Systemic infection, major surgery, trauma and many other causes can lead to impaired organ function. Compensated shock is not detected by global hemodynamic and oxygen measurements, as they take no account for regional variations. Focus has therefore gradually turned from looking at systemic changes to selective investigations of regional blood flow and ischemia. This thesis presents a series of experiments evaluating new application and validation of various monitoring techniques. An experimental porcine model with anesthetized and invasively monitored animals was used. The circulatory interventions included endotoxin infusion (septic shock), aortic constriction and selective clamping of splanchnic arteries. The aim was to compare air with saline tonometry, to validate the intraperitoneal use of tonometry and to reexamine the use of endoluminal reflectance pulse oxymetry. To investigate the relative contributions of regional blood flow and detection of ischemia, measurements of hepatic venous oxygen saturation (ShvO2), lactate concentrations and PCO2 gap were used. Our findings support the use of air instead of saline as the preferred technique for tonometric measurements. With the intraperitoneal application of tonometry we gain more information on regional aspects of the splanchnic circulation, and it appears to be a reliable monitoring option for early detection of ischemia in the small intestine. Measurements of ShvO2 will give an overall reflection of the intestinal circulation. The sigmoid colonic pulse oximetry showed a non-linear response in relation to regional blood flow, and will therefore not be able to detect gradual changes in oxygen saturation. Determination of the regional to endtidal PCO2 gap might prove valuable for monitoring of the intestinal circulation. Because of sophisticated interactions between portal and hepatic arterial blood flow and hepatic compensation for regional ischemia, a combination of monitoring techniques might be needed. The results of this study will hopefully encourage clinical evaluation of intraperitoneal tonometry and endtidal PCO2 gap recordings for non-invasive, semi-continuous, trend monitoring of the splanchnic circulation.

In vivo studies of hepatobiliary disposition are challenging. The hepatobiliary system is complex, as its physiological localization, complex cellular structure with numerous transporters and enzymes, and the interindividual variability in protein expression and biliary flow will all affect the in vivo disposition of a drug under investigation. The research included in this thesis has focused on the involvement of hepatic transport proteins in the hepatobiliary disposition of rosuvastatin. The impact that several transport inhibitors had on the pharmacokinetics of rosuvastatin was investigated in healthy volunteers and in pigs. The effects were considerable, following inhibition of sinusoidal transport proteins by cyclosporine and rifampicin. These inhibitors significantly reduced the hepatic extraction of rosuvastatin by 50 and 35%, respectively, and the plasma exposure increased by factors of 9.1 and 6.3, respectively. Drug-drug interactions (DDI) resulting in markedly higher plasma exposures are important from a drug safety perspective as increased extrahepatic exposure of statins is associated with an increased risk of severe side-effects, such as myopathy which in rare cases could develop into rhabdomyolysis. The DDI caused by cyclosporine and rifampicin can probably be attributed to inhibition of hepatic uptake transporters. In contrast, inhibition of canalicular transporters by imatinib did not significantly affect the pharmacokinetics of rosuvastatin, which suggests that the intracellular concentration of the inhibitor in the hepatocyte was insufficient to affect the transport of rosuvastatin, or that imatinib is not a sufficiently potent inhibitor in vivo. Furthermore, gemfibrozil administered as a single dose into the jejunum in healthy volunteers and pigs did not affect the plasma or biliary pharmacokinetics of rosuvastatin. The previously reported DDI in humans upon repeated dosing with gemfibrozil might be explained by the accumulation of metabolites able to affect the disposition of rosuvastatin. The investigations presented in this thesis conclude that transport proteins are of considerable importance for the hepatobiliary disposition of rosuvastatin in vivo. The Loc-I-Gut catheter can be applied for the investigation of biliary accumulation and to determine bile specific metabolites, however it has limitations when conducting quantitative measurements. In the porcine model, hepatic bile can be collected for up to six hours and enables the determination of the hepatic extraction in vivo.

Les estrogènes confèrent aux femmes une protection cardiovasculaire jusqu’à la ménopause. En effet, la perte des fonctions ovariennes engendre plusieurs désordres du profil lipidique qui s’accompagnent d’une accumulation de triglycérides au foie appelée stéatose hépatique. Le retrait des estrogènes perturbe de nombreuses voies de contrôle de la cholestérolémie, provoquant simultanément une hypercholestérolémie et une stéatose hépatiques. Toutefois, à ce jour, les mécanismes d’action du retrait des estrogènes sur le métabolisme du cholestérol favorisant le stockage de triglycérides au foie demeurent imprécis. À cet égard, les travaux de cette thèse visaient à clarifier l’ensemble des effets du retrait des estrogènes sur le métabolisme du cholestérol pouvant mener à la pathogenèse de la stéatose hépatique. Lors de la première étude, l’ovariectomie (Ovx) chez la rate, un modèle bien établi de la stéatose, avait permis d’identifier la voie d’assemblage des lipoprotéines à très faible densité (VLDL) comme élément contributif à la stéatose. La voie des VLDL reliant étant également une voie de transport du cholestérol, l’étude suivante a été réalisée afin de comprendre le rôle du cholestérol alimentaire sur les lipides hépatiques. Dans cette deuxième étude, le modèle de la diète riche en lipides et en cholestérol (HFHC), aussi reconnu pour induire une stéatose hépatique, a permis d’établir des liens étroits entre le métabolisme du cholestérol et celui des lipides hépatiques. Étonnamment, de manière similaire à l’Ovx, la diète HFHC perturbait la voie d’assemblage des VLDL. En outre, les données recueillies au cours de ces travaux indiquaient qu’une dysrégulation du métabolisme des acides biliaires avait contribué à la sévérité de la stéatose hépatique induite par cette diète HFHC. Dans la continuité de ces deux premiers projets, nous nous sommes intéressés aux effets concomitants du retrait des estrogènes et d’une diète HFHC sur la stéatose hépatique. De manière intéressante, lorsque combinés, l’Ovx et la diète HFHC potentialisaient non seulement l’accumulation de lipides hépatiques, mais également les perturbations moléculaires des voies sous-jacentes à la stéatose, dont l’assemblage des VLDL et de la sécrétion d’acides biliaires. Dans l’ensemble, les données présentées dans la revue de littérature et dans les trois études reliées à cette thèse indiquent qu’une dysrégulation du métabolisme du cholestérol en réponse au retrait des estrogènes entraîne des complications favorisant l’accumulation de lipides dans le foie. / Estrogens confer to women a cardiovascular protection until menopause. Indeed, the loss of ovarian functions leads to several lipid disorders along with hepatic triglycerides accumulation called hepatic steatosis. Estrogen withdrawal disrupts several cholesterol metabolism pathways that results in both hypercholesterolemia and hepatic steatosis. However, to date, the precise mechanisms by which estrogen withdrawal affect cholesterol metabolism pathways that favour lipid storage in the liver are unclear. In this regard, works in the present thesis aimed at elucidate the effects of estrogen withdrawal on cholesterol metabolism involved in hepatic steatosis pathogenesis. In the first study, estrogen withdrawal by ovariectomy (Ovx), a well established model for hepatic steatosis and hypercholesterolemia, had enabled the identification of very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) pathway as a contributory element for hepatic steatosis. Since the VLDL pathway relates lipids and cholesterol metabolism, we conducted the second study to explore the role of dietary cholesterol on hepatic lipids. In the second study, the high fat/high cholesterol (HFHC) diet, also recognized as a model for hepatic steatosis development, was used to explore links between cholesterol metabolism and hepatic fat accumulation. Surprisingly, HFHC diet also disrupted the VLDL pathway. Additionally, data provided in this study indicated that a dysregulation of bile acids metabolism might have contributed to the severity of hepatic steatosis induced by the HFHC diet. As a continuation of these projects, we were interested in the concomitant effects of estrogen withdrawal and HFHC diet on hepatic lipid accretion. Interestingly, when combined, Ovx and HFHC diet not only potentiated hepatic lipid accumulation but also molecular disruptions involved in underlying pathways for hepatic steatosis including the VLDL pathway and bile acid secretion. Overall, data presented in the review of litterature and provided by the three studies related to the present thesis indicate that cholesterol metabolism dysregulation following estrogen withdrawal result in complications that favour hepatic lipid accumulation.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Primary hepatic malignant tumors (PHMT) represent an important cause of death of dogs at the Laboratório de Patologia Veterinária of the Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (LPV-UFSM). Based in this information, the prevalence and epidemiological and immunohistochemical aspects of PHMT were reviewed in dogs necropsied in a 48-year period (1965-2012). Out of those7,373 dogs, 64 died due to PHMT, which corresponds to 0.9% of the dogs dying from any cause in the period; 7.8% of dogs which deaths were caused by tumors in general; and 33.5% of all dogs dying from hepatic tumors (primary and metastatic). Out of the 64 cases of PHMT, 51 were reviewed histologically and evaluated by immunohistochemistry; from these cases, 46 were carcinomas (36 cholangiocarcinomas, 9 hepatocellular carcinomas and one hepatocholangiocarcinoma) and five were sarcomas (5 hemangiosarcomas). In those dogs in which the age was possible determined, 64.7% (cholangiocarcinomas) and 77.8% (hepatocellular carcinomas) were old. At necropsy examination cholangiocarcinomas were characterized mainly by a multinodular pattern (83.3%) while hepatocellular carcinomas occurred both as massive (44.4%) or multinodular (44.4%) distribution. Extra-hepatic metastasis occurred respectively in 77.8% and 33.3% of the cases of cholangiocarcinomas and hepatocellular carcinomas; metastatic cholangiocarcinomas affected mainly the lungs (52.8%), lymph nodes (50%) and peritoneum (19.4%). Ascites (22.2%) and icterus (22.2%) were observed frequently associated to both tumors. Histologically, most part of the cholangiocarcinomas (86.1%) and of the hepatocellular carcinomas (55.6%) presented respectively a tubular or trabecular type. Immunohistochemistry revealed that the majority (63.9%) of cholangiocarcinomas was positive for CK7 and none was marked for Hep Par 1. The majority (55.6%) of the hepatocellular carcinomas revealed positive reaction for Hep Par 1 and none was marked for CK7. The results presented here demonstrated a very high prevalence of PHMT, especially cholangiocarcinomas, in the dog. The necropsy, histological and immunohistochemical findings reported might be useful to help veterinary pathologists in the diagnosis of this common form of cancer in dogs of the Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. / Os tumores hepáticos malignos primários (THMP) representam uma importante causa de morte de cães na rotina do Laboratório de Patologia Veterinária da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (LPV-UFSM). Diante disso, a prevalência e os aspectos epidemiológicos, anatomopatológicos e imuno-histoquímicos dos THMP em cães foram estudados. De 7.373 cães necropsiados entre 1965 e 2012 (48 anos), 64 morreram de THMP. Esse número corresponde a 0,9% das causas de morte de cães, 7,8% das causas de morte de cães por tumores em geral e 33,5% das causas de morte de cães por tumores hepáticos. Desses 64 casos de THMP, 51 foram revistos histologicamente e avaliados imuno-histoquimicamente, dos quais 46 eram carcinomas (colangiocarcinomas [n=36], carcinomas hepatocelulares [n=9] e hepatocolangiocarcinoma [n=1]) e cinco eram sarcomas (hemangiossarcomas [n=5]). Dos cães com colangiocarcinomas e carcinomas hepatocelulares em que a idade estava disponível nos protocolos, 64,7% e 77,8% eram idosos, respectivamente. Na necropsia, colangiocarcinomas caracterizaram-se principalmente por ocorrerem em um padrão multinodular (83,3%), enquanto carcinomas hepatocelulares ocorreram tanto de forma massiva (44,4%) quanto multinodular (44,4%). Metástases extra-hepáticas foram vistas em 77,8% e 33,3% dos casos de colangiocarcinomas e carcinoma hepatocelulares, respectivamente, e em relação aos colangiocarcinomas afetaram principalmente pulmões (52,8%), linfonodos (50%) e peritônio (19,4%). Ascite (22,2%) e icterícia (22,2%) foram achados associados ocasionalmente com ambos os tumores. Na histologia, a maior parte dos colangiocarcinomas (86,1%) e dos carcinomas hepatocelulares (55,6%) tinha padrão tubular e trabecular, respectivamente. Na imuno-histoquímica, a maioria (63,9%) dos colangiocarcinomas demonstrou imunomarcação para CK7 e nenhum imunomarcou para Hep Par 1. A maioria (55,6%) dos carcinomas hepatocelulares demonstrou imunomarcação para Hep Par 1 e nenhum imunomarcou para CK7. Os resultados aqui apresentados demonstram uma alta prevalência de THMP, principalmente colangiocarcinomas, e servem para auxiliar, através dos achados de necropsia, histologia e imuno-histoquímica, patologistas veterinários no diagnóstico dessa forma tão comum de câncer em cães da Região Central do RS, Brasil.

La stéatose hépatique non alcoolique (NAFLD) est une affection du foie qui est causée par l’accumulation hépatique de triglycérides. Elle présente plusieurs degrés qui vont de la stéatose hépatique seule à la stéatohépatite avec fibrose. L’obésité et les autres éléments du syndrome métabolique, dont le diabète et l’hypertriglycéridémie, sont des facteurs de risque importants de la NAFLD, laquelle touche entre 20% et 29% des Canadiens. Ces statistiques sont alarmantes, surtout en sachant qu’aucun traitement n’est actuellement disponible pour cette condition et prenant compte de l’augmentation de la prévalence de l’obésité. La lipoprotéine lipase (LPL) hydrolyse les triglycérides contenus dans les lipoprotéines de très basse densité (VLDL) et dans les chylomicrons. La LPL est très souvent régulée à la baisse dans le syndrome métabolique de sorte que certains patients présentent des taux de triglycérides sanguins de plus de 10 mmol/L, comme les patients avec hyperchylomicronémie multifactorielle (MCS pour multifactorial chylomicronemia syndrome). Les chylomicronémies comprennent également celle causée par une déficience totale en LPL, appelée l’hyperchylomicronémie familiale (FCS pour familial chylomicronemia syndrome). La FCS et la MCS sont ainsi deux dyslipidémies caractérisées par une hypertriglycéridémie sévère, laquelle est associée à un risque augmenté de pancréatites. Toutefois, alors que la FCS est monogénique, la MCS est multifactiorielle et liée directement à l’expression du syndrome métabolique avec une influence importante de l’environnement. Les résultats de ce mémoire comparent l’expression de la NAFLD chez les patients atteints de FCS et MCS. L’évaluation par élastographie impulsionnelle de l’expression de la NAFLD a été effectuée chez 18 patients FCS et 18 patients MCS, appariés pour l’âge et le sexe. Des résultats du paramètre d’atténuation contrôlé (CAP) ≥ 280 dB/m, suggérant une NAFLD, ont été rencontrés chez 50% des FCS et 83,3% des MCS. La différence entre les degrés de stéatose hépatique chez les deux groupes est significative avec une valeur de p de 0,03. De plus, seulement 22,2% des patients FCS avec NAFLD sont obèses comparativement à 71,4% chez les patients MCS (p=0,001). Il est aussi intéressant de relever que les patients FCS présentent une NAFLD même en présence d’un indice de masse corporelle très faible (IMC < 18 kg/m2). Par ailleurs, le score de CAP chez les FCS serait négativement corrélé avec le nombre de 2 pancréatites aigues (p=0,004). Notre étude démontre que la NAFLD est fréquemment observée chez les patients FCS et chez les patients MCS. De plus, la NAFLD s’exprimerait indépendamment de l’IMC chez les patients FCS, contrairement à ce que l’on observe chez les patients MCS. Finalement, la NAFLD chez les patients FCS pourrait être associée à une fréquence plus faible de pancréatites aigues. / Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a disorder caused by hepatic triglyceride accumulation. It ranges from hepatic steatosis to steatohepatitis with fibrosis. Obesity and other elements of the metabolic syndrome, such as hypertriglyceridemia and type 2 diabetes, are risk factors for NAFLD, which affects between 20% and 29% of Canadians. These statistics are alarming, especially knowing that there is still no treatment for this condition and considering the increasing prevalence of obesity. Lipoprotein lipase (LPL) hydrolyzes triglycerides contained in very low-density lipoproteins (VLDL) and chylomicrons. LPL is often down-regulated in the metabolic syndrome and some patients may present triglycerides level higher than 10 mmol/L, as multifactorial chylomicronemia syndrome (MCS). Chylomicronemia also characterizes total LPL deficiency, known as familial chylomicronemia syndrome (FCS). FCS and MCS are two dyslipidemias associated with severe hypertriglyceridemia, which is associated with increased risk of recurrent acute pancreatitis. Whereas FCS is monogenic, MCS is polygenic and directly related to the metabolic syndrome with a significant influence of the environment. Results of the present study compare the expression of NAFLD in FCS and MCS patients. NAFLD was assessed using transient elastography performed in 18 FCS and 18 MCS patients matched for age and sex. Controled attenuation parameter (CAP) score ≥ 280 dB/m, suggesting NAFLD expression, were observed in 50% of FCS and 83.3% of MCS. The difference between degrees of hepatic steatosis in both groups is significant with a p-value of 0.036. In addition, only 22.2% of FCS with NAFLD are obese compared to 71.4% for MCS (p = 0.001). It is also interesting to note that FCS patients have NAFLD even in the presence of a very low body mass index (BMI<18 kg / m2). Besides, CAP score in FCS was negatively correlated with the number of acute pancreatitis (p=0.004). Our study shows that NAFLD was frequently observed in FCS and MCS but occurred independently of BMI and could be associated with a lower occurrence of acute pancreatitis.

Objective: The primary aim of this study was to assess patients’ preferences between radiofrequency ablation (RFA) versus hepatic resection (HR) for the treatment of small hepatocellular carcinomas (HCC). Methods: Decision analysis was performed by using probability trade-off (PTO) technique to elicit patients’ preferences and the strength of their decisions. Results: The vast majority of the study population preferred RFA over HR (70% vs. 30%, p=0.001). Their initial choice changed if 5-year survival benefit after surgery was at least 14% superior to RFA and if the 3-year disease-free survival advantage was at least 13% better than ablation. Conclusions: The results of this study suggest that fully informed cirrhotic patients would prefer RFA if diagnosed with early stage HCC even if able to undergo surgery.

L’encéphalopathie hépatique (EH) se développe chez les patients atteints d’une maladie du foie et se caractérise par de nombreuses anomalies neuropsychiatriques. L’insuffisance hépatique aiguë (IHA) se caractérise par une perte progressive de l’état de conscience, par une augmentation rapide de l’œdème cérébral et une augmentation de la pression intracrânienne entraînant une herniation cérébrale et la mort. Plusieurs facteurs sont responsables du développement de l’EH mais depuis une centaine d’années, l’hyperammonémie qui peut atteindre des concentrations de l’ordre de plusieurs millimolaires chez les patients atteints d’IHA aux stades de coma est considérée comme un facteur crucial dans la pathogenèse de l’EH. La présente thèse comprend 4 articles suggérant l’implication de nouveaux mécanismes pathogéniques dans le développement de l’EH et de l’œdème cérébral associés à l’IHA et tente d’expliquer l’effet thérapeutique de l’hypothermie et de la minocycline dans la prévention de l’EH et de l’œdème cérébral: 1. L’IHA induite par dévascularisation hépatique chez le rat se caractérise par une augmentation de la production de cytokines pro-inflammatoires cérébrales (IL-6, IL-1, TNF-). Cette observation constitue la première évidence directe que des mécanismes neuro-inflammatoires jouent une rôle dans la pathogenèse de l’EH et de l’œdème cérébral associés à l’IHA (Chapitre 2.1, articles 1 et 2). 2. L’activation de la microglie telle que mesurée par l’expression de marqueurs spécifiques (OX42, OX-6) coïncide avec le développement de l’encéphalopathie (stade coma) et de l’œdème cérébral et s’accompagne d’une production accrue de cytokines pro-inflammatoires cérébrales (Chapitre 2.1, article 1 et 2). 3. Un stress oxydatif/nitrosatif causé par une augmentation de l’expression de l’oxyde nitrique synthétase et une augmentation de la synthèse d’oxyde nitrique cérébral participe à la pathogénèse des complications neurologiques de l’IHA (Chapitre 2.3, articles 3 et 4). 4. Des traitements anti-inflammatoires tels que l’hypothermie et la minocycline peuvent constituer de nouvelles approches thérapeutiques chez les patients atteints d’IHA (Chapitre 2.1, article 1; Chapitre 2.2, article 2). 5. Les effets bénéfiques de l’hypothermie et de la minocycline sur les complications neurologiques de l’IHA expérimentale s’expliquent, en partie, par une diminution du stress oxydatif/nitrosatif (Chapitre 2.3, article 3; Chapitre 2.4, article 4). / Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) contains a spectrum of neuropsychiatric abnormalities observed in patients with liver disease. A quick worsening of consciousness and increasingly growing cerebral edema, high intracranial pressure, which leads to cerebral herniation and death, are characteristics of acute liver failure (ALF). Multiple factors are found responsible for the development of HE, whereas, over 100 years, hyperammonia is considered the most crucial factor in defining the pathogenesis of HE in ALF, which can increase to millimolar concentrations in the brain at the coma stages of HE. The present thesis comprises 4 articles, which demonstrates new pathogenic mechanisms involved in the development of HE and cerebral edema in ALF, and elucidates part of the therapeutic mechanism of hypothermia and minocycline in the prevention of HE and cerebral edema during ALF. The major findings are listed below: (1) Experimental ALF leads to the increase in brain production of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-1, TNF-α), and provides the first direct evidence that central inflammatory mechanisms play a role in the pathogenesis of the encephalopathy and brain edema in ALF (chapter 2.1 - article 1; chapter 2.1 - article 2). (2) Activation of cerebral microglia, measured by OX-42, OX-6, predicts the presence of severe encephalopathy (coma) and brain edema in rats with ischemic ALF, which accompanies the increased production of brain proinflammatory cytokines (chapter 2.1 - article 1; chapter 2.2 - article 2). (3) Oxidative/nitrosative stress participates in the pathogenesis of brain edema and its complications in experimental ALF animals with ischemic liver failure. The increases in cerebral NOS isoform expression caused by ALF were sufficient to cause increased NO production in the brain (chapter 2.3 - article 3; chapter 2.4 - article 4). (4) Anti-inflammatory treatment, such as hypothermia or antibiotics, may be beneficial in patients with ALF (chapter 2.1 - article 1; chapter 2.2 - article 2). (5) The beneficial effect of both hypothermia and minocycline on the neurological complications of experimental ALF is mediated, at least in part, by reduction of brain-derived oxidative/nitrosative stress (chapter 2.3 - article 3; chapter 2.4 - article 4).

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal.

L’athérosclérose est un problème de santé publique majeur puisque elle représente aujourd’hui la principale cause de décès dans les pays occidentalisés. Il est donc important de comprendre les mécanismes participant à la progression et aux complications de cette entité anatomoclinique. Nous nous sommes attachés dans ce travail de thèse à démontrer la place et l’apport potentiel de l’imagerie non invasive non expérimentale dans la mise en exergue des particularités de l’athérosclérose carotidienne et/ou coronarienne, et dans la stratégie de dépistage de ses complications chez le sujet non diabétique et diabétique de type 2, en fonction de l’existence ou non d’une stéatose hépatique non alcoolique. Nous présentons notamment dans ce travail, issu en partie de l’exploitation des données cliniques, biologiques et radiologiques de trois protocoles hospitaliers de recherche clinique, les différentes publications scientifiques internationales auxquelles il a donné lieu. / Atherosclerosis is a major public health problem and is one of the major causes of death in the developed western world today. It is therefore of utmost importance that we understand the mechanisms involved in the evolution and progression of this disease and its associated complications. With the work done for this thesis, we tried to bring forth the importance of non invasive clinical imaging to study the pattern of evolution of atherosclerosis involving the carotid and/or coronary arteries. We also present the role played by imaging in prevention and early diagnosis of associated complications in non diabetic and type 2 diabetic patients, presenting with or without non alcoholic hepatic steatosis. In this study, we evaluated three different clinical research protocols used involving the clinical findings, biochemical as well as radiological examination results. The results of these protocols have been the basis for several peer reviewed international publications till date.

In vitro genetic toxicity tests using cultured bacterial or mammalian cells provide a cost- and time-effective alternative to animal tests. Unfortunately, existing in vitro assays are not always reliable. This is in part due to the limited metabolic capacity of the cells used, which is often critical to accurately assess chemical genotoxicity. This limited metabolic capacity necessitates the use of exogenous sources of mammalian metabolic enzymes that can simulate in vivo mammalian metabolic activation reactions. In response to this, and other limitations, alongside the worldwide trend to reduce animal testing, there is an acute need to consider various strategies to improve in vitro mutagenicity assessment. This thesis first examined the utility of exogenous metabolic activation systems based on human hepatic S9, relative to conventional induced rat liver S9, for routine genetic toxicity assessment. This was accomplished by critically evaluating existing literature, as well as new experimental data. The results revealed the limitations of human liver S9 for assessment of chemical mutagenicity. More specifically, the analyses concluded that, due to the increased risk of false negative results, human liver S9 should not be used as a replacement for induced rat liver S9. To address the limitations of conventional mammalian cell genetic toxicity assays that require exogenous hepatic S9, the thesis next evaluated the utility of an in vitro mutagenicity assay based on metabolically-competent primary hepatocytes (PHs) derived from the transgenic MutaMouse. Cultured MutaMouse PHs were thoroughly characterized, and found to temporarily retain the phenotypic attributes of hepatocytes in vivo; they express hepatocyte-specific proteins, exhibit the karyotype of typical hepatocytes, and maintain metabolic activity for at least the first 24 hours after isolation. Preliminary validation of the in vitro MutaMouse PH gene mutation assay, using a panel of thirteen mutagenic and non-mutagenic chemicals, demonstrated excellent sensitivity and specificity. Moreover, inclusion of substances requiring a diverse array of metabolic activation pathways revealed comprehensive metabolic competence. Finally, the thesis further investigated the applicability domain of the in vitro MutaMouse PH assay by challenging the assay with selected azo compounds. Comparison of these results with those obtained using the in vivo MutaMouse TGR (transgenic rodent) assay revealed that MutaMouse PHs can carry out some forms of reductive metabolism. Overall, this thesis demonstrated that a gene mutation assay based on MutaMouse PHs holds great promise for routine assessments of chemical mutagenicity.