No description available.

No description available.

In the workflow of computational fluid dynamics, geometry preparation is commonly the most time-consuming step. For a fast CFD simulation, automatic surface reconstruction to obtain 3D city models for a chosen area is essential. To address this need, a literature study was conducted to map available data suitable for 3D city models. The properties investigated included geographical coverage, resolution, accuracy and licensing. A surface reconstruction using different topographical data was conducted using the 3D finite element mesh generator Gmsh and various GIS analysis tools. The findings of the literature study found no global data enabling a fully automatic solution with sufficient results. However, the open geographic database OpenStreetMap has potential for future work. Today, the method developed in this project is restricted to country-by-country applications and uses a terrain model, LiDAR data and building footprints as input data. The generated 3D city model has a level of detail 1.2, consisting of valid geometries without self-intersection, overlapping or gaps. The method is a semi-automatic workflow with a time consumption of less than one hour, from the extraction of data to a simulation-ready 3D city model. The model shows satisfactory agreement with the reference material but needs improvements regarding the detail of height setting, for more accurate airflow simulations. The method contributes to the field of automatic 3D city model reconstruction. Future work includes improvement regarding level of detail and automation of data attainment.

Táto práca sa zaoberá technikou výroby samousporiadaných nanoštruktúr pre elektrické aplikácie. Prototypy boli pripravené anodickou oxidáciou v dvoch dĺžkach a tromi rôznymi tepelnými úpravami. Štrukturálna charakterizácia bola spravená pomocou techniky SEM, TEM a EDX a vyhodnotenie nielen z štrukturálneho, ale aj z materiálového hľadiska. Jedinečná koreňová štruktúra samousporiadaných nanotyčiniek bola vyhodnotená a porovnaná po troch rôznych tepelných úpravách: po anodizácii, po vákuovom žíhaní, a po žíhaní vo vzduchu. Všetky prototypy obsahujú nanotyčinky s amorfnou štruktúrou, ale našli sa však aj nanokryštály pod koreňovými štruktúrami. Elektrická charakterizácia prototypov ukázala: odporové spínacie správanie (RS), diódové charakteristiky a charakteristiku podobnú pre diódy s kapacitorom. Aktívny povrch pre spínací mechanizmus je v hornej časti nanoštruktúr na rozhraní nanotyčiniek a zlatej elektródy. Výška Schottkyho bariéry na rozhraní Ti / TiO2 bola vypočítaná dvoma spôsobmi a pre všetky tri zariadenia bola nižšia ako 1,11 eV.

The previous E4 Råneå road embankment was prone to flooding. Risk of flooding in combination with settlements of the road due to the weak underlying sulphide soil was problematic. The Swedish Transportation Administration improved the length section E4 Råneå by rebuilding the road using the method light embankment piling. The centre-to-centre pile distance was chosen to 1.1 m and embankment height 1.8 m. The embankment is reinforced with geosynthetic reinforcements resting on timber piles, which were installed on till stratum. Two geosynthetics were installed, with their strength properties in opposite direction from each other. Their purpose was to stiffen the soil and reduce loading on the weak sulphide subsoil. Field monitoring equipment were placed in the road to measure the behavior before and after consolidation. To validify the results, used instruments in this thesis concerns: pressure cells, extensometers, piezometers and a hydrostatic profile gauge. The Swedish Transport administration wants to evaluate if an increase in piling distance is possible. From the conventional practice of maximum 1.2 m to 1.4 m. It is also interesting if the increased pile distance holds for a taller embankment of 2.5 m. Answering this would aid in increasing the cost-effectiveness of light embankment piling. The performed investigation has been done in the finite element analysis program Plaxis 3D 2021 by simulating half of an embankment with supplementary load model.  To capture field behavior, PLAXIS SoilTest has been used to calibrate the compressive material parameters obtained in oedometer testing. The geosynthetics have been modeled with regards to creep and their stiffness increase on surrounding soil due to interlocking of soil particles. Guaranteeing the reliability of the numerical analysis was made by a comparison of the base model to field monitoring equipment before conducting the parametric study. The base numerical model was reliable in capturing the result of field monitoring equipment. Deviations in pile loads was observed beneath the light trafficked road lane. Conducting the parametric study, the results indicated an increase in pile head loading, total settlements, differential settlements, and deformations in the geosynthetic reinforcement when pile distance and embankment height increased. With a taller embankment of 2.5 m and increased pile distance of 1.4 m numerical simulated pile head loads were in sizes of the design pile strength. Tensile stress in the geosynthetic reinforcement was below long-term design strength. The ratio pile efficacy, that is how effective the structure is at reducing sub soil load has been evaluated in the parametric study at three unit cells. A logarithmic growth is observed when reducing the pile distance at the middle of the road with consistent behavior between embankment height. When studying cells beneath the heavy trafficked lane a linear relationship could be seen instead. This study suggests it is possible to perform the increase in pile distance of 1.4 m for the current embankment height 1.8 m, but needs to be investigated further for the 2.5 m high embankment.

Flygburen laserskanning är en effektiv metod för insamling av höjddata över stora områden och används därför frekvent som underlag till digitala höjdmodeller, både på nationell och regional nivå (Wehr & Lohr 1999). Fördelen med insamlingsmetoden är att de utsända laserpulserna reflekteras på både markytan och objekten ovan mark, exempelvis vegetation, byggnader och liknande. På så vis genereras ett tredimensionellt punktmoln från vilket ytterligare produkter kan genereras. Den uppskattade eller uppmätta kvaliteten hos LiDAR-data gäller generellt för hela skanningsområdet. Men det kan vara av intresse att utföra en mer djupgående analys av kvaliteten för att se hur den skiljer sig mellan olika terrängtyper. På uppdrag av Arvika kommun ska en kvalitetskontroll av Lantmäteriets andra rikstäckande laserskanning ”Laserdata Skog” utföras. I dagsläget arbetar man med Laserdata NH, syftet med studien är således att ge Arvika kommun en mer nyanserad uppfattning av kvaliteten hos Laserdata Skog så att framtida arbeten kan ske på ett tillförlitligt sätt med en djupare förståelse kring datat. En jämförelse med Lantmäteriets första rikstäckande laserskanning ”Laserdata NH” kommer även utföras. Jämförelsen mellan de två laserskanningarna sker främst av ett teoretiskt intresse för att utreda hur stor skillnaden är mellan dem, framtida arbeten med laserdata kommer troligtvis att ske med den nya ”Laserdata Skog”.   För att utföra studien tillämpas den tekniska specifikationen SIS-TS 21144:2016 ”Byggmätning – Specifikationer vid framställning och kontroll av digitala markmodeller”. Inmätning av referensdata utfördes med både GNSS-utrustning och totalstation. De terrängtyper som har inkluderats i studien är: asfaltsyta, grusyta, lövskog, barrskog och gräsyta. För varje terrängtyp selekterades 2 provytor för att uppnå en god representation av de enskilda terrängtyperna. För att möjliggöra en koordinatjämförelse mellan laser- och referensdata så interpolerades punktmolnet till en TIN-yta. Resultatet visar att det uppstår differenser mellan Laserdata NH och Laserdata Skog för de statistiska mått som har beräknats. Laserdata NH erhåller förvånansvärt låga avvikelser. En övergripande trend är dock att Laserdata Skog har de lägre avvikelserna. Att fastställa orsakerna till dessa är dock svårt då det finns ett flertal faktorer som spelar in. Sammanfattningsvis erhåller Grusyta det lägsta RMSE-värdet (0,021 m) i Laserdata NH och i Laserdata Skog är det Asfaltsyta (0,017 m). Det högsta RMSE-värdet hittas i Barrskog för både Laserdata NH (0,198 m) och Skog (0,111 m). / Airborne laser scanning is an efficient method for collecting elevation data over a large area and is therefore frequently used as a basis for digital elevation models, both on a national and regional level (Wehr & Lohr 1999). The advantage of this data collection method is that the emitted laser pulses are reflected both on the ground surface as well as the objects above it, for example the vegetation, buildings or the like. In this way a three-dimensional point cloud can be created from which further products can be generated. The estimated or measured quality of LiDAR data generally applies for the entire scanning area. But it can be interesting to perform a more in-depth analysis of how the quality differs between different types of terrain.  At the request of Arvika municipality a quality survey of Lantmäteriet’s second nationwide laser scanning “Laserdata Skog” will be performed. Work is currently being performed using Laserdata NH, the purpose of this study is thus to give Arvika kommun a more nuanced perception of Laserdata Skog’s quality so that future work can be done in a more reliable way with a deeper knowledge about the data at hand. A comparison between Lantmäteriet’s first nationwide laser scanning “Laserdata NH” will also be performed. The comparison between these two is primarily out of a theoretical interest to examine how the quality differs between them. Future laserdata work will probably be executed using the newer product “Laserdata Skog”. The technical specification SIS-TS 21144:2016 ”Construction measurements – Specifications of production and control of digital terrain models” was applied in the study. Both GNSS-equipment and total station where used in order to collect reference data. The included terrain types are: asphalt, gravel, deciduous forest, coniferous forest and grass. Two areas of interest have been selected for each type of terrain in order to achieve a good representation of each terrain type. In order to perform a coordinate comparison between the laser- and reference data the point cloud from the laserdata was interpolated to a TIN-surface. The results show that there are quality differences between Laserdata NH and Laserdata Skog. Laserdata NH obtains remarkably low deviations. The overall trend is however that Laserdata Skog acquires the lower deviations of the two. Determining the causes of this is difficult, as there are several factors that come in to play. In summary the Gravel terrain type obtains the lowest RMSE-value (0,021 m) for Laserdata NH. The terrain type with the lowest RMSE-value for Laserdata Skog is Asphalt (0,017 m). The highest RMSE-values are found in Coniferous forest for both Laserdata NH (0,198 m) and Laserdata Skog (0,111 m).

The purpose of this dissertation was to explore the interrelationships of several important fitness characteristics in Division 1 athletes. Sport performance magnitude is the summation of an individual athlete’s technical, psychological, and fitness characteristics. Athletes who excel in any or all characteristics perform better in their chosen sports. General fitness characteristics that are important to almost all sports include strength, power, vertical jump height, shortdistance sprinting ability, muscularity, and body fat percentage. These variables have been shown in previous research to independently affect athletic performance outcomes, but their relationships to one another are less clear. Eighty Division I athletes from 4 sports were examined in a variety of fitness characteristics as part of a continuous athlete monitoring program. Data on strength, power, vertical jump height, short-distance sprinting speed, muscularity, and body fat percentage were collected and analyzed. Analysis revealed several important relationships. Firstly, strength is highly related to muscularity, with lean body mass as one of the most important determinants of strength. Secondly, athletes who can produce high relative (scaled per body mass) forces and powers tend to be considerably higher jumpers and much faster sprinters. Lastly, leaner athletes out-perform less lean athletes in almost every metric, especially relative strength and power, vertical jumping ability, and sprinting ability.

In May of 2000 Jason-1, a joint project between NASA and the French space agency CNES, will be launched. Its mission is to continue the highly successful gathering of data which TOPEX/Poseidon has collected since August of 1992. The main goal of Jason-1 is to achieve higher accuracy in measuring the mean sea level (MSL). In order to do so, the electromagnetic (EM) bias must be estimated more accurately because it is the largest contributing error. This thesis presents two different studies which add to the knowledge and improve estimation of the EM bias, and thus assists Jason-1 in achieving its primary goal. Oceanographic data collected from two different experiments are analyzed; on in the Gulf of Mexico (GME) and the other in Bass Strait, Australia (BSE). The first study is a spatial analysis of the backscattered power versus the phase of the wave. Its purpose is to determine why the normalized EM bias stops increasing and levels out at high wind speeds (about 11 m/s) and then decreases at higher wind speeds. Two possible causes are investigated. First, it could be due to a shift in the backscatter power modulation to the forward or rear face of the wave crests. Second, it may be due to the backscatter power becoming more homogeneous throughout the wave profile. This study is novel because it uses the knowledge of the spatial distribution of both the backscatter and wave displacement for the study of the EM bias. Both contribute to the EM bias decrease, but the latter cause seems to be the dominant effect. This study is performed on GME data. The second study uses two different nonparametric regression (NPR) techniques to estimate the EM bias. A recent study of satellite data from the TOPEX/Poseidon altimeter supports that the bias is modeled better using NPR regression. A traditional parametric fit is compared to two NPR techniques with GME data. The parametric fit is a variation of NASA's equation used to estimate EM bias for their Geophysical Data Records (GDRs). The two NPR techniques used are the Nadaraya-Watson Regression (NWR) and Local Linear Regression (LLR) estimators. Two smoothing kernel functions are used with each NPR technique, namely the Gaussian and the Epanechnikov kernels. NPR methods essentially consist of statistically smoothing the measured EM bias estimates are compared in the wind and significant wave height plane. Another recent study has shown that wave slope is strongly correlated to EM bias. With this knowledge, EM bias is estimated over several two-dimensional planes which include wave slope in attempt to reduce the residual bias. This portion of the study is performed on GME and BSE data. It is shown that a combination of slope, significant wave height, and wind speed used in conjunction with these NPR methods produces the best EM bias estimate for tower data.

En återkommande kritik när det kommer till byggnader med trästomme, har att göra med de relativt stora bjälklagshöjderna som uppstår till följd av träets egenskaper. Trots många fördelar i övrigt, måste bjälklag i trä vara avsevärt tjockare än motsvarande element i betong om de ska uppnå erforderlig styvhet, ljudisolering och brandteknisk prestanda. I detta arbete studeras aspekter som eventuellt kan optimera bjälklagsdimensioner för flerbostadshus med trästomme. Syftet med arbetet har varit att undersöka hur ett högre nyttjande av innerväggar som bärande, samt variation av bärriktningen för balkarna, kan påverka bjälklagshöjder och materialåtgång i bjälklag för flerbostadshus med trästomme. För att undersöka frågan har alternativa bjälklagskonstruktioner dimensionerat för tre befintliga flerbostadshus. För att kunna göra en rättvis jämförelse, har samma förutsättningar använts i samtliga fall vad beträffar bjälklagstyp och antaganden vid dimensionering. För att undersöka påverkan av ett högre nyttjande av innerväggar som bärande, har utgångspunkten varit ett befintligt flerbostadshus med trästomme (Byggnad A), där fyra alternativa bjälklagskonstruktioner dimensionerats. För två av alternativen har utgångspunkten varit byggnadens faktiska K-ritningar där samma bärande element som har nyttjats i det verkliga fallet har använts. De två alternativen har endast skilt sig med avseende på bärriktning. För de två återstående alternativen har utgångspunkten varit byggnadens A-ritningar. För fallen har ett fullt nyttjande av innerväggar som bärande nyttjats i konstruktionen. Alternativen har även i detta fall endast skilt sig med avseende på bärriktning. Frågan om balkriktningens påverkan har besvarats dels genom det ovan beskrivna fallet, dels genom att motsvarande dimensioneringar har utförts för två andra byggnader (Byggnad B och C). För dessa fall har flerbostadshusens stomutförande utgjorts av betong- samt kombinerad betong- och trästomme. För byggnaderna har två alternativa bjälklagskonstruktioner dimensionerats med ett fullt nyttjande av innerväggar som bärande. Skillnaden mellan alternativen har endast bestått i varierande bärriktning för balkarna. Vad beträffar ett högre nyttjande av innerväggar som bärande, har resultat erhållits ur analys av den befintliga träbyggnaden (Byggnad A). Resultaten visar att en besparing i bjälklagshöjd på 90 mm kan göras om innerväggar tillåts vara bärande, men endast för fallet där balkarna får löpa i byggnadens längdriktning. Lösningen leder även till en besparing av virke i bjälklaget på ca 26,3 % (balkåtgång) per våningsplan. Endast små skillnader uppstår om balkarna får löpa i byggnadens breddriktning, oavsett om fler innerväggar används som bärande eller inte. För balkriktningens påverkan har även de två återstående byggnaderna analyserats. För en av byggnaderna (Byggnad B) blir resultatet en 90 mm lägre bjälklagshöjd, samt en 28 % (balkåtgång) lägre virkesåtgång i bjälklaget per våningsplan, då balkarna löper i breddriktningen. För den tredje byggnaden (Byggnad C) leder olika balkriktningar inte till någon skillnad i bjälklagshöjd, och endast mycket små skillnader i virkesåtgång. Slutsatsen av studien är att för vissa byggnader kan bjälklagshöjd och materialåtgång i bjälklaget minskas om man beaktar bärriktningen för balkarna, detsamma gäller om man nyttjar fler innerväggar som bärande. Resultaten är dock specifika för de byggnader som använts, samt de förutsättningar som antagits i arbetet. Viss generalisering kan göras till flerbostadshus i allmänhet. / When considering slabs in wooden frame structure buildings, to achieve sufficient stiffness, soundproofing, and fire resistance in the structure, the wooden slabs must be significantly thicker than their concrete counterparts. This paper investigates the potential effect on slab height and total material use in the slab, when allowing for higher utilization of inner walls as load-bearing, while also considering the bearing direction of the beams. For the study, three existing multi-dwelling unit buildings have been subject to dimensioning of alternative slab constructions. To allow for a just comparison, a consistent approach has been kept when dimensioning the alternative constructions. One of the buildings (Building A) has been studied to compare a slab construction utilizing the actual number of bearing elements, with a construction utilizing a higher number of bearing elements by utilizing a higher number of inner walls. The results show a decrease in slab height by 90 mm, and in material use (beam volume) by 26,3 % per floor in favor of the alternative utilizing more bearing walls. However, this is only the case with the bearing direction of the beams spanning parallel to the length of the building. The two remaining buildings have been used to further study the effect of the bearing direction of the beams. The results show that for one of the buildings (Building B) there is a decrease in slab height by 90 mm and a decrease in material use by 28 % (beam volume) per floor in favor of the beams spanning parallel to the width of the building. For the third building (Building C), there is no difference in slab height and very little difference in material use.

A dimensionally compatible system of equations for stand basal area, volume, and basal area and volume growth was derived using dimensional analysis. These equations are analytically and numerically consistent with dimensionally compatible individual tree volume and taper equations and share parameters with them. Parameters for the system can be estimated by fitting individual tree taper and volume equations or by fitting stand level basal area and volume equations. In either case the parameters are nearly identical. Therefore, parameters for the system can be estimated at the tree or stand level without changing the results. Data from a thinning study in loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) plantations established on cutover site-prepared lands were used to estimate the parameters. However, the developed system of equations is general and can be applied to other tree species in other locales. / Ph. D.