coleta das informações foi feita a apreciação dos documentos arquivados no Serviço de Saúde do Trabalhador do hospital estudado e contou com a apreciação de especialistas médicos relativos aos grupos de diagnósticos estudados, orientados por roteiros criados pela pesquisadora. Os dados foram analisados e armazenados no programa Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) versão 15 e no editor Microsoft excel 2003. Dentre os resultados obtidos tiveram destaque para as seguintes causas de afastamento, respectivamente, às doenças do sistema osteomuscular, os fatores que influenciam o estado de saúde e o contato com serviços de saúde, os transtornos mentais e comportamentais, as lesões, envenenamento e outras consequencias de causas externas e, as doenças do sistema circulatório, que representam um custo estimado aproximado de R$ 2,6 milhões. Pôde-se constatar que o impacto econômico do absenteísmo decorrentes dos agravos à saúde para o orçamento de recursos humanos do hospital universitário foi de aproximadamente 2,7%. O custo real aproximado do absenteísmo de enfermagem por dia, foi avaliado em R$ 92,50, tendo projeção mensal de R$ 2.775,00 e anual de R$ 33.300,00. Recomenda-se avaliar o absenteísmo dos profissionais regularmente para identificar as causas reais do absenteísmo por doença, a fim de definir metas para os programas de intervenção à saúde dos trabalhadores e promover uma Gestão participativa que favoreça uma análise do processo de trabalho no que concerne o atendimento das necessidades de saúde e operacionais da força de trabalho, determinantes do absenteísmo. / It is a documentary research, retrospective from secondary source , which adopts a quantitative descriptive- exploratory aprouch. From the observation of high rates of absenteeism in hospital the interest in studying the direct costs of occupational diseases that lead cleareances and their economic impact to the human resources budget of a university hospital in Rio de Janeiro. In this context, it was defined as an object of study the economic impact of sickness absenteeism among nursing and the following objectives: to identify the prevalent causes of absenteeism at the university hospital studied, according to the Internacional Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD-10), to estimate the minimum directs costs of the diseases conditions that lead absenteeism to the nursing worker, to estimate the real cost of absenteeism related to one day of work provided by the nursing staff, with projection for one month and one year in operational vision of the Unified Health System (SUS). We used a stratified sample of health professionals records representing nursing staff (nurses and nursing technicians) according to the following inclusion criteria: gazetted professional nursing, with absences in 2010 with medical diagnosis, clearly defined. For data go thing, we used the files the university hospital worker health service and had the appraisal of medical experts for the diagnostic groups studied, according to scripts created by the researcher. Data were analyzed and stored in the program Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 15 and Microsoft excel 2003 in the editor. Among the results obstained, emphasis respectively for diseases of the musculoskeletal system, the factors influencing health status and contact with health services; disorders mental and behavioral disorders, injuries, poisoning and other consequences of external causes, and diseases of the circulatory system, representing an estimated approximate total cost of the R$ 2,6 million. Perceives that the economic impact absenteeism due to the health problems in the studied university hospital humam resources budget was approximately 2,7%. The approximate daily real cost of absenteeism in nursing was valued at R$ 92,50, and monthly forecast of R$2.775,00 and R$ 33.300,00 annually . It is recommended to usually evaluate the absenteeism of professionals to identify the real causes of sickness absenteeism in order to set intervention programs for the health workers and promote participatory management that encourages the evaluation of work process with respect to the health needs and operational workforce, determinants of absenteeism.

Bakgrund: Sexuell och reproduktiv hälsa är en mänsklig rättighet och innefattar rätten att ta beslut gällande sin egen kropp och sin vård. Barnmorskan träffar och vårdar mestadels kvinnor i sitt arbete och har en viktig roll i att värna och främja kvinnors rätt. Sverige ses som ett av världens mest jämställda länder, men det kan finnas strukturer och faktorer även i det svenska samhället som påverkar kvinnors möjligheter till självbestämmande negativt. Syfte: Att undersöka vilka barriärer barnmorskan upplever och uppfattar hindrar kvinnors rätt att bestämma över sin kropp utifrån professionella, sociokulturella och hälsoekonomiska perspektiv. Metod: Kvalitativ innehållsanalys med deduktiv ansats. Data från åtta semistrukturerade intervjuer utförda 2016, med legitimerade barnmorskor inom olika verksamhetsområden analyserades utifrån ramverket "What Prevents Quality Midwifery Care". Resultat: De professionella barriärer barnmorskorna uppfattade resulterade i tre subkategorier: "Lagar, riktlinjer och vårdprogram", "Kunskap, utbildning och profession" och "Personalens personliga åsikter, förutfattade mening och engagemang". Sociokulturella barriärer kategoriserades som: "Politik, jämställdhet och samhällets ideal", "Kultur, religion och familjeförhållanden", "Språk" samt "Personliga förutsättningar". Hälsoekonomiska barriärer delades in i: "Personal och tidsbrist" och "Kostnader och resurser". Slutsats och klinisk tillämpbarhet Studien visar att barnmorskor uppfattar att det finns professionella, sociokulturella och hälsoekonomiska barriärer för kvinnans självbestämmande gällande sin egen kropp i det svenska samhället. Studien kan bidra till att olika yrkeskategorier inom vården kan öka sin förståelse och kompetens i mötet med kvinnor och kan då hjälpa kvinnan att stärka sin position, personligen och samhälleligt. Studien kan ge en bättre förståelse för barnmorskans roll när det gäller att hjälpa individer i en utsatt situation, genom att stärka deras autonomi och känsla av självbestämmande. Studien kan även få vårdpersonal att tänka kritiskt kring att de själva är en del av en kulturell kontext med en förförståelse för andra individer. / Background: Sexual and reproductive health is a human right and involves the right to make decisions concerning your own body and care. The midwife mostly meets and care for women and have an important role in defending and advocating women’s rights. Today there are global political influences that restricts women’s rights even though Sweden is considered to be one of the world’s most equal countries, there can be structures and factors in the Swedish society that affects women’s ability to make decisions about their own bodies in a negative way. The aim: To investigate midwives perceptions and experiences concerning professional, sociocultural and health economic barriers for women regarding decisions about their own bodies. Method: A qualitative content analysis with a deductive approach. Data from eight semi structured interviews with Swedish registered midwifes, active in different areas of the midwife profession, was analyzed based on the framework "What Prevents Quality Midwifery Care". Result: The professional barriers that the midwives perceived resulted in three subcategories: "Laws, clinical guidelines and policies", "Knowledge, education and profession" and "Caretakers personal opinions and commitment". Sociocultural barriers were categorized in: "Politics, equality and the society’s ideals", "Culture, religion and family relations", "Language" and "Personal abilities". The health economic barriers were divided in to: "Lack of time and staff" and "Costs and resources". Conclusion and clinical applicability: This study shows that there are professional, sociocultural, and health economic barriers that affects women’s autonomy in the Swedish society according to the midwives’ perceptions. The study can help caretakers increase their understanding and competence in meeting with women in care and help them strengthening their position in the society as well as on a personal level. This study can give a greater understanding for the midwife’s role when it comes to helping individuals in an exposed situation, by strengthen the women’s autonomy and sense of control. The study can also help caretakers to increase critical thinking regarding themselves in their own cultural context and preunderstanding for other individuals.

Les objectifs de ma thèse étaient d'analyser les avantages et les inconvénients de l'approche bayésienne et développer leur utilisation dans le contexte de l'évaluation médico-économique. Deux projets ont été développés en utilisant l'approche bayésienne. Le premier projet était une revue systématique de la littérature et méta-analyse en réseaux pour estimer l'efficacité et la tolérance mirabegron 50 mg par rapport aux autres traitements anti-muscarinique dans la gestion de l’hyperactivité vésicale. Une revue de littératures a permis d’identifier les données puis des modèles à effet fixes et effet aléatoires ont été utilisés. Le deuxième projet est le développement de la méthode de calibration bayésienne pour estimer les probabilités de transition d’un modèle de Markov dans la maladie de Parkinson. Une étude de simulation a été effectuée pour comparer les résultats de l'approche bayésienne et l'approche classique. Toutes les analyses ont été effectuées en utilisant les logiciels libres WinBUGS et R. Résultats: La méta-analyse bayésienne en réseaux est un outil très utile pour gérer la comparaison directe et indirecte de traitements. la calibration Bayésiennes, les résultats de l’approche bayésiens sont distribués de façon similaire par rapport aux résultats de l'étude de référence.Conclusion: En comparaison avec l’approche classique, l’approche bayésienne à une meilleure base mathématique et philosophique, offre une plus grande flexibilité, et fournit des résultats sous une forme plus naturelle et intuitive. L'utilisation de l'approche bayésienne devrait se poursuivre et se développer dans le domaine de l'économie de la santé. / The objectives of this thesis were to review and develop the use of Bayesian approach in the context of heath economic evaluation. Methods: Two projects of health economics were developed to assess the benefit of Bayesian approach in health economics. The first project was a systematic literature review and mixed treatment comparison to estimate the relative efficacy and safety of mirabegron compared to antimuscarinics treatments in the management of over active bladder (OAB). The second project was the development of Bayesian calibration method to estimate the transition probabilities from cost-effectiveness model. A simulation study was performed to compare the results of Bayesian approach and classical approach. All the analyses were performed using free software WinBUGS and R.Results: The Bayesian approach is widely used in health economic evaluation and it is accepted tool to analyse the data from most of health technology agencies (e.g. HAS, NICE). The Bayesian mixed treatment comparison found to be a very useful framework to handle the comparison of treatments using the information from direct and indirect treatment comparison. The Bayesian calibration method provided results similarly distributed compared to the results of reference study (i.e. simulation study). Conclusion:Bayesian approach has better mathematical and philosophical foundation, offers greater flexibility, and provides results in a more natural and intuitive form. The use of Bayesian approach is expected to continue and grow in the field of health economics and outcomes research, because failing of frequentist to reply to some difficult question and due to the development of high-power computers.

This thesis focuses on the evaluation of Air Bank a.s. on the market and contains a comparison of the bank with its competitors. Furthermore, the assessment uses selected indicators of financial analysis which take into account the specifics of banking. Based on the data obtained from the evaluation, the paper provides recommendations to improve the current economic situation of the bank.

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal.

Desplazarse a pie es una actividad física moderada, rutinaria e integrada en la vida diaria que podría convertirse en una herramienta para disminuir la tendencia creciente del sedentarismo de la población. El objetivo de esta tesis es valorar el potencial en salud de la movilidad a pie como fuente de actividad física, y estudiar los factores individuales y contextuales que influyen en caminar como transporte. Para ello, se han llevado a cabo tres estudios. En el primero, utilizando la Encuesta de salud de Barcelona (ESB2011), se ha estudiado la relación entre la movilidad diaria y el sobrepeso o la obesidad; En el segundo, a partir de la Encuesta de Movilidad de Cataluña (EMQ2006) se ha estimado el beneficio económico derivado de la reducción de mortalidad resultante de sustituir desplazamientos motorizados cortos por caminar. Por último, también a partir de la Encuesta de Movilidad de Cataluña (EMQ2006) se ha estudiado la influencia de factores del entorno del barrio sobre la movilidad a pie. El cuerpo de esta tesis consta de 3 artículos científicos y otro artículo original en anexos que analiza específicamente la relación del género y la movilidad. Los estudios incluidos en esta tesis señalan como cambios concretos en la movilidad de poblaciones inactivas tienen efectos beneficiosos en salud, y podrían derivar en elevados beneficios económicos. Se han podido además identificar grupos poblacionales y factores del entorno susceptibles de intervención. / Walking for transportation is a moderate, routinely and daily integrated physical activity that could became a tool to decrease the current sedentarism of the population. The objective of this thesis is to analyze the potential in health of walking for transportation as a source of physical activity, and to study the individual and contextual factors that influence on the decision of walking for transport. Three studies were carried out. The first used the Barcelona Health Survey (ESB2011) to study the relationship between daily mobility and overweight or obesity; the second used the Cataluña Mobility Survey (EMQ2006) to estimate the economical benefits derived from the substitution of short duration motorized trips by walking. The third study, using again the Cataluña Mobility Survey (EMQ2006), looked at the influence of environmental factors on walking behavior. This thesis consists of three scientific papers included in the main section, and another original paper, included in the annex section, which analyzes the specific relationship between gender and mobility. The studies included in this thesis suggest that concrete behavioral changes on mobility in inactive populations could lead to several health benefits, and could also derive on economical benefits. In addition, population groups and environmental factors susceptible to intervention have been identified.

Over the past decade, chronic illnesses have increased significantly in developing regions around the world, with implications for health service provision. Research shows that morbidity follows a social gradient in many countries around the world. Though various studies highlight the importance of socioeconomic status as a predictor of a person’s morbidity and mortality experience, there is a dearth of data and literature in the South African context. This study aimed to address this gap by examining the association between socioeconomic status and diabetes and hypertension among participants aged 35 years and older. This was achieved by undertaking the analysis of secondary data from the National Income Dynamic Study. The findings of the study reveal that there is a significant relationship between socioeconomic factors and chronic health outcomes of individuals. People with lower levels of education were more likely to have a chronic illness than those with higher levels of education. However, interestingly the lowest rates of prevalence were found in the unemployed category in South Africa. This draws attention to the need for further research on employment and chronic disease prevalence. An important finding of the study was the relatively higher prevalence of chronic conditions in rural areas and among the Black/African population. This data suggests that changes in lifestyle and behavior in the context of globalization and urbanization may be contributing to changes in the health profile of these communities. Policy makers need to acknowledge that chronic diseases are no longer the preserve of the wealthy with diseases such as diabetes and hypertension evident across all sectors of South African society. By addressing the causes of chronic conditions policies and programs can aim to prevent the emergence of future epidemics. In the long-term, sustainable progress will only be achieved with greater attention directed towards the socioeconomic factors underlying the health profile of the country. / Thesis (M.A.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 2011.

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal

Ziel: Entwicklung eines gesundheitsökonomischen Evaluationskonzepts zum Nachweis einer Kostenreduktion unter gleichzeitiger Optimierung des medizinischen Nutzens durch pharmakogenetisches Screening bei Erstdiagnose einer Schizophrenie. Finale Zielsetzung ist die Aufnahme der pharmakogenetischen a priori-Diagnostik für die Indikation Schizophrenie in die GKV-Regelversorgung. Methodik: Basierend auf dem aktuellen Stand gendiagnostischer Forschung sowie der evidenzbasierten Schizophrenietherapie wurde eine prospektive, randomisierte und kontrollierte, dreiarmige, offene, multizentrische Pilotstudie im Paralleldesign über 3 Jahre konzeptioniert. Studienpopulation: 300 Patienten (1:1:1) im Alter von 18 bis 65 Jahren mit erstmaliger F20-Diagnose (ICD-10). Interventionen: pharmakogenetisches Screening und integrierte Versorgung; integrierte Versorgung; Standardversorgung. Die Erhebung des medizinischen Nutzens erfolgt durch Messung des klinischen Outcome bzgl. der patientenrelevanten Endpunkte Mortalität, Morbidität, Lebensqualität und Nebenwirkungen zu definierten Zeitpunkten. Perspektivisch relevante Kosten werden im "piggy back"-Verfahren ermittelt. Ergebnisse: Angesichts zurzeit bestehender Limitationen im deutschen Gesundheitssystem (z.B. unzureichendes intersektorales Schnittstellenmanagement bei der Arzneimittelversorgung und Informationsweitergabe) wird die Integrierte Versorgung als geeignete Versorgungsform für den Nutzennachweis eingestuft. Die Integrierte Versorgung stellt jedoch momentan nicht den allgemeinen Standard der psychiatrischen Patientenversorgung dar. Aus GKV-Perspektive wesentliche Kostentreiber der Schizophrenietherapie sind Rückfälle, Krankenhausaufenthalte, Arbeitslosigkeit und vorzeitige Verrentung. Eine Verringerung der Häufigkeit dieser Parameter könnte z.B. zu einer Reduktion der Erstjahres-Behandlungskosten (zurzeit ca. 30% der Gesamtkosten) führen. Die Kosten-Effektivitäts-Analyse erweist sich als Studienform mit der geringsten Anfälligkeit für Bias und Confounder. Trotz einer vergleichsweise hohen externen Validität ist das Studiensetting nicht uneingeschränkt übertragbar auf die Versorgungsrealität des deutschen Gesundheitssystems. Es existiert aktuell keine generelle Empfehlung für den Einsatz der Gendiagnostik zur Steuerung der Arzneimitteltherapie in Psychiatrie. Ebenso hat die integrierte Versorgung bisher keinen umfassenden Einzug in den psychiatrischen Behandlungsalltag gefunden, so dass die beschriebenen Limitationen einen positiven Nutzennachweis erschweren. Dennoch ist das Konzept als praktisch umsetzbar zu bewerten. Schlussfolgerung: Bei dieser Faktenlage ist das Interesse der GKV an der Veranlassung einer gesundheitsökonomischen Evaluation mit dem Ziel einer Erstattungsfähigkeit des a priori durchgeführten pharmakogenetischen Screenings bei Schizophrenie als eher gering einzustufen. Jedoch lassen das Update der S3-Praxisleitlinie mit dem Einbezug der strukturierten u. integrierten Versorgung sowie der Aktionsplan „Individualisierte Medizin“ des Bundesforschungsministeriums auf eine Fokussierung auf diese Fragestellung und veränderte Interessenlage bzgl. der Initiierung der Pilotstudie hoffen. Weitere Forschungstätigkeit sowie die praktische Erprobung neuer gendiagnostischen Verfahren sind, basierend auf versorgungsbezogenen Pilotstudien wie der hier konzeptionierten, fachübergreifend erforderlich, um die Relevanz der Methodik für den psychiatrischen Versorgungsalltag zu belegen. / Purpose: Development of a health-economic investigation method to study whether a cost reduction under concurrent optimisation of the medical use exists by using pharmacogenetic a- priori- screening with first diagnosis of a schizophrenia. Final objective is the reimbursement of pharmacogenetic diagnostics for the indication schizophrenia in the German health statutory insurance (GKV). Methods: A prospective, randomised and controlled, 3-armed, parallel, open, multicentre pilot study with a duration of 3 years was designed based on the actual status of genetic-diagnostic research as well as the evidence-based therapy of schizophrenia. Study population: 300 patients (1:1:1) aged 18 to 65 years with initial F20 diagnosis (ICD-10). Interventions: pharmacogenetic screening and integrated care; integrated care; standard care. For evaluation of the medical benefit the clinical outcome is measured at defined times with regard to the patients' relevant endpoints mortality, morbidity, quality of life and side effects. In perspective relevant costs are determined by "piggy back" procedure. Results: In view of actually existing limitations within the German health system (e.g., insufficient intersectional medication and information management) the integrated care is considered being a suitable setting to demonstrate the advantage of using pharmacogenetic screening. Nevertheless, the integrated care does not show the general standard of the psychiatric patient's care at the moment. From GKV perspective essential cost drivers of schizophrenia therapy are relapses, hospital stays, unemployment and untimely superannuation. Diminishing the rate of these parametres could lead, e.g., to a reduction of the first year medical costs (at the moment approx. 30% of the total expenses). The cost-effectiveness analysis seems to be the study form with the slightest susceptibility to bias and confounding. In spite of a relatively high external validity the study setting is not unconditionally transferable to the German health system. Currently no general recommendation exists for the application of the genetic diagnostics to manage medication therapy in psychiatry. Up to now also the integrated care has not found a comprehensive entry in psychiatric practice, so that the described limitations are complicating a positive use proof. Nevertheless, the investigational concept can be regarded as feasible. Conclusion: Based on the existing situation the GKV's interest in performing a health-economic evaluation, which is focussed on the reimbursement of pharmacogenetic a priori-diagnostics in schizophrenia, is considered to be low. However, the situation may change in view of the expected update of the S3-practise guideline with the focus on structured and integrated care as well as the action plan „individualised medicine“ of the German federal research ministry. Thus, there is hope for changing interests in a pilot study. Based on care-related pilot studies as presented here, further research activities and practical testing of recent gene diagnostic procedures are necessary to demonstrate the relevance of the methodology for psychiatric practice.

nÃo hà / A SaÃde à um importante fator para o desenvolvimento e bem-estar de uma sociedade. Na construÃÃo de um modelo de saÃde ideal, deve-se investir muito em medidas que visem à prÃtica da Medicina Preventiva. A Medicina Ocupacional à um dos setores da Medicina Preventiva que mais vem apresentando crescimento, com o advento de leis trabalhistas mais rigorosas que buscam, acima de tudo, prezar pela saÃde e seguranÃa dos trabalhadores. Com esse crescimento, a competitividade no mercado de instituiÃÃes privadas de SeguranÃa e Medicina do Trabalho passou a exigir mais controle e eficiÃncia dentro do Complexo EconÃmico Industrial de SaÃde que se forma no Brasil. Torna-se necessÃrio, entÃo, estudar estratÃgias que visem melhorar o funcionamento dessas instituiÃÃes. O modelo de EstratÃgia Competitiva do economista americano Michael Porter, se tornou popular, desde sua criaÃÃo em 1970, dentre essas estratÃgias que contribuem para o destaque de empresas em um mercado competitivo. Com o objetivo de estudar a eficiÃncia tÃcnica da EstratÃgia Competitiva aplicada em uma empresa de Medicina do Trabalho, com matriz localizada em Fortaleza-Ce, a partir da evoluÃÃo de seu faturamento nos anos de 2010 a 2013, realiza-se este Estudo de Caso. / Health is an important factor for the development and well-being of a society. During the building of a model of optimal health, we must invest heavily in measures aimed at the practice of preventive medicine. Occupational Medicine is one of the sectors of Preventive Medicine has shown that most growth, with the advent of more stringent labor laws that appreciate the health and safety of workers. With this growth, the competitiveness of the private institutions of Safety and Occupational Medicine market began to demand more control and efficiency within the Health Economic Industrial Complex formed in Brazil. It becomes necessary to study strategies to improve the functioning of these institutions. The model of Competitive Strategy of the american economist Michael Porter became popular, since its inception in 1970, among those strategies that contribute to the prominent of the enterprises in a competitive market. In order to study the technical efficiency of Competitive Strategy applied in an enterprise of Occupational Medicine, in Fortaleza - Ce, from the evolution of its revenues in the years 2010-2013, this Case Study is maked.