<p>The Atalaya de las coronicas, the most extensive work of the Arcipreste de Talavera, is an historical summary which covers Spanish history from the beginnings of the Visigothic era to the middle of the fifteenth century, alotting to each king a chapter called coronica. This work, its author being the Arcipreste, is of particular interest for medieval literary history, but has mostly remained unknown to scholars. In 1970 the last Raul A. del Piero edited only a small section of the work, concluding with the coronica of the Visigothic king Amalarico. The present edition covers the period from the reign of Teudis (531-548), successor of Amalarico, to that of Fernando III (1217-1252). The edition is preceded by an Introductory Studdy which is divided into five chapters. Chapter one gives a broad outline of fifteenth-century historiography. Chapter two focuses on the content and the date of the work. One of the Atalaya's manuscripts (Codex Egerton 287 of the British Museum), denominated L, ends with the reign of Juan II; the other manuscripts only reach of the third year of the reign of Enrique III, predecessor of Juan II. The text of the Atalaya has an extensive lacuna; it omits the last part of the reign of Alfonso II and the five following reigns. The additional part of L was probably written after 1483, much later than the Atalaya's main part which was composed in 1443, as stated by the author himself three times in the text. The additional part of L, therefore, cannot be attributed to the Arcipreste who died, at the latest, in 1468. Chapter three deals with the sources. From the beginning of the work to the reign of Alfonso II, the basic source is the Primera Cronica General. In this section, the author of the five Atalaya occasionally elaborates certain passages of the sources with glosses, dialogues or narratives. The section Fruela II-Vermudo III derives from the Cronica de Veinte Reyes. From Fernando I to Alfonso VIII; the Atalaya is based again on the Primera Cronica General. The reigns of Enrique II and Fernando III are drawn either from the Cronica de Veinte Reyes or from the Cronica de Castilla. Later sections of the Atalaya derive respectively from the Tres Cronicas, the Cronica de Alfonso XI and Lopez de Ayala's Cronicas. Most of the additional part of the manuscript L is based on texts derived from the Cronica del Halconero de Juan II. Chapter four analyzes the style. The Atalaya in general reflects the arid and monotonous narrative of the medieval chronicle. However, it also shows characteristic traits of the Arcipreste's style -as exhibited in the Arcipreste de Talavera-, especially in some passages in which the author elaborates the material of the sources. Chapter five deals with the edition, Atalaya's extant manuscripts are described are their textual relationship is examined. Finally, the editorial policy is stated. Eight manuscripts of the Atalaya have been preserved, but three of them derive from one of the extant manuscripts and, therefore, have not been used for our edition. The basic text of the edition is the above-mentioned Codex Egerton 287 of the British Museum. Most variant readings from the other four manuscripts are given in the textual notes. The edition ends with a Glossary of unusual terms.</p> / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

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My doctoral research constitutes three case studies dealing with the work of the painter Remedios Varo and the writers Elena Garro and Carmen Boullosa. Their works incorporate a mixed imagery and iconography to which criticism has attached the label of surrealist, fantastic or magical realist respectively and sometimes even indiscriminately. Uncertain about the usefulness of defining this artist and these writers as ‘surrealist’ or ‘marvelous realist’, I would rather suggest that their work enters into dialogue with surrealism, as well with the specific American vocabulary Carpentier attributed to lo real maravilloso americano. The fundamental objective of this thesis is to prove how this dialogue creates a counter aesthetic of ‘revisionist mythmaking’ that foregrounds the existing gender problematic within these two discourses, while strategically reassessing the role woman has played in relationship to love, myth, history and creativity. It is my belief that a different account of surrealism and lo real maravilloso lies within the work of these women and that to start writing the story of such account will reveal important connections between Varo’s assimilation of Latin American narratives and Garro’s and Boullosa’s absorption of surrealism. On the one hand, this study provides a new insight from which to comprehend the transcendence of surrealism in the ambit of Mexican culture, amplifying the already existing critical work on the field. On the other, it provides a new lens through which to understand and read the specific work of Remedios Varo, Elena Garro and Carmen Boullosa while discerning a common strategy of response between them.

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Abstract In 1900 there were fewer than a dozen Spaniards in Queensland, most of whom were transient labourers from Victoria. By 1975 there were several thousand Spaniards, of which the majority had travelled directly to Queensland to settle permanently. The thesis uses a chronological structure to trace the development of Spanish political and cultural identities in Queensland over the seventy-five year period. Early settlers were strongly influenced by radical anarchism, and were engaged in ideological debates and Queensland industrial disputes that referenced patterns of behaviour throughout the Hispanic world. Later settlers were predominantly Basques, and used political associations and cultural events to project their identity and to engage with Queensland society. Queensland’s Spanish communities were never defined simply in terms of ethnicity, nationality or political persuasion. Their cultural and political identity was the product of dynamic interactions between social narratives and transnational and local spaces. Spanish identities were the result of an ongoing and complex dialogue between experiences in Spain and Queensland, which channelled migrants’ memories and expectations. Spaniards were deeply involved in Queensland politics for the entire period of their settlement. Their engagement involved the application and modification of Spanish models of political and cultural action to the Queensland environment. Memories and behaviours were re-articulated through a dialogue that referenced events in Queensland and Spain, and debated their future implications to the local communities. The thesis does not try to separate migrants’ political and cultural identity. Cultural norms enacted in Queensland provided models to achieve both political and social goals in Australia and Spain. Later migrants used ethnic networks to assert their cultural difference, in processes that often had clear political implications. Queenslanders were tolerant of what were seen as folk cultures, and were rarely attuned to the political discussions that underpinned regional ethnicities. Yet, within the Spanish communities, tensions regarding the valid parameters for regional cultural expression were often foils for broader political debates. Queensland Spaniards’ self-perception, and their negotiation of multiple identities, continued to reference the spaces and imagery of Spain. Yet, these identities were subjective, and the move to Queensland altered their purpose and modes of expression. Queensland Spaniards sought to recreate comparable social networks to those that had sustained their identities prior to emigration, frequently contacting comparable Australian groups that shared similar means of expression. Spaniards did not set old identities aside, but new issues in Spain and Queensland forced a process of clarification and the compartmentalisation of roles. Sharp divisions in Spanish communities’ social memories were accentuated by the regional nature of Queensland settlement, focussing cultural debates on regional norms. The regional nature of Queensland’s Spanish settlement altered the expression of cultural and political identities, but also left them relatively uncontested until the influx of Castilian migrants in the late 1950s. Most Spanish migrants to Australia preferred the southern states of Victoria and New South Wales, where greater stability fostered larger and more cohesively ‘Spanish’ communities. Queensland’s long distances and radical political atmosphere instead facilitated the replication of Spain’s regional characteristics. Industrial tensions aided radicals who were able to find comparable political identities, whilst family networks that referred to spaces in Spain developed sophisticated strategies to accelerate chain migration. The thesis corrects a serious lack of research into Spanish migrants in Australia. The group’s small size has led researchers to favour larger communities, despite the important information offered by the Spanish example. The thesis provides a historical narrative of Spaniards’ experiences in Queensland, but also applies academic debates regarding social memories, and investigates their relationship to cultural and political identities. This includes not only the maintenance of social memories, but also their replication and modification over several generations. The analysis uses awareness of political change in both Queensland and Spain, to investigate migrants’ long-term response to political trauma and changed social circumstance.

Abstract In 1900 there were fewer than a dozen Spaniards in Queensland, most of whom were transient labourers from Victoria. By 1975 there were several thousand Spaniards, of which the majority had travelled directly to Queensland to settle permanently. The thesis uses a chronological structure to trace the development of Spanish political and cultural identities in Queensland over the seventy-five year period. Early settlers were strongly influenced by radical anarchism, and were engaged in ideological debates and Queensland industrial disputes that referenced patterns of behaviour throughout the Hispanic world. Later settlers were predominantly Basques, and used political associations and cultural events to project their identity and to engage with Queensland society. Queensland’s Spanish communities were never defined simply in terms of ethnicity, nationality or political persuasion. Their cultural and political identity was the product of dynamic interactions between social narratives and transnational and local spaces. Spanish identities were the result of an ongoing and complex dialogue between experiences in Spain and Queensland, which channelled migrants’ memories and expectations. Spaniards were deeply involved in Queensland politics for the entire period of their settlement. Their engagement involved the application and modification of Spanish models of political and cultural action to the Queensland environment. Memories and behaviours were re-articulated through a dialogue that referenced events in Queensland and Spain, and debated their future implications to the local communities. The thesis does not try to separate migrants’ political and cultural identity. Cultural norms enacted in Queensland provided models to achieve both political and social goals in Australia and Spain. Later migrants used ethnic networks to assert their cultural difference, in processes that often had clear political implications. Queenslanders were tolerant of what were seen as folk cultures, and were rarely attuned to the political discussions that underpinned regional ethnicities. Yet, within the Spanish communities, tensions regarding the valid parameters for regional cultural expression were often foils for broader political debates. Queensland Spaniards’ self-perception, and their negotiation of multiple identities, continued to reference the spaces and imagery of Spain. Yet, these identities were subjective, and the move to Queensland altered their purpose and modes of expression. Queensland Spaniards sought to recreate comparable social networks to those that had sustained their identities prior to emigration, frequently contacting comparable Australian groups that shared similar means of expression. Spaniards did not set old identities aside, but new issues in Spain and Queensland forced a process of clarification and the compartmentalisation of roles. Sharp divisions in Spanish communities’ social memories were accentuated by the regional nature of Queensland settlement, focussing cultural debates on regional norms. The regional nature of Queensland’s Spanish settlement altered the expression of cultural and political identities, but also left them relatively uncontested until the influx of Castilian migrants in the late 1950s. Most Spanish migrants to Australia preferred the southern states of Victoria and New South Wales, where greater stability fostered larger and more cohesively ‘Spanish’ communities. Queensland’s long distances and radical political atmosphere instead facilitated the replication of Spain’s regional characteristics. Industrial tensions aided radicals who were able to find comparable political identities, whilst family networks that referred to spaces in Spain developed sophisticated strategies to accelerate chain migration. The thesis corrects a serious lack of research into Spanish migrants in Australia. The group’s small size has led researchers to favour larger communities, despite the important information offered by the Spanish example. The thesis provides a historical narrative of Spaniards’ experiences in Queensland, but also applies academic debates regarding social memories, and investigates their relationship to cultural and political identities. This includes not only the maintenance of social memories, but also their replication and modification over several generations. The analysis uses awareness of political change in both Queensland and Spain, to investigate migrants’ long-term response to political trauma and changed social circumstance.

Literature emerging from borderland, transnational or diaspora contexts doesn’t always fit the mould of the dominant national culture where the author resides. Usually this literature is published in the language of the larger society, but sometimes authors prefer to use the language variety in which they write as one of many tools to resist assimilation and highlight their independent or hybrid identity; such is the case with Matilda Koén-Sarano's Judeo-Spanish folktales and Susana Chávez-Silverman’s Spanglish crónicas. When this is the case, translation from these varieties must be done in a way that preserves the resistance to assimilation in a different linguistic context. In this thesis I begin by defining Judeo-Spanish and Spanglish as language varieties, consider who uses them, who writes in them, and the political or personal motivations of the authors. I then problematize the broad issue of translating texts written in nonstandard language varieties. I consider power in translation generally and into English more specifically. I nuance the binary between rejecting translation completely, and embracing it wholeheartedly as essential. In the final two chapters I turn my attention to specific challenges that presented themselves in translations from Judeo-Spanish and Spanglish and explain how these challenges informed my approaches and strategies. No single translation approach or strategy emerges as a monolithic solution to all problems. Nevertheless, my original contribution to knowledge lies in the nuanced discussion and creative application of varying degrees of ethnolects (or literary dialects), writing based in phonetics, and intralinguistic translation that are explained and that are evidenced in the original translations found in the appendices.

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La influencia literaria de España en la Inglaterra del período Estuardo fue objeto de diversas evaluaciones parciales a principios del siglo XX. A.S.W. Rosenbach, M. Hume y J. Fitzmaurice Kelly son nombres cuya fama no precisa encarecimiento. Pero el estudio completo y global de esta influencia, de 1605 a 1642 está por hacer. Dentro de este vasto panorama de relaciones literarias han surgido pocos estudios particulares sobre autores determinados. Ninguno que estudiase la totalidad de una figura literaria y su influjo hispano. Entre otras, sobresale una que, injustamente, la crítica literaria de los últimos siglos y, sorprendentemente, estudios más recientes, han marginado su importancia: el hispanista oxoniense James Mabbe. Cualquier análisis serio de Mabbe debe tener por punto de partida a J. Fitzmaurice Kelly (FK), pues fue el primero en desempolvar de las estanterías del olvido a este erudito. Pero quedaba mucho camino por andar. También otros, después de él, se han aventurado por senderos poco trillados. Así, S. Allen, P.E. Russell y A.W. Secord añadían algún detalle particular –a menudo se limitaban a repetir las afirmaciones de FK– al estudio de la vida de James Mabbe. En 1962 movido por el afán de esclarecer dudas, presentaba en la Universidad de Barcelona mi tesis de licenciatura. Era un intento de valorar la primera traducción inglesa de La Celestina, el primer intento serio sobre una obra particular de Mabbe. Con la presente tesis aquel estudio ha sido puesto al día aunque conserve el esquema de entonces. En 1965, G. Martínez Lacalle ponía en duda la autoría de John Marston para el Ms. “Alnwick. 510” y anunciaba que pertenecía a James Mabbe. Era una aportación importante al estudio de nuestro hombre. A finales de 1970 en unos archivos provinciales de Inglaterra, después de múltiples pesquisas, descubrí un ms. desconocido, el “Strangewayes” Creo que esta contribución mía, juntamente con la de G. M. Lacalle, constituye la aportación más valiosa de los últimos cincuenta años al estudio de James Mabbe. La consulta de diversas fuentes informativas, generales y particulares, denunciaba la existencia de imprecisiones y de errores en el estudio de la personalidad de nuestro hombre. Se conjeturaba sin demostrar, se daba como cierto lo probable. Evitar esta tentación ha sido uno de mis mayores cuidados. Toda la primera parte de esta tesis lleva el objetivo de aclarar e ilustrar el perfil histórico y la producción de este hispanista. Mabbe es un traductor polivalente. La variedad de los clásicos que vierte al inglés es considerable. Desde un tratado de medicina a una obra política, de unos sermones sobre las principales fiestas litúrgicas a La Celestina. Una trilogía destaca con luz propia: La Celestina, El Guzmán y Las Novelas Ejemplares. Mabbe es el primer autor inglés conocido que realiza la traducción de estas obras clásicas. Sostener esta afirmación para EL Guzmán y las Novelas Ejemplares no resulta particularmente difícil. Con LC. no sucedía igual. De ahí que la segunda parte de esta tesis vaya encabezada por un estudio introductorio: la historia de LC. en Inglaterra hasta 1631 fecha de la publicación del The Spanish Bawd, El estudio valorativo concluye con una investigación en torno a la edición base castellana de esta traducción. En el Apéndice Documental transcribo varios documentos inéditos de James Mabbe; una carta autógrafa, que se conserva en el P.R.0. de Londres; una poesía ensalzando las virtudes del tabaco, del fondo manuscrito de la biblioteca Bodley; una poesía en latín; una página de un libro de cuentas particulares del siglo XVII, el testamento del abuelo paterno de J. Mabbe; una observación del ms. “Harley 5077”, del B.M, de Londres; y, finalmente, el ms. “Strangewayes, Medicina Hispanica.” Todos, constituyen el acervo documental de este Apéndice. De lo expuesto se desprende el valor de esta tesis, A la luz de las nuevas aportaciones documentales la personalidad de J. Mabbe adquiere perfiles más nítidos y la revalorización de su obra traductora le sitúa de nuevo en el rango que nunca mereció perder. Barcelona, Marzo de 1971. NOTA: Cuarenta años después he digitalizado esta tesis respetando absolutamente su contenido y sin efectuar más cambios que la maquetación; el principal, pasar las notas del final de cada capítulo a pie de página. En este período los estudios contrastivos y de traducción han avanzado muchísimo, al igual que el estudio de la filiación textual de La Celestina. En este campo cabe resaltar la labor investigadora de la profesora Patrizia Botta, de la U. de La Sapienza, Roma. Aplicarlos a esta tesis hubiera supuesto escribir otra enteramente nueva. Esta tesis refleja el estadio de los estudios contrastivos de los 60 y 70. Creo, modestamente, que ha sido una de las pioneras en este terreno. Barcelona, Diciembre de 2011.

This analysis employs the sociolinguistic framework of status and solidarity (Holmes, 2001) to examine the use of codeswitching on the relational development between the characters in three plays by Cuban-American playwright Dolores Prida. The three plays discussed are Beautiful Señoritas (1978), Coser y cantar (1981) and Botánica (1991). Linguistic scholars recognize the lack of linguistic analysis of literary texts; specifically, codeswitching at present is not fully explored as a linguistic phenomenon in written contexts. Furthermore, Prida's works have never before been appraised using linguistic methodology. Hence, this work aims to add to scholarly research in the fields of codeswitching, discourse analysis, and literary linguistics, using the status and solidarity framework to examine the codeswitching in Dolores Prida's plays. Dolores Prida is a feminist and Hispanic dramatist whose central theme is the search for identity of Hispanic immigrants, specifically women, in the United States today. Due to her ideological stance, it is expected that a strong emphasis on solidarity rather than status and the use of affective rather than referential speech functions are present in the relationships in her plays. Accordingly, the analysis of Botánica reveals that indeed codeswitching between the characters does affect their relational development in maintaining solidarity and intimacy. However, the relationships found in Beautiful Señoritas and Coser y cantar do not offer such conclusions, due to the variable nature of the relationships identified. Further analysis of these and other literary works will more accurately determine benefits of the status and solidarity framework as applied to the codeswitching research.