In the last decades a number of studies have shed light on early modern scientific experience. While some of these studies have focused on how new facts were forced out of nature in so-called experimental situations, others have charted long-term transformations. In this dissertation I explore a rather different facet of scientific experience by focusing on the case of the Prussian university town Halle in the period from the late seventeenth till the mid-eighteenth century. At this site philosophers, theologians and physicians were preoccupied with categories such as inner senses, inner experience, living experience, psychological experiments and psychometrics. In the study I argue that these hitherto almost completely overlooked categories take us away from observations of external things to the internal organisation of experience and to entirely internal objects of experience. Rather than seeing this internal side of scientific experience as mere theory and epistemology, I argue that it was an integral and central part of what has been referred to as the cultura animi tradition, that is, the philosophical and medical tradition of approaching the soul as something in need of cultivation, education, disciplination and cure. The study contains four empirical chapters. In the first chapter I analyse the meaning and function of experience in Christian Wolff’s philosophy understood as spiritual exercise and cultura animi. In the second chapter I examine experience in the theologian Hermann Francke’s cultura animi, focusing particularly on the relation between scientific experience and what scholars have referred to as religious experience. In the third chapter I chart aesthetic experience in Alexander Baumgarten’s aesthetics. In the fourth chapter I examine the role of experience in the medicine of Georg Ernst Stahl, Friedrich Hoffmann and their followers. The analysis of medical experience channels the discussion into questions regarding the relation between the cultura animi tradition and the kind of attitudes, practices and processes that have been connected to modern objectivity.

In my thesis I focused on the czech lawyer and jurist JUDr. Bohuslav Ečer. He became one of the main ideologist of international criminal law thanks to his hard work . He represeted Czechoslovakia during the Nuremberg trials after World War II.

The beginning of the occupation of the Czech Lands was closely linked to a variety of political, economic, and social problems. It was necessary to gain control over all respective administrative structures in order to ensure the smooth function of the state. In the first phases of the occupation, the temporary military administration was established and the basis for the future development of occupational structures was thus laid. An autonomous administration continued to work alongside the two-levelled German administration. Although the German administration was to take care of German citizens' affairs and to watch over the Protectorate authorities, the autonomous one soon began to succumb under the German influence. After some time, it became obvious that the German administration was overgrown and inefficient; that a reform had to be made. A man behind the reform was Reinhard Heydrich, sent to the Protectorate with a special mission to restore order. The number of occupational authorities was supposed to be diminished together with the number of staff, the redundant employees to be commanded to the frontline. This situation was made easier by the fact that the autonomous bodies had already been infiltrated by German officials; therefore there were not many difficulties while taking over them....

Die vorliegende Arbeit soll zur Forschung zur Einwirkung deutscher Baukultur duntersucht den Beitrag der deutschen Einwanderung der Architetkturgeschichte Porto Alegres beitragen indem sie die Eigentümlichkeit, die das Stadtbild durch das Miteinander luso-brasilianischer und deutscher Kultur erhalten hat. Sie stellt Wohnungsbauten von vier Archietkten deutschen Ursprung vors, die Anfang des 20ten Jahrhunderts nach Rio Grande do Sul gekommen waren. Hermann Menchen, Julius Rieth, Franz Filsinger und Gerhard Krause waren vier von circa einhundert deutschen Architekten und Bauunternehmern die zur Zeit der Velha Rebublica in Rio Grande do Sul wirkten. Da alle vier in Deutschland studierten und arbeiten bevor sie nach Brasilien kamen, ist ihr brasilianisches Werk von Einflüssen deutscher Architektur geprägt, deren Vorstellung Ziel dieser Arbeit ist . Basierend auf allgemeinen Informationen über die damals aktuellen Ströhmungen in Deutschland, über die Lehranstalten und die Städte die sie kannten – im Falle von Rieth auch über in Deutschland gebaute Werke – versucht die vorliegende Arbeit einen neuen Blick auf das rio-grandensische Werk dieser Deutschen zu lenken, die auf bemerkenswerte Weise zur allmählichen Aufgabe der historistischen Architektur und zur Suche nach formal und räumlich neuen Lösungsansätzen beigetragen haben. / O presente trabalho retoma o tema da contribuição da imigração alemã à arquitetura no Rio Grande do Sul, tema já estudado nas últimas décadas, sobretudo por Günter Weimer, buscando agora avançar na análise de elementos e características arquitetônicas que foram trazidas da Alemanha e influenciaram a produção local. Para isto, a pesquisa examina em particular os casos de quatro arquitetos imigrantes alemães, seus contextos de origem e formação na Alemanha e sua produção arquitetônica habitacional aqui no estado nas primeiras décadas do século XX. Hermann Menchen, Julius Rieth, Franz Filsinger e Gerhard Krause foram quatro de aproximadamente uma centena de arquitetos e construtores alemães, ou germânicos, que atuaram no estado durante a Republica Velha. Como todos eles estudaram e trabalharam na Alemanha antes de sua vinda para o Brasil, sua obra aqui é marcada pela influência alemã, objeto desta pesquisa. Com o estudo, portanto, de seus contextos de origem, sobre os movimentos de cultura na Alemanha da época, sobre as instituições de ensino, as cidades que conheciam e a produção arquitetônica que lhes pode ter servido de referência – no caso de Rieth, também através da apresentação de obras construídas na Alemanha –, o presente trabalho pretende estimular um novo olhar sobre a obra rio-grandense destes alemães, com análises de projetos de casas e prédios habitacionais, que contribuíram para o paulatino abandono da arquitetura eclética, rumo a novas soluções formais e espaciais. / The present work reexamines the contribution of German immigration to the architecture of Rio Grande do Sul, a subject which has already been studied in the past few decades chiefly by Günter Weimer, now aiming at expanding the analyses of the architectural elements and characteristics which were brought from Germany and influenced the local production. This research thus examines in particular the cases of four German architects who came to Brazil in the early 20th century, their contexts of origin and architectural training in Germany, and their projects of houses in Rio Grande do Sul during the first decades of the that century. Hermann Menchen, Julius Rieth, Franz Filsinger and Gerhard Krause were four of about a hundred architects and builders of German origin that worked at the time of the República Velha (1889-1930) in Rio Grande do Sul, southernmost state of Brazil. Since all four of them had studied and worked in Germany before coming to Brazil, their Brazilian work is marked by German influences, the object of this study. Thus, with the study of their contexts of origin, about the German cultural movements of the time, about architectural institutions and training, the towns they knew and the architectural production which may have influenced their own – and, in the case of Rieth, looking also at the works he built in Germany –, this paper tries, analysing projects of houses, to shed a new light on the Brazilian work of these Germans, who contributed to the progressive abandonment of the architecture of Eclecticism, thus searching for a new formal and spatial approach to architecture.

Die vorliegende Arbeit soll zur Forschung zur Einwirkung deutscher Baukultur duntersucht den Beitrag der deutschen Einwanderung der Architetkturgeschichte Porto Alegres beitragen indem sie die Eigentümlichkeit, die das Stadtbild durch das Miteinander luso-brasilianischer und deutscher Kultur erhalten hat. Sie stellt Wohnungsbauten von vier Archietkten deutschen Ursprung vors, die Anfang des 20ten Jahrhunderts nach Rio Grande do Sul gekommen waren. Hermann Menchen, Julius Rieth, Franz Filsinger und Gerhard Krause waren vier von circa einhundert deutschen Architekten und Bauunternehmern die zur Zeit der Velha Rebublica in Rio Grande do Sul wirkten. Da alle vier in Deutschland studierten und arbeiten bevor sie nach Brasilien kamen, ist ihr brasilianisches Werk von Einflüssen deutscher Architektur geprägt, deren Vorstellung Ziel dieser Arbeit ist . Basierend auf allgemeinen Informationen über die damals aktuellen Ströhmungen in Deutschland, über die Lehranstalten und die Städte die sie kannten – im Falle von Rieth auch über in Deutschland gebaute Werke – versucht die vorliegende Arbeit einen neuen Blick auf das rio-grandensische Werk dieser Deutschen zu lenken, die auf bemerkenswerte Weise zur allmählichen Aufgabe der historistischen Architektur und zur Suche nach formal und räumlich neuen Lösungsansätzen beigetragen haben. / O presente trabalho retoma o tema da contribuição da imigração alemã à arquitetura no Rio Grande do Sul, tema já estudado nas últimas décadas, sobretudo por Günter Weimer, buscando agora avançar na análise de elementos e características arquitetônicas que foram trazidas da Alemanha e influenciaram a produção local. Para isto, a pesquisa examina em particular os casos de quatro arquitetos imigrantes alemães, seus contextos de origem e formação na Alemanha e sua produção arquitetônica habitacional aqui no estado nas primeiras décadas do século XX. Hermann Menchen, Julius Rieth, Franz Filsinger e Gerhard Krause foram quatro de aproximadamente uma centena de arquitetos e construtores alemães, ou germânicos, que atuaram no estado durante a Republica Velha. Como todos eles estudaram e trabalharam na Alemanha antes de sua vinda para o Brasil, sua obra aqui é marcada pela influência alemã, objeto desta pesquisa. Com o estudo, portanto, de seus contextos de origem, sobre os movimentos de cultura na Alemanha da época, sobre as instituições de ensino, as cidades que conheciam e a produção arquitetônica que lhes pode ter servido de referência – no caso de Rieth, também através da apresentação de obras construídas na Alemanha –, o presente trabalho pretende estimular um novo olhar sobre a obra rio-grandense destes alemães, com análises de projetos de casas e prédios habitacionais, que contribuíram para o paulatino abandono da arquitetura eclética, rumo a novas soluções formais e espaciais. / The present work reexamines the contribution of German immigration to the architecture of Rio Grande do Sul, a subject which has already been studied in the past few decades chiefly by Günter Weimer, now aiming at expanding the analyses of the architectural elements and characteristics which were brought from Germany and influenced the local production. This research thus examines in particular the cases of four German architects who came to Brazil in the early 20th century, their contexts of origin and architectural training in Germany, and their projects of houses in Rio Grande do Sul during the first decades of the that century. Hermann Menchen, Julius Rieth, Franz Filsinger and Gerhard Krause were four of about a hundred architects and builders of German origin that worked at the time of the República Velha (1889-1930) in Rio Grande do Sul, southernmost state of Brazil. Since all four of them had studied and worked in Germany before coming to Brazil, their Brazilian work is marked by German influences, the object of this study. Thus, with the study of their contexts of origin, about the German cultural movements of the time, about architectural institutions and training, the towns they knew and the architectural production which may have influenced their own – and, in the case of Rieth, looking also at the works he built in Germany –, this paper tries, analysing projects of houses, to shed a new light on the Brazilian work of these Germans, who contributed to the progressive abandonment of the architecture of Eclecticism, thus searching for a new formal and spatial approach to architecture.

Die vorliegende Arbeit soll zur Forschung zur Einwirkung deutscher Baukultur duntersucht den Beitrag der deutschen Einwanderung der Architetkturgeschichte Porto Alegres beitragen indem sie die Eigentümlichkeit, die das Stadtbild durch das Miteinander luso-brasilianischer und deutscher Kultur erhalten hat. Sie stellt Wohnungsbauten von vier Archietkten deutschen Ursprung vors, die Anfang des 20ten Jahrhunderts nach Rio Grande do Sul gekommen waren. Hermann Menchen, Julius Rieth, Franz Filsinger und Gerhard Krause waren vier von circa einhundert deutschen Architekten und Bauunternehmern die zur Zeit der Velha Rebublica in Rio Grande do Sul wirkten. Da alle vier in Deutschland studierten und arbeiten bevor sie nach Brasilien kamen, ist ihr brasilianisches Werk von Einflüssen deutscher Architektur geprägt, deren Vorstellung Ziel dieser Arbeit ist . Basierend auf allgemeinen Informationen über die damals aktuellen Ströhmungen in Deutschland, über die Lehranstalten und die Städte die sie kannten – im Falle von Rieth auch über in Deutschland gebaute Werke – versucht die vorliegende Arbeit einen neuen Blick auf das rio-grandensische Werk dieser Deutschen zu lenken, die auf bemerkenswerte Weise zur allmählichen Aufgabe der historistischen Architektur und zur Suche nach formal und räumlich neuen Lösungsansätzen beigetragen haben. / O presente trabalho retoma o tema da contribuição da imigração alemã à arquitetura no Rio Grande do Sul, tema já estudado nas últimas décadas, sobretudo por Günter Weimer, buscando agora avançar na análise de elementos e características arquitetônicas que foram trazidas da Alemanha e influenciaram a produção local. Para isto, a pesquisa examina em particular os casos de quatro arquitetos imigrantes alemães, seus contextos de origem e formação na Alemanha e sua produção arquitetônica habitacional aqui no estado nas primeiras décadas do século XX. Hermann Menchen, Julius Rieth, Franz Filsinger e Gerhard Krause foram quatro de aproximadamente uma centena de arquitetos e construtores alemães, ou germânicos, que atuaram no estado durante a Republica Velha. Como todos eles estudaram e trabalharam na Alemanha antes de sua vinda para o Brasil, sua obra aqui é marcada pela influência alemã, objeto desta pesquisa. Com o estudo, portanto, de seus contextos de origem, sobre os movimentos de cultura na Alemanha da época, sobre as instituições de ensino, as cidades que conheciam e a produção arquitetônica que lhes pode ter servido de referência – no caso de Rieth, também através da apresentação de obras construídas na Alemanha –, o presente trabalho pretende estimular um novo olhar sobre a obra rio-grandense destes alemães, com análises de projetos de casas e prédios habitacionais, que contribuíram para o paulatino abandono da arquitetura eclética, rumo a novas soluções formais e espaciais. / The present work reexamines the contribution of German immigration to the architecture of Rio Grande do Sul, a subject which has already been studied in the past few decades chiefly by Günter Weimer, now aiming at expanding the analyses of the architectural elements and characteristics which were brought from Germany and influenced the local production. This research thus examines in particular the cases of four German architects who came to Brazil in the early 20th century, their contexts of origin and architectural training in Germany, and their projects of houses in Rio Grande do Sul during the first decades of the that century. Hermann Menchen, Julius Rieth, Franz Filsinger and Gerhard Krause were four of about a hundred architects and builders of German origin that worked at the time of the República Velha (1889-1930) in Rio Grande do Sul, southernmost state of Brazil. Since all four of them had studied and worked in Germany before coming to Brazil, their Brazilian work is marked by German influences, the object of this study. Thus, with the study of their contexts of origin, about the German cultural movements of the time, about architectural institutions and training, the towns they knew and the architectural production which may have influenced their own – and, in the case of Rieth, looking also at the works he built in Germany –, this paper tries, analysing projects of houses, to shed a new light on the Brazilian work of these Germans, who contributed to the progressive abandonment of the architecture of Eclecticism, thus searching for a new formal and spatial approach to architecture.

This research of distance learning in singing study provides some historical framework of long-distance singing study, including research on three former distance singing courses, which exemplify the "best practices" of their time: Siegel-Myers Correspondence School of Music, the Perfect Voice Institute, and the Hermann Klein Phono-Vocal Method: Based Upon the Famous School of Manuel Garcia. I also discuss current trends in long-distance singing study, including interviews and insights from current long-distance singing teachers using cutting edge technology in their virtual studios. Lastly, I make predictions and projections, based on analyses of past "best practices," where this information may have impact upon future methods of distance singing lessons, including conceivable distance singing course components of online degree programs offered at universities.

Ausgehend von einem ‚Close Reading’ der ersten Durchführung aus dem langsamen Satz von Johann Nepomuk Davids dritter Symphonie diskutiert der Beitrag Kontrapunktlehrwerke der 1930- und frühen 1940er-Jahre, um von dort her das Spielfeld von ‚Linearität' abzustecken, eines Begriffs, der aus der Theorie der Bildenden Kunst Mitte der 1910er-Jahre in musikgeschichtliche Diskurse wanderte, um sich um 1940 mit kämpferischem Ton zu rüsten.

Frederick C. Beiser: Hermann Cohen - An Intellectual Biography, Oxford: Oxford University Press 2018, 387 S., ISBN: 978–0–19–882816–7, £60.00. Besprochen von George Y. Kohler.

Disability Mainstreaming zielt (analog zu Gender Mainstreaming) darauf, Anliegen und Bedürfnisse der Personengruppe 'Menschen mit Behinderung' nicht allein in den für diese Gruppe offensichtlich wichtigen Bereichen anzusprechen, sondern sie in allen gesellschaftspolitischen Handlungsebenen mitzudenken und dementsprechende Forderungen umzusetzen. Dabei wird ‚Behinderung‘ vorrangig als soziale Konstruktion interpretiert, die mit der Erfahrung von Diskriminierung und Exklusion einhergeht.