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This thesis presents the results of historical archaeological research at the Old Farm on Strawberry Hill in Albany, Western Australia. The site is an important colonial farm in Western Australia’s history; the location for the first farm in Western Australia (1827) and linked to many important individuals in the state’s colonial past. The site is owned and managed by the National Trust of Australia (W.A.) and is registered on both the West Australian, Heritage Council Register of Historical Places and the Australian Heritage Commission’s National Estate. Past historical and cultural biases had created an incomplete interpretation of this site that did not represent all social groups, including indentured servants, convict and Aboriginal labourers and women. The research has provided a holistic site interpretation that identified all social groups living and working on this site in the 1800s by analysing historical documents and archaeological excavated materials. The historical documentary record included both personal and official correspondence, diaries and drawings, as well as two valuable farm log books that documented the day to day events on the farm in the early to mid 1800s. The archaeological excavation was restricted to small area excavations in habitation areas still present on the site or in areas identified from 19th century surveyor maps. Both of these data sources were analysed to identify social and economic relationships, such as gender, status, class and ethnicity so that a comparison could be made between historical and archaeological data and a complementary interpretation created. The research was divided into three main periods of site occupation, firstly by convict gardeners during the government farm period from 1827 to 1832. The Spencer family period from 1833 to 1889, which is further defined by two phases, the six years from their arrival until Richard Spencer’s death in 1839 and the dispersal of the family and the property decline until it was sold in 1889. The third period of occupation by the Bird family was not discussed due to the discontinuation of a farming subsistence that distinguished it from a rural rather than an urban property. This study provides the current heritage managers with an updated interpretation of the site’s past and changing social and economic relationships on site and with the early town of Albany. It is hoped that this interpretation will be used to improve the site’s current representation and becomes the basis for a heritage conservation plan which not only recognises the importance of existing site structures, but also sub surface remains. This thesis also identifies a number of avenues for future research that will further enhance the site’s interpretation.

This thesis deals with the image of the Vikings. I wish to investigate how this image came to being during the 19th and early 20th century and give examples of how the Viking age was approached archaeologically during this time period. In addition to this, I discuss the image of the Vikings in relation to concepts such as nationalism, Scandinavian identity and how we use history. The aim is to contribute to the discourse about ideology in relation to history. I wish to raise awareness about how we use history and how our evaluation of the past, in this case the Viking age, affects our perception of the past and the present. I have chosen three archaeological sites in order to exemplify how archaeologists have approached the Viking age, and how archaeology can be linked to ideology. These sites are Old Uppsala and Birka in Sweden, and Hedeby in present-day Germany. In addition to this, I also discuss what role the Viking age played in the 19th century world of ideas. I read and analyse publications on the topic from different time periods and contexts. The theories used are those of Stefan Bohman, Benedict Anderson and Lise Nordenborg Myhre on nationalism and its symbolism. The discussion is also based on Evert Baudou’s theories on archaeological interpretations, as well as the theoretical framework characteristic of the 19th century, culture-historical archaeology. The Viking age played an important part in shaping a Scandinavian identity, particularly in Sweden. The loss of Finland to Russia in 1809 created a need of a new identity. In the wake of this, as well as deepened relations to Norwegians and Danes, a new ideology called scandinavism was formed with the Viking age at centre. Later, the Iron Age was of significance when the German Nazi regime needed to legitimise their policies and ideology. The excavations at Hedeby mirror the Nazi ideology, but the Swedish sites have also proven to have connections to nationalism, both at the time of excavation but also in the form of interpretation. I base my analysis on the phenomena explanation, consolidation and rejection in order to establish how the past can be used in defining the present in relation to the past. I discuss how the past is used to define the present, ourselves and our society and how it is can be used in a nationalistic setting.

O quilombo de Pedro Cubas situa-se, juntamente com a maioria das comunidades remanescentes paulistas, na região do Vale do Ribeira. Incentivos financeiros por parte do governo estadual na região e a valorização das terras a partir de meados do século XX criaram um ambiente de tensão e ameaça ao modo de vida dessa população, a qual existe desde a primeira metade do século XIX. Durante as décadas de 1990 e 2000, diversas dessas comunidades foram finalmente reconhecidas e tituladas com base na Constituição de 1988, a qual assegura aos quilombos a posse coletiva de suas terras centenárias. Diversas pesquisas antropológicas e ecológicas foram executadas no Médio Ribeira em parceria com as comunidades quilombolas da região, muitas delas contribuindo para os processos reivindicatórios dessas populações. No entanto, nenhuma destas pesquisas teve por enfoque a materialidade dessas populações. Inspirado nos pressupostos teóricos da Arqueologia Histórica, Ecologia Histórica e Arqueologia da Paisagem, esta dissertação de mestrado tem como objetivo a identificação de antigas áreas residenciais, com ênfase na utilização de vestígios arbóreos típicos dos padrões de assentamento locais. Com base principalmente em entrevistas e visitas guiadas à áreas antigamente habitadas, uma correlação clara entre determinadas espécies de árvores frutíferas e antigas habitações foi estabelecida. Por fim, espera-se também que essa dissertação venha a contribuir para o crescimento recente dos estudos arqueológicos em comunidades quilombolas e rurais em geral. / The maroon of Pedro Cubas is located, as the majority of the other paulista communities, at the Ribeira Valley region. State government financial incentives and land valorization by the second half of the XXth century created an environment of tension and a threat to this population\'s way of life, which exists since the end of the XIXth century. During 1990 and 2000 decades several of these communities were finally recognized and conceived collective land titles based on 1988\'s Constitution, which assures the maroons the rights to their centennial lands. Many anthropological and ecological researches were made at the Middle Ribeira Valley in partnership with the region\'s maroon communities, contributing to their reivindication processes. However none of these researches emphasized the materiality of these populations. Inspired on Historical Archaeology, Historical Ecology and Landscape Archaeology theoretical assumptions, this master\'s thesis has as its objective the identification of former residential areas with emphasis on the use of typical arboreal vestiges from local settlement patterns. Based mainly on interviews and guided visits to formerly inhabited areas, a clear correlation between determined tree species and ancient inhabited areas was established. Finally it is also hoped that this master\'s thesis contribute to the recent growing of archaeological studies on maroon and rural communities in general.

Esta dissertação apresenta o estudo arqueológico e etnoarqueológico dos conjuntos cerâmicos provenientes de sítios arqueológicos históricos - Tacaimbó 1 e Tacaimbó 2 - e dos conjuntos cerâmicos etnográficos produzidos em comunidades locais, ambos do Agreste Central Pernambucano. Adotando uma abordagem etnoarqueológica para a análise de sítios arqueológicos históricos, através de perspectivas descolonizadas e multivocais, discutimos o papel do arqueólogo na valorização dos conhecimentos tradicionais. Esta valorização é fundamental para a construção das identidades locais e para a elaboração de narrativas históricas alternativas que incluam estas populações historicamente marginalizadas. Concluindo, a partir da análise tecnológica dos conjuntos cerâmicos arqueológicos e etnográficos elaboramos uma matriz de correlatos para artefatos cerâmicos de produção local/regional, contribuindo para a caracterização dos mesmos e para as discussões arqueológicas sobre variabilidade artefatual. / This dissertation is resulted from an archaeological and ethnoarchaeological research study of pottery sets from historical archaeological sites - Tacaimbó 1 and Tacaimbó 2 - and of ethnographic pottery sets produced on local communities, both from Agreste Central region (Pernambuco state, Brazilian Northeast). Using an ethnoarchaeological approach for the historical archaeological sites analysis, and the decolonized and multivocal perspectives, the role of the archaeologist on traditional knowledge valuation was discussed. This valuation is a fundamental aspect for the local identities construction and formulation of an alternative historical narrative, which include these historically marginalized populations. In conclusion, from the technological analysis of archaeological and ethnographic pottery sets, a matrix of correlates for local and regional production of pottery artifacts was proposed, contributing to its characterization and for the archaeological discussions of artefactual variability

Esta pesquisa em Arqueologia Histórica tem como finalidade contribuir para a compreensão das estratégias de defesa implantadas durante o período colonial no litoral sul fluminense, a fim de protegê-lo da ameaça de invasão estrangeira e do contrabando de ouro e de escravos, através da construção de fortificações e locais de observação em vários pontos dessa região. O trabalho em Ponta Leste é uma extensão da análise da distribuição espacial de fortificações realizada em Piraquara, uma enseada próxima à Angra dos Reis, por meio do Projeto: Área Arqueológica de Piraquara, Angra dos Reis, apoiado pela UERJ e financiado pela Eletronuclear, sob coordenação da arqueóloga Nanci Vieira de Oliveira. Nas etapas de campo em Ponta Leste foram identificadas estruturas defensivas semelhantes às que foram encontradas em Piraquara. Em ambos os casos, as baterias de pedra, armadas com canhões, tinham como função dificultar o desembarque e permitir à Vila de Angra dos Reis o tempo necessário para organizar sua defesa, em caso de ataque estrangeiro. Em Ponta Leste, além das pequenas estruturas defensivas, foi analisado o Forte do Leme, construído no início do século XX, com o objetivo de proteger a Baía da Ilha Grande. / This research in Historical Archaeology aims to add to the comprehension of the defensive strategies employed during the Colonial Era on Fluminense south coast. In order to protect it from the foreign invasion threat and from the gold and slaves smugglings, fortifications and observing places were built at many points in that region. The work in Ponta Leste is an extension of the analysis of fortifications distribution in Piraquara, a cove near Angra dos Reis, through the research project: Piraquara Archaeological Area, Angra dos Reis, supported by UERJ and financed by Eletronuclear, under the coordination of the archaeologist Nanci Vieira de Oliveira. During the field work in Ponta Leste, defensive structures very similar to the ones found in Piraquara were identified. In both cases, the stone batteries, armed with cannons, had the function to make landing difficult and to give to Vila de Angra dos Reis the time needed to organize its defensive system in the case of foreign attack. In Ponta Leste, besides small defensive structures, Forte do Leme has been analysed, which was built in the beginning of 20th century to protect Baía da Ilha Grande.

Esta pesquisa teve por objetivo verificar traços da ocupação humana - histórica e pré-histórica - em uma pequena região delimitada como Serra da Cantareira, pertencente à sub-bacia do rio Juquery e Serra da Cantareira, ocupando terras dos municípios de Caieiras, Guarulhos, Mairiporã e São Paulo, por acreditar que a área possa ter sido palco de assentamentos humanos desde épocas préhistóricas, inclusive de tradições culturais diversas à Tupiguarani, além de uma ocupação humana pós-contato de origem européia nas primeiras décadas do século XVI, prosseguindo até os tempos atuais. No entanto, a ausência de um maior número de pesquisas pregressas sobre a região, mesmo em áreas próximas, bem como a não localização de sítios pré-históricos e de pós-contato por meio de métodos arqueológicos neste trabalho, não permitiu inferir com maior segurança este pressuposto. Ademais, foi possível elencar dados e localizar alguns sítios arqueológicos históricos inéditos datados entre os séculos XVIII e XX, possibilitando não só traçar uma trajetória para o processo de ocupação da região, como oferecer novas perspectivas para a compreensão da história do processo de ocupação na região metropolitana de São Paulo, evidenciando-os como bens de interesse patrimonial local e regional. Fato que releva a importância deste trabalho como uma das primeiras tentativas de registrar sinais da presença humana local por meio de métodos e técnicas arqueológicas. Por fim, destaca-se também a importância deste trabalho para a compreensão do processo de devastação da mata nativa local, ocorrida entre os séculos XVII e XX. / This research had as goal to verify traces of human occupation - historical and pre-historical - in a small region bounded to Serra da Cantareira, belonging to the sub-basin of the Juquery river and Serra da Cantareira, occupying lands in the cities of Caieiras, Guarulhos, Mairipora e Sao Paulo, for believing that the area may have been stage of human settlements since pre-historical times, including place of several cultural traditions different from the Tupiguarani, besides a human occupation after contact with the European origins in the first decades of the XVI century, continuing until the present time. However, the absence of a greater number of previous research, even in nearby areas, along with the miss localization of prehistorical sites and post-contact through archaeological methods in this project, didn\'t allow to conclude with more safety this presupposition. Furthermore, It was possible to list data and locate some archaeological historical sites never seen dated between the centuries XVIII and XX, allowing not only to trace a path for the process of occupation of the area, but also allowing to offer new perspectives for the historical comprehension of the occupation process in the metropolitan area of Sao Paulo, evidencing them as property of local and regional patrimonial interest. This fact shows how relevant this work is as one of the first attempts of recording signals of human presence through the archaeological techniques and methods. Lastly, I also highlight the importance of this work for the comprehension of the devastation process of the native forest site, which occurred between the XVII e XX centuries.

O ano era 1912, e um imigrante italiano e um grupo de irmãos provindos da aristocracia fazendeira encontraram-se nos escritórios sobre o famoso Café Guarany, no pulsante coração comercial da cidade, o Triângulo, para combinarem os trâmites à fundação da primeira fábrica de louças em faiança fina do país, em moldes industriais, produção em série e larga escala, no, então, rural bairro da Lapa. Assim teve início a história da Fábrica de Louças Santa Catharina, posteriormente Indústrias Reunidas Fábricas Matarazzo (IRFM) - São Paulo, que abarrotou a cidade de São Paulo com toneladas de louças brancas ou decoradas feitas em seus inúmeros fornos. Fundada no fulcro dos projetos de modernização para a Paulicéia tão desvairada, fábrica e louças dialogaram com as conjunturas das quais eram agência e estrutura. Formas e motivos espalharam-se pelos diversos consumidores da cidade, desbancando, muitas vezes, o monopólio da louça branca estrangeira, da qual se diferenciou produzindo-se segundo lógicas e tecnologias locais. Esta pesquisa baseia-se na análise do sítio arqueológico Petybon, no bairro da Lapa, cidade de São Paulo, região da Água Branca/Vila Romana, escavado no ano de 2003, que revelou ter sido o local de uma antiga fábrica de louças em faiança fina, inaugurada em 1913, fundada meio à maciça imigração italiana e o financiamento das indústrias pelo capital do café. Funcionou até 1937, já pertencente aos Matarazzo que a adquiriram em 1927. O local tem extrema relevância não apenas no contexto da Arqueologia Urbana no Brasil, como também enquanto exemplar dos primórdios da industrialização do país e da história da produção da louça nacional, parcamente tratada pela literatura, pouco valorizada e identificada, apesar de sua freqüência nos sítios arqueológicos do século XX. / The year was 1912, and an Italian immigrant and a group of brothers, drawn from an Aristocratic family farmer, met at an office above the famous Guarany Coffee House, in the beating heart of the city, the Triangle, to establish a fellowship and combine the procedures to the foundation of the first refined earthenware factory in the country, based on an industrial manufacturing, by a mass and large scale production, at the rural district of Lapa. That was the beginning of the history of Santa Catharina Pottery Factory, later Matarazzo United Manufacturing - São Paulo, who crammed São Paulo city with tons of white or decorated pottery, made in its many kilns. Forged at the center of modernizations project for the city, the pottery and factory dialogue with the contexts whose were agency and structure. Forms and motifs spread out by various consumers, beating, often, the foreign pearlware and whiteware monopoly, from whom it was distinguished by organizing itself according with its own logic and technology development. This research is based on the analysis of Petybon archaeological site, in the neighborhood of Lapa, São Paulo, at the region known as Água Branca / Vila Romana, excavated in 2003, which appeared to have been the site of one of the firsts refined earthenware factories, opened at 1913, founded through the massive Italian immigration and the financing of industries by coffee profits. Worked until 1937, then belonging to the Matarazzo Family, who acquired it in 1927. The site is extremely important not only in the context of Brazilian Urban Archeology, but also as an example of the early industrialization in Brazil and the history of national pottery industry, barely treated by literature, almost unknown and unappreciated, despite its frequency at Brazilian archaeological site from the 20th century.

The object of this research were the remains of Bos taurus catalog 060 rescued in the archaeological site RS-Q-17 - Estância Velha do Jarau, that this site has been researched by the Laboratório de Estudo e Pesquisa em Arqueologia (LEPA/UFSM), since 1997, with coordination archaeologist Dr. Saul Eduardo Seiguer Milder. The archaeological site is located on the southwestern border of Rio Grande do Sul, an area marked by constant conflicts that occurred during the consolidation period and definition of the state territory, where the habits, customs and food had a direct influence of the uruguayan and argentine culture. Of material culture found, archaeofauna represents a significant portion in terms of quantity. Thus, the main purpose of this research was to identify, analyze and interpret this archaeofauna quantitatively and qualitatively, so that made it possible to demonstrate through the bony elements identified that the diet of the preterit occupants of this archaeological site located on the southwestern border of Rio Grande do Sul was very diverse. The menu included the consumption of beef in the form of baked, stewed, fried and baked. A small portion of the collection archaeofaunistical shown to have been consumed in the form of barbecue: ribs. A large majority of elements were parts of long bones and bones of the feet and consumed in stews or boiled for supporting a variety in the way of preparation. Although beef is the preferred type, the barbecue is not the same level of importance and control daily food as the historical gaucho tradition affirms. / O objeto de estudo desta pesquisa foram os vestígios de Bos taurus do catálogo 060 resgatado no sítio arqueológico RS-Q-17 Estância Velha do Jarau, sítio este que vem sendo pesquisado pelo Laboratório de Ensino e Pesquisa Arqueológica (LEPA/UFSM), desde 1997, com coordenação do arqueólogo Prof. Dr. Saul Eduardo Seiguer Milder. O sítio arqueológico está localizado na fronteira sudoeste do Rio Grande do Sul, área marcada por constantes conflitos ocorridos durante o período de consolidação e definição do território gaúcho, onde os hábitos, costumes e alimentação tiveram influência direta da cultura uruguaia e argentina. Da cultura material encontrada, a arqueofauna representa uma parcela considerável em termos de quantidade. Assim, objetivo principal desta pesquisa foi identificar, analisar e interpretar esta arqueofauna de forma quantitativa e qualitativa, de modo que possibilitou demonstrar através dos elementos ósseos identificados que a dieta alimentar dos pretéritos ocupantes deste sítio arqueológico localizado na fronteira sudoeste do Rio Grande do Sul era muita diversificada. O cardápio incluía o consumo da carne de vaca sob a forma de cozidos, ensopados, fritos e assados. Uma pequena parcela da coleção arqueofaunística demonstrou ter sido consumida na forma de churrasco: as costelas. A grande maioria dos elementos eram partes de ossos longos e ossos das patas consumidos em ensopados e/ou cozidos corroborando para uma diversidade na forma de preparo. Embora a carne de vaca seja o tipo preferencial, o churrasco não está no mesmo patamar de importância e domínio alimentar diário do gaúcho histórico como afirma a tradição.