Despite the long history of Muslims in Russia, most scholarly and political literatures on Russia’s Islam still narrowly interpret Muslim-Slavs relations in an ethnic-religious oppositional framework. In my work, I examine Russia’s discourse on Islam to argue that, in fact, the role of Islam in post-Soviet Russia is complex. Drawing from direct sources from academic, state, journalistic, and underground circles, often neglected by Western commentators, I identify ideational patterns in conceptualizations of Islam and reconstruct relational networks among authors. To explain complex intertextual relations within specific contexts, I utilize an analytically eclectic method that appropriately combines theories from different paradigms and/or disciplines. Thanks to my multi-dimensional approach, I show that, contrary to traditional views, Russia’s Muslims participate in processes of post-Soviet Russia’s identity formation. Starting from textual contents, avoiding pre-formed analytical frames, I argue that many Muslims in Russia perceive themselves as part of Russian civilization – even when they challenge the status-quo. Building on my initial findings, I state that a key element in Russia’s conceptualization of Islam is the definition, elaborated in the 1990s, of traditional Islam as part of Russian civilizational history, as opposed to extremist Islam as extraneous, hostile phenomenon. The differentiation creates an unprecedently safe, if confined, space for Islamic propositions, of which Muslims are taking advantage. Embedded in debates on Russian civilization, conceptualizations of Islam, then, influence Russia’s (geo)political self-perceptions and, consequently, its domestic and international policies. In particular, Russian so-far neglected Islamic doctrine supports views of Islamic terrorism as a political and not religious phenomenon. Hence, Russia interprets both terrorism and counterterrorism within its own historical tradition, causing its strategy to be at odds with Western views. Less apparently, these divergences affect Russian-U.S. broader relations. Finally, in revealing the civilizational value of Russia’s Islam, I expose intellectual relations among influential subjects who share the aim to devise a new civilizational model that should combine Slavic and non-Slavic, Orthodox and Islamic, Western, and Asian components. In this old Russian dilemma, the novelty is Muslims’ participation.

The Diploma Thesis deals with the business idea -- establishment of a tour operator. This tour operator is about to be focused on organising outdoor school courses, adaptation courses, skiing courses and summer courses as a part of domestic tourism. The first part of the Diploma Thesis includes theoretical facts regarding problematic of tour operators and domestic tourism. Then, there is business idea described from the theoretical point of view -- different kinds of a business plan and especially its structure because there is specific business idea of the author of this Diploma Thesis written in the second part. The aim of the Diploma Thesis is to make up real business idea which can be implemented into reality. The business plan includes the characteristics of business partners, products, marketing strategy and tools. Based on these parts, there was a financial plan created. As there are positive results of the financial plan at the end of the second year already, it was decided that it is worth to start the business.

Memoria (licenciado en ciencias jurídicas y sociales) / No autorizada por el autor para ser publicada a texto completo / Esta tesis consiste en la traducción del libro La Idea del Derecho Privado del profesor Ernest J. Weinrib al español la cual será publicada en nuestro país ya que cuenta con la autorización de su autor. Con esta traducción se prentende dar una herramienta mas a los estudiantes de derecho a la hora de hacer sus primeros estudios del derecho privado. El derecho privado es un fenómeno familiar y penetrante, que aplica nuestras más profundas intuiciones sobre responsabilidad personal y justicia a la propiedad que usamos y de la que somos dueños, a las lesiones que causamos o evitamos causar y a los contratos que celebramos o incumplimos. La Idea del Derecho Privado ofrece una nueva forma de entender este fenómeno. Al rechazar el funcionalismo tan popular entre la doctrina Ernest Weinrib avanza la idea provocativa que el derecho privado es una practica autónoma y no-instrumental con su propia estructura y racionalidad.

L’Histoire de la gauche radicale en France connaît deux influences majeures souvent considérées comme incompatibles : le marxisme et l’anarchisme (ou la pensée libertaire). Pourtant face aux échecs répétés des tentatives révolutionnaires à base prolétarienne en Europe, et au manque de « poids » des théories libertaires au sein de la contestation radicale du monde contemporain, la « gauche révolutionnaire traditionnelle » semble aujourd’hui être « dépassée » voire « démodée ». Si depuis les évènements de Mai 68 nombre de courants radicaux de gauche, parfois appelés « ultra-gauche », sont apparus en France, il semblerait qu’émerge aujourd’hui, au sein de la gauche radicale, contestataire et révolutionnaire une volonté de s’unir autour d’une ambition commune : faire la Révolution. C’est d’ailleurs ce que tentent d’expliquer Olivier Besancenot et Michael Löwy dans leur ouvrage intitulé : Affinités révolutionnaires . Souvent associés dans la lutte, les partisans de ces deux écoles de pensée semblent se séparer sur le plan des idées. D’inspiration marxiste et libertaire la pensée anti-industrielle reflète cette volonté unificatrice. Issu de la contestation radicale de Mai 1968, la pensée anti-industrielle se développe en France au cours des années 1980 à travers la revue Encyclopédie des Nuisances dirigée par Jaime Semprun. Rejetant le marxisme comme dogme et considérant qu’aucune critique radicale ne permet à cette époque de réellement comprendre correctement l’organisation du monde et l’idéologie dominante, les penseurs de l’Encyclopédie des Nuisances souhaite proposer à travers ce Dictionnaire de la déraison dans les sciences, les arts et les métiers, une forme de bilan reprenant les échecs de mai 1968 et « les immenses succès remportés depuis 68 par la domination modernisée » afin de « les voir dans toute leur ampleur et dans leurs conséquences, sans se dissimuler en quoi ils étaient, bien plus qu’une simple restauration, une contre-offensive décisive, achevant de ruiner à peu près tout ce sur quoi la critique sociale avait cru jusque-là pouvoir se reposer » . Par la suite, c’est en Mars 2010 que Manuel Amoros a rédigé un manifeste intitulé Nous les anti-industriels dans lequel il tenta de définir la position des penseurs anti-industriels. Il conclut en définissant la pensée anti-industrielle comme suit : La pensée contre le développement, ou anti-industrielle, ne représente pas une nouvelle mode, une critique purement négative de la pensée scientifique et des idéologies progressistes, ni un vulgaire primitivisme qui proposerait de retourner à un moment quelconque de l’Histoire ou de la préhistoire. Elle n’est pas non plus une simple dénonciation de la domestication du prolétariat et du despotisme du capital. Encore moins est-elle quelque chose mystificatrice comme une théorie unitaire de la société, chasse gardée de la dernière des avant-gardes ou du dernier des mouvements. Elle va plus loin que cela. Elle est le stade le plus avancé de la conscience sociale et historique. C’est une forme déterminée de conscience, de la généralisation de laquelle dépend le salut de l’époque. Si les Encyclopédistes peuvent être considérés comme les premiers auteurs appartenant à la pensée anti-industrielle et le manifeste comme étant le socle théorique de base de cette pensée, il ne faut pas négliger d’autres auteurs et d’autres maisons d’éditions qui se rattachent aujourd’hui à ce courant. Citer tous les auteurs anti-industriels. Constitution de corpus. Une fois ces auteurs « recensés », il est intéressant de noter que cette pensée anti-industrielle semble rassembler l’ensemble des critiques radicales du monde contemporain afin d’en dégager une globale, permettant à la fois d’en saisir toutes les « caractéristiques » et « les nuisances », mais également de définir les bases du monde à venir qui devrait se substituer au monde contemporain. / .This PhD thesis aims at understanding the ideological construction of a revolutionary political thought that came to existence in France during the 1980s. This work is the result of our will to understand – in the Weberian sense of the term – not only what motivated the thinkers of the “Encyclopédie des Nuisances” to start a situational analysis of the social critique of the time, but also the ideological evolution that permitted the development of an anti-industrialist movement at the beginning of the twenty-first century. In 2010, thanks to the anti-industrialist manifesto the movement appeared. Our hypothesis is that the birth of these particular contemporary utopian views is the result of two decisive factors: on the one hand, the disappointment of some activists towards the May 1968 events in France; and on the other hand, the sense of urgency concerning the sophistication of the industrial world through nuclear power, and the new information and communication technology. We argue that these different evolutions seem to lean towards the creation of a contemporary utopian thought offering to readjust the social critique to the new living standards of individuals.

Composition for Arnold Schoenberg is a comprehensible presentation of a musical idea (musikalische Gedanke); the totality of a piece represents the idea. For tonal works, he defines Gedanke as a process of resolving the "tonal relation" or "tonal problem." Contrary to the numerous tonal examples illustrating the notion of Gedanke, Schoenberg hardly expounds on the Gedanke principle for his atonal and twelve-tone repertoires. This study reevaluates Schoenberg's compositional philosophy and aesthetics including Gedanke, comprehensibility, Grundgestalt, and developing variation in light of his compositional practices in Begleitungsmusik zu einer Lichtspielszene, Op. 34. Although Schoenberg denies the existence of a tonal problem and hierarchy among pitches in twelve-tone compositions, the registral placement found in Op. 34 indicates certain functionality assigned to each pitch-class, producing a sense of "departure and return." The approach here elucidates the "idea" of Op. 34, in which the large-scale formal organization unfolds through contextually emphasized tonal relations. This study also explores Schoenberg's concept of the multi-dimensional presentation of a musical idea. Even though Schoenberg's discussion of musical coherence is usually limited to the immediate musical surface, I believe that he was also aware of an extended realization of foreground motives in the sense of Heinrich Schenker's "concealed motivic repetition." This analysis of Op. 34 demonstrates how the enlargement of a surface motive facilitates an understanding of the relation between the parts and the whole, which is perceived as the totality of Gedanke.

The foreign policy of Sweden is based on peace, security, human rights and democracy. In the documents of the foreign policy, the government writes: The purpose of the foreign policy of Sweden is to create security in our country, and in the world. There is no security without democracy, and there is no democracy without human rights and Sweden has to protect and defend these values. Along with these values, Sweden is the 15th biggest arms trader in the world (2015-2020) and has the highest exportation of arms per capita in the world. Many of these exportations also go to non-democratic states.  The purpose of this study is to provide knowledge about why Sweden acts different when it comes to arms trade towards non-democratic states. The research being conducted is a case study of Sweden’s arms trade to Turkey and the United Arab Emirates and why Sweden acts different in the two cases. Sweden stopped the arms trade to Turkey in 2019 due to the lack of democracy and the violations of human rights, but continues to export arms to the United Arab Emirates. Furthermore the study will be using Kjell Goldmann’s theories regarding real idea politics to explain why Sweden acts different in the two situations. The methods that are used in this study are text analysis and case study. The material has been analyzed on the basis of real and idea politics. The main sources are IPSs’ reports, the laws, government documents and parliament document.  The conclusion of the study is that Sweden still exports arms to United Arab Emirates because they still export on old treaty and no new treaty has been issued since 2017. Furthermore, the cases are a combination of the theory’s, but one of them is more prominent in the different cases. Sweden’s actions to stop arms trade to Turkey is an example of when idea politics is more prominent and Sweden’s actions to continue arms trade to United Arab Emirates is an example of when real politics is more prominent.

In diesem Beitrag werden zwei verschiedene Skalen zur Durchführung von Teilnehmerbewertungen in Ideenwettbewerben auf ihre Validität untersucht. Dafür werden diese mit einer unabhängigen, validierten Expertenbewertung verglichen. Auf Basis von Kreuztabellen wird gezeigt, dass eine einfache binäre Skala („Go“ oder „No Go“) eine höhere Übereinstimmungsvalidität besitzt als ein komplexes, mehrdimensionales Bewertungsformular. Auf Basis dieser Untersuchung werden konkrete Gestaltungsempfehlungen für die Praxis abgeleitet sowie zukünftiger Forschungsbedarf aufgezeigt.

(in English): The diploma thesis is focusing on reality of homelessnes. It is supposed to be some kind of a probe into the life of homeless people. The main goal of this thesis is to chart the reality and idea of home of the homeless. Also to find out how they live, what relations they have with their families and with each other and last but not least, what are their hopes for future. The thesis is divided into theorethical and practical parts. In the theoretical part of it the main concepts are desribed. The reader is presented with evolution, typology, main causes of homelessnes and also with problems which homless people are facing daily. The last part is focused mainly on help for homeless. Practical part is focused on research itself, which implemented with semistructured interviews answered by 15 homeless people. The facts concerning mainly the idea of stable accomodations were determined within the research survey.

Empirical findings on knowledge transfers associated with business closures are limited (Hoetkerand Agarwal, 2007), and very few studies examine the search process of individuals and theirsearch for new solutions and ideas (Maggitti et al., 2013). The purpose of this paper is to fill theknowledge gap of knowledge spillovers and idea generation taking place while displacedemployees transition to entrepreneurship after business closure. This paper will examineAstraZeneca’s displaced employees that started their own businesses after AstraZeneca’sresearch and development facilities closed down in Lund (2010) and Södertälje (2012) inSweden. The research questions investigated were: What are the different factors and ideaprocesses that made the displaced employees start their own businesses? To what extent are theentrepreneurs utilizing their knowledge and experience gained at AstraZeneca in their currentbusinesses, and are they using contacts gained while working for AstraZeneca? To answer thesequestions both qualitative and quantitative research method were used in the form of surveys andinterviews. The results of this study showed that a knowledge spillover took place between thenew firms and the closing firm, while previous experience and expertise gained fromAstraZeneca greatly influenced the idea generation that took place amongst the displacedemployees while transitioning into entrepreneurship. Moreover, about 20% of theentrepreneurship was necessity based, whereas 70% were opportunity based. In regards to thetiming of the idea generation process, half of the participants came up with the business ideaafter learning about the closure, while the rest disagreed. Therefore, the idea generation processamongst the participants did not necessary start after the announcement of the displacement.

Many people face difficulties in remembering knowledge, which is complex and abstract. This is especially important when the descriptions of knowledge are to be stored in searchable knowledge bases. But if complex knowledge can be transferred through real life stories, it is more understandable and easier to retrieve for the knowledge acceptor. Moreover, if the stories follow a certain pattern like ‘intentional suspense’ it may be more useful. This study investigates how far a story with intentional interruption is helpful in transferring complex computer science knowledge through processing of information that compares similarities between new and well-understood concepts. The data collection was done by applying framework analysis approach through the interview of 40 students of Stockholm University. Results of this study is assumed to help organizations to design, store and retrieve complex knowledge structures in knowledge bases by using a specific pattern of the stories used in the narrative pedagogy known as 'Zeigarnik effect' which is a form of creating suspense. Interviews with managers showed that they are positive to using the type of knowledge transfer as is proposed in the results of this thesis. Transcribed interviews with students show that the students appreciate and understand the use of analogies in combination with the ‘Zeigarnik effect’ as is described in the result of this thesis. After analysis of the data collected from the experiments, it was confirmed that ‘Zeigarnik effect’ has a small positive effect for a group of people as better results have been found in most of the time when ‘Zeigarnik effect’ was used as compared to when the ‘Zeigarnik effect’ was not used. The participants that experienced the ‘Zeigarnik effect’ answered in a better way which proved that their understanding and memory regarding the subject have been enhanced using it.