Uma das preocupações fundamentais desta pesquisa foi acompanhar e entender o processo decisório em torno das políticas econômicas que, ao contrário do que muitas vezes se alegou, demonstrou ter uma importância central no Estado brasileiro, em meados do século XIX. A análise dos discursos políticos sobre a moeda e o sistema bancário foi utilizada como ferramentas que ajudassem a entender melhor os consensos temporários sobre as questões econômicas e as posições políticas da elite política imperial. O estudo revelou que as inversões de rumo adotadas pelos parlamentares brasileiros não estavam relacionadas apenas com transformações estruturais centradas nos partidos políticos, o que revelou um quadro mais complexo e dinâmico tanto no campo político, quanto no econômico, do que se costuma supor. Pelo acompanhamento dos debates depreende-se que os projetos saneadores da moeda adotados pela elite política foram sinceros, o que significa dizer que ao enfrentar os problemas econômicos os representantes da nação utilizaram seus conhecimentos para encontrar soluções viáveis aos obstáculos que se apresentavam, nem sempre sendo bem-sucedidos nos resultados obtidos. Portanto, ressaltei que se tratava também de uma história de anseios e frustrações, readequações e sucessos, mas, acima de tudo, das transformações de conceitos econômicos que foram refinados, de posições políticas alternadas e de projetos paulatinamente adaptados. / One of the main concerns of this research was to follow and understand the decision-making process surrounding the economic policies that, contrary to what is often claimed, demonstrated a central role in the Brazilian State in the mid-nineteenth century. The analysis of political speeches on the currency and the banking system has been used as tools to help better understand the temporary consensus on economic issues and the political elite of imperial policy. The study revealed that the reversals of direction taken by Brazilian legislators were not only related to structural transformations centered on political parties, which revealed a more complex and dynamic both in the political field and on the economic, than is commonly supposed. By tracking the discussions it appears that projects correctives currency adopted by the political elite were sincere, which means that the economic problems facing the nation\'s representatives used their expertise to find viable solutions to the obstacles that presented themselves, not always being successful the results. So I pointed out that it was also a story of longing and frustrations, and successes, adjustments, but, above all, the transformations of economic concepts that have been refined, political positions and alternate projects gradually adapted.

Este trabalho tem como objetivo analisar a o direito à educação no Brasil, focalizando o Período Imperial (1822 a 1889). A reflexão incorpora uma análise históricocomparativa acerca do sentido do direito à educação, sua interpretação nos documentos legais e o correspondente debate legislativo. O mapeamento realizado observou a inserção da gratuidade e da obrigatoriedade na legislação. Vale ressaltar que a gratuidade foi explicitada na Constituição Política do Império do Brasil, de 1824. Com o Ato Adicional, em 1834, descentralizou-se a administração pública, ficando a educação primária a cargo das províncias. Assim, a gratuidade não se efetivou em algumas delas no período estudado. Já a obrigatoriedade enfrentou resistências e permeou inúmeros debates parlamentares, de modo que sua implantação aconteceu pontualmente apenas em algumas legislações provinciais. Apesar da explicitação do direito à educação, enquanto dever do Estado, só ter sido realizada no nível federal com a Constituição de 1969, o presente trabalho indica que, em nível provincial, houve inserções já no Período Imperial. / The purpose of this study is to analyze the idea of the right to education during the Imperial Period (1822 to 1889). The reflection incorporates comparative historical analyzes about the right to education, its interpretation on the legal documents and corresponded debates. The right to education mapping began with the observation of the concept of free tuition and compulsory education by the law. In 1824, the Imperial Constitution (Constituição Política do Brasil Imperial) established the principle of free tuition to elementary schools. With the Amendment Constitutional (Ato Adicional) of 1834 the public administration was decentralized and the provinces were made responsible for primary education. But it was not applied at some provinces at that time according this research. On the contrary, the compulsory concept was discussed by the parliament, so it was implemented in a punctual way, just established as a law in some provinces. Although the right to education as a state duty was officially declared only in 1969, this study shows that there were previous statements, in some provinces, during the Imperial Period.

L’étude de l’iconoclasme byzantin, cette crise théologique ayant pour cause l’essor du culte associé aux images religieuses, a été un exercice ardu pour les historiens. En effet, les maigres sources disponibles pour cette période sont toutes favorables au culte des images. Bien qu’écrite par un iconodoule convaincu et hostile aux empereurs iconoclastes, la Chronographie de Théophane le Confesseur ne mérite pourtant pas ses étiquettes contemporaines de pro-iconophile et d’anti-iconoclaste. Le présent mémoire propose donc de revoir et de nuancer les écrits de Théophane en ce qui a trait au pouvoir impérial. Il s’agira de démontrer que la place des empereurs sur l’échiquier théologique n’a aucune influence sur la représentation du pouvoir, voire et de ceux qui l’exercent, dans la Chronographie. En effet, une analyse rigoureuse des empereurs de la période iconoclaste (717-780) et de la période iconodoule (780-815) prouvera que pour Théophane, rien n’est absolu : les iconoclastes ne sont pas dépourvus de vertu et les iconodoules peuvent agir de façon tyrannique. La Chronographie propose ainsi une image complexe du pouvoir impérial, qui oblige à reconsidérer les frontières entre légitimité impériale et tyrannie. -- The study of Byzantine iconoclasm, a theological crisis caused by the emergence of religious practices centered on divine images, has proven to be a difficult endeavor for historians. Indeed, the few available sources which discuss this period are clearly favorable to this cult of images. Despite having been written by a convinced iconodule who was also hostile to iconoclastic emperors, the Chronicle by Theophanes the Confessor should not be labelled as purely pro-iconophile and anti-iconoclastic. As such, the present thesis will seek to review and relativize the writings of Theophanes with regards to imperial power. This will attempt to demonstrate that in the Chronicle, the place of emperors on the theological playing field has no impact on the representations of power or those who exert it. In fact, a rigorous analysis of emperors from the iconoclastic period (717-780) as well as the iconodule period (780-815) will show that inTheophanes’ mind nothing is absolute: iconoclasts are not devoid of virtue and iconodules can be tyrannical. Hence, the Chronicle presents a complex image of imperial power, one which demands a reconsideration of the boundaries between imperial legitimacy and tyranny.

In 1926 the Kruger National Park in South Africa became the first national park in Africa to accept visitors. Since that date there has been a propaganda campaign to convince people outside of the administration of the importance of the national park project and the value of the wildlife inside the parks. As a large tract of land in a land-hungry region of the country, the Kruger Park required both political and public support to ensure its survival. This attempt to communicate with the public is the subject of my thesis. The idea of the national park, and the natural world that it contained, altered dramatically since 1926. At times the message was tightly managed, and at others that control was loosened. As various interests intervened and encroached, new discourses developed and struggled for influence. Contained within the messages around the park and its wildlife were ulterior strands and ideologies that impacted in various ways on the idea of the national park. Nationalism, race, gender, class and status all became constituent parts of a heterogeneous construction. My thesis interrogates those strands within the discourse on the Kruger National Park. In 1967 the Manyeleti game reserve, on the western borders of the Kruger Park, became the first segregated game reserve for the exclusive use of black South Africans. Through this parallel project African visitors, who had been generally ignored in the Kruger Park setting, became the focus of propaganda efforts intended for a black audience. Race, gender, and class merged with the environmental messages in this unique setting to create new directions in conservationist rhetoric. My thesis sets these diverse messages communicated at Manyeleti alongside those transmitted through and about the Kruger Park.

Between 1945 and 1969 the Sudanese achieved independence and overthrew a military junta with a popular uprising. Nevertheless both democratic periods were quickly ended by military coups. At the same time a civil war divided the country. The thesis asks why the democratic structures were so unstable, and unable to end the conflict between north and south. It argues that the ideas about the Sudanese nation by different groups were so contradictory, that no nation could be built. As a result, the political system failed to find a stable form and to deliver policy results to the constituents. The thesis is using political parties as units of analysis and primarily the constitutional process and, secondarily, questions of independence and sovereignty, as prisms. It discusses the history of the political parties within the context of the political history of Sudan. The discussions about the constitution are understood as one form of expressing ideas about the nation. The thesis presents the different suggestions for the constitution by different parties, especially in regards to governance, federalism, and religion. These contradictory ideas led to the failure of the constitution writing process. The thesis argues that the contradictory positions of the parties created a dual deadlock, which led to a breakdown of democracy. Firstly, due to reciprocal distrust, widely diverging platforms, and generally the difficulty of forming coalition governments, especially in the absence of a democratic tradition, coalitions became extremely unstable and politicians were forced to invest a lot of time and effort to keep coalitions alive and in consequence concrete political actions did not receive enough attention. Secondly, the divergent perceptions of the nation led to a situation where they stopped to see each other as part of the same nation and therefore stopped to recognise others as legitimately participating in the political process.

No description available.

Thesis (MBA)--University of Stellenbosch, 2010. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The main purpose of this research report is to create a case study of the JSE listed company, Imperial Holdings Ltd. around the theme of strategic leadership, entrepreneurship and organisational development. In a nutshell – the development of an entrepreneurial organisation into a professional organisation. The second purpose is to discuss literature around the theme of strategic leadership, entrepreneurship and organisational development. This topic was further broken down into five topics including strategic leadership, organisational strategy, owner start-up dynamics and entrepreneurship, owner transition and succession management, organisational and cultural change and the theory of organisational maturity development. Imperial Holdings Ltd. is a diversified industrial services and retail group with activities spanning logistics, car rental, tourism, financial services, vehicle distribution and retail operating in South Africa, Africa, Europe and Australia. Imperial is listed on the Johannesburg stock exchange and the group is run on a decentralised management structure that actively encourages entrepreneurship, innovation and industry specific best practice. The Imperial story is presented as two chapters. The first chapter covers the period 1948 to 2007 with a specific focus on Bill Lynch. He was CEO from 1990 to 2006 and was with Imperial from inception. Bill Lynch won the prestigious Ernest and Young World Entrepreneur award in 2006 and passed away almost a year later. With his passing came the world financial crisis in 2008 and a low period in Imperial‟s history. The second chapter in the story brings Hubert Brody in as the new CEO of Imperial. He is a more cautious person with a CA (SA) background that brought many changes to Imperial‟s strategy and financial structure. In late 2009 and 2010 Imperial started to recover in terms of profit growth and share price. Specific literature on the development of entrepreneurial organisations into professional organisations is almost nonexistent according to the researcher. Most literature found deals only with organisational development and transition management. All the literature is captured and summarised into a conceptual model that can be used in the development of entrepreneurial organisations into professional organisations. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die hoofdoel van hierdie navorsingsverslag is om 'n gevallestudie op te stel t.o.v. Imperial Holdings Ltd. ('n gelyste maatskapy op die Johannesburgse Effektebeurs) rondom die tema van strategiese leierskap, entrepeneurskap en organisatoriese ontwikkeling. In 'n neutedop saamgevat – die ontwikkeling van 'n organisasie vanaf entrepeneursvlak tot 'n professionele vlak. Die tweede doelwit is om inligting rondom die temas van strategiese leierskap, entrepeneurskap en organisatoriese ontwikkeling te ondersoek en te ontleed. Hierdie onderwerp word verder opgedeel in vyf afdelings wat insluit strategiese leierskap, organisatoriese strategieë, die ontginningsdinamiek en entrepeneurskap van die eienaar, eienaarsoordrag- en opvolgingsbestuur, organisatoriese en kulturele veranderinge en die teorie agter volgehoue organisatoriese groei. Imperial Holdings Ltd. is 'n gediversifiseerde industriële diens- en kleinhandelgroep met aktiwiteite wat logistieke dienste, motorverhuring, toerisme, finansiële dienste en voertuigverspreiding- en verkope in Suid-Afrika, Afrika, Europa en Australië insluit. Imperial is gelys op die Johannesburgse Effektebeurs en die bestuursmodel is gebaseer op 'n desentraliseerde bestuursstruktuur wat entrepeneurskap, vernuwende denke en industrie gekonsentreerde praktyke aanmoedig. Die Imperial verhaal word aangebied as twee hoofstukke. Die eerste hoofstuk dek die periode 1948 tot 2007 met 'n spesifieke fokus op Bill Lynch. Hy was die hoof uitvoerende bestuurder vanaf 1990 tot 2006 en was daar vanaf die begin van Imperial se bestaan. Mnr. Lynch het in 2006 afgesterf, amper 'n jaar nadat hy die gesogte Ernest and Young World Entrepreneur toekennning verwerf het. Na sy afsterwe het onder meer 'n wêreldwye finansiële krisis gevolg wat in 2008 'n lae periode in Imperial se prestasiemodel verteenwoordig. Die tweede hoofstuk fokus op die nuwe uitvoerende besturende direkteur van Imperial, mnr. Hubert Brady, se bydrae tot nuwe groei en veranderinge op strategiese en finansiële vlak in die maatskappy. Hy is 'n meer konserwatiewe bestuurder met 'n CA (SA) agtergrond. Dit was baie moeilik vir hierdie navorser om spesifieke literatuur en inligtingsmateriaal te vind oor die transformasie van entrepeursorganisasies na professionele organisasies. Meeste huidige navorsingsmateriaal fokus slegs op organisatoriese - en oorgangsbestuursmodelle. Al die materiaal in hierdie navorsingsverslag is versamel en saamgevat in 'n konseptuele model wat gebruik kan word in die ontwikkeling van entrepeneursorganisasies na professionele organisasies.

Outfacing the Storm is a song cycle that tells the story of the spectacular failure-turned-triumph of the Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition. Led by Sir Ernest Shackleton, the Expedition was an attempt to trek overland across the whole of the Antarctic continent. Shackleton’s ship, the Endurance, launched from England in August of 1914 with twenty-eight men. Within weeks of entering the polar latitudes, ice ensnared the ship. The Endurance remained stuck fast until the spring breakup crushed its hull, and it sank in November of 1915. The crew struck out for civilization, and, after six months and over one thousand miles of travel by foot, by ice-drift, and by lifeboat, they returned home alive. The Expedition’s safe return was heavily credited by its crew to Shackleton himself. A man of intense character, burning passion, and unfailing determination, Shackleton put the needs of his crew ahead of all else. His individual dedication to each member of the voyage was an inspiration to each. Ernest Shackleton, however, was a private man. He hid his own concerns from all except those closest to him. During the Expedition, he feared for the well-being of the crew. In the largest sense, he feared failure. Shackleton was only ever content while at sea. “Sometimes,” he wrote to his wife, “I think I am no good at anything but being away in the wilds… I grow restless and feel any part of youth is slipping away from me and that nothing matters… I feel I am no use to anyone unless I am outfacing the storm in wild lands.” This song cycle tells the tale of the Expedition through Shackleton’s eyes. The cycle is in eleven movements—nine recounting the story, plus a prologue and epilogue. All of the text is Shackleton’s own. The nine middle movements are taken from Shackleton’s memoir about the voyage, South. The prologue and epilogue are taken, respectively, from an interview and the above letter. / Music, Butler School of / text

Under Colonial Copyright Law, the British Museum Library acquired a substantial collection of Canadian photographs between 1895 and 1924, taken by a variety ofamateurs and professionals across Canada. Due to the agency of individual photographers, the requirements of copyright legislation and the accumulating principleof the archive, the Collection displays multiple geographies and invites variousinterpretations. Chapter 1 discusses the development of Colonial Copyright Law and its application to photographic works, examining the extent to which the collection was born of an essentially colonial geography of knowledge. The chapter outlines the theoretical underpinnings of the thesis in relation to scholarship on colonial regulation, visual economies and Canadian historical geography. Chapter 2 presents an overview of the evolution of the Collection and provides a discussion of research strategy, focussing on how its diverse contents may inform understandings of Canada's changing landscape, cities and people. The substantive core of the thesis examines the contents and genres represented in the collection through a series of linked studies. Chapter 3 considers the photographic representation of Canadian cities, focussing on the use of the camera in Victoria and Toronto to explore the political and commercial aspects of urban change. Chapter 4 explores the interaction of the camera and the railroads, two technologies at the cutting edge of modernity, examining how photography both promoted the railway and depicted the impact of railway disasters. Chapter 5 explores the visual economy of the photographic image through the medium of the postcard, with reference to the Canadian National Exhibition and the Bishop Barker Company of aviators. Chapter 6 considers a variety of views of Native American peoples, the result of the intersection of various photographic impulses with Colonial Copyright Law. The final chapter returns to the Collection as a whole to consider its agency in the digital age.

This study concerns 28 Roman Iron Age Germanic burial grounds located in proximity to the river Elbe (dt. "Elbegermanen"). Situated in the northern German states Brandenburg, Hamburg, Lower Saxony, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Saxony-Anhalt, Schleswig-Holstein and dated 0-300 AD (Earlier Roman Imperial Period); the sites primarily consist of urn burials and have been interpreted as separated by gender. Although a debated issue in German archaeology, critical questions derived from theoretical problematization have usually been omitted from the discourse. This study aims to discuss gender theory to address this research gap. Geographical patterns have been explored through a spatial analysis and reconstruction of the Roman Imperial landscape. Two sites are compared in case studies and the end results connect the theoretical discussions and GIS-analysis. The results show that the combination of a large-scale regional analysis and small-scale analysis of specific sites is beneficial in order to acknowledge the varieties and move beyond the interpretations that dominate the prevalent discourse.