La presente tesis tiene como objetivo identificar los principales factores externos que limitan la gestión de importación de vehículos livianos de origen asiático en el sector automotriz peruano entre los años 2016 y 2020. Su importancia radica en, una vez identificados los factores, la información obtenida sirva de ayuda a los principales importadores en la toma de decisiones, que logren corregir falencias en su proceso de importación y también, puedan adecuar las buenas prácticas identificadas y evaluadas de un país referente como Chile. Asimismo, sentará las bases a próximas investigaciones de enfoque cuantitativo, orientadas a la importación de vehículos livianos de origen asiático en el sector automotriz peruano. Se utilizó la metodología de investigación cualitativa con enfoque descriptivo-exploratorio y como método de recolección de datos a las entrevistas a profundidad. Se formularon las siguientes preguntas: ¿Es la escasa inversión extranjera directa una limitante en la gestión de importación de vehículos livianos de origen asiático?, ¿Son las barreras arancelarias limitantes en la gestión de importación de vehículos livianos de origen asiático? y ¿Son los problemas en la cadena logística local limitantes en la gestión de importación de vehículos livianos de origen asiático? En cuanto a las conclusiones, no se validaron las hipótesis H1 y H2, pues no se puede atribuir que tanto la baja IED como las barreras arancelarias sean limitantes en la gestión de la importación de vehículos ligeros de origen asiático. Por otro lado, en cuanto a recomendaciones, migrar a un puerto cercano como Pisco e implementar una red ferroviaria que conecte almacenes en Huachipa y el puerto del Callao fueron algunas de las principales recomendaciones. / The present thesis aims to identify the main external factors that limit the import management of light vehicles of Asian origin in the Peruvian automotive sector between 2016 and 2020. Its importance lies in, once the factors have been identified, the information obtained serves to help the main importers in making decisions, to correct shortcomings in their import process and also to adapt the good practices identified and evaluated from a benchmark country such as Chile. Likewise, it will lay the foundations for future research with a quantitative approach, aimed at the importation of light vehicles of Asian origin in the Peruvian automotive sector. The qualitative research methodology was used with a descriptive-exploratory approach and as a data collection method for in-depth interviews. The following questions were formulated: Is the scarce foreign direct investment a limitation in the management of the importation of light vehicles of Asian origin? Are the tariff barriers limiting in the management of the importation of light vehicles of Asian origin? and Are the problems in the local logistics chain limiting in the import management of light vehicles of Asian origin? Regarding the conclusions, the hypotheses H1 and H2 were not validated, since it cannot be attributed that both the low FDI and the tariff barriers are limiting in the management of the import of light vehicles of Asian origin. On the other hand, in terms of recommendations, migrating to a nearby port such as Pisco and implementing a rail network that connects warehouses in Huachipa and the port of Callao were some of the main recommendations. / Tesis

La presente investigación busca identificar y analizar los factores que incrementaron las importaciones Chinas de Dispositivos Médicos, en la categoría desechables en el periodo, 2016-2019, las cuales tuvieron un crecimiento del 58% del valor CIF. En el Perú el 98% de Dispositivos Médicos son importados lo cual indica una gran necesidad para abastecer al mercado nacional. Por lo cual estudiaremos las categorías como: Requisitos y costos de importación, TLC Perú-China y el avance tecnológico. Se estableció el marco teórico, se detalló la metodología de la investigación y se utilizó un enfoque cualitativo, para recopilar la información se realizaron encuestas a la muestra conformada por 09 entrevistados, los cuales son importadores de Dispositivos Médicos Chinos, posterior a esto la información será analizada a través del programa Atlas Ti. Finalmente, se presentaron las conclusiones y recomendaciones de la investigación donde se logró validar la hipótesis general. De este modo se validó las categorías, sub categorías. y dos nuevos hallazgos. Además, se recomendó para futuros estudios realizar una investigación cuantitativa para tener otra perspectiva del sector. / This research seeks to identify and analyze the factors that increased Chinese imports of medical devices, in the disposable category in the period, 2016-2019, which had a growth of 58% of the CIF value. In Peru, 98% of Medical Devices are imported which indicates a great need to supply the national market. Therefore, we will study categories such as: Import requirements and costs, Peru-China FTA and technological advance. The theoretical framework was established, the research methodology was detailed and a qualitative approach was used, to collect the information, surveys were conducted on the sample made up of 09 interviewees, who are importers of Chinese Medical Devices, after this the information will analyzed through the Atlas Ti program. Finally, the conclusions and recommendations of the research were presented where the general hypothesis was validated. In this way, the categories and sub categories were validated. and two new finds. In addition, it was recommended for future studies to carry out a quantitative investigation to have another perspective of the sector. / Tesis

El actual estudio tiene como propósito principal describir la reducción de las importaciones de resinas sintéticas y su impacto en los costos de producción de stretch film para el packaging del sector alimenticio en Lima Metropolitana año 2020, para ello; se estudiaron las variables de disminución de importaciones, costos de producción de stretch film y su impacto en la industria del packaging del sector alimenticio a través de dimensiones como: tiempo de importación, escasez de resinas sintéticas, costos de producción, costo unitario, ventas y precio de venta fijado. El contenido del estudio consta de cinco capítulos; El marco teórico del primer capítulo, expone las teorías científicas y las bases legales que sustentan la investigación. El segundo capítulo incluye el plan de investigación, conformado por el planteamiento del problema en el contexto de la pandemia por el COVID 19, los objetivos generales, los objetivos específicos, los supuestos específicos y los supuestos generales de la tesis. El capítulo III presenta en detalle la metodología de la investigación cualitativa y cuantitativa. El capítulo IV, presenta el análisis de los resultados cualitativos y cuantitativos y, se comprueba la hipótesis general acerca de la reducción en importación de resinas sintéticas para la fabricación del stretch film durante el 2020 y su impacto negativo en los costos de producción según la información suministrada en los instrumentos de recolección de datos, para el packaging del sector alimenticio en Lima Metropolitana. Finalmente, en el capítulo V, se analizan las conclusiones y recomendaciones de acuerdo a los resultados obtenidos de forma coherente con los objetivos propuestos, destacando la pertinencia del estudio y su impactó en el sector industrial. / The main purpose of this study is to describe the reduction in imports of synthetic resins and their impact on the production costs of stretch film for packaging in the food sector in Metropolitan Lima in 2020, for this; The variables of decrease in imports, production costs of stretch film and its impact on the packaging industry of the food sector were studied through dimensions such as: import time, shortage of synthetic resins, production costs, unit cost, sales and fixed selling price. The content of the study consists of five chapters; The theoretical framework of the first chapter exposes the scientific theories and the legal bases that support the investigation. The second chapter includes the research plan, made up of the problem statement in the context of the COVID 19 pandemic, the general objectives, the specific objectives, the specific assumptions and the general assumptions of the thesis. Chapter III presents in detail the methodology of qualitative and quantitative research. Chapter IV presents the analysis of the qualitative and quantitative results and the general hypothesis about the reduction in the import of synthetic resins for the manufacture of stretch film during 2020 and its negative impact on production costs according to the information provided in the data collection instruments, for the packaging of the food sector in Metropolitan Lima. Finally, in chapter V, the conclusions and recommendations are analyzed according to the results obtained in a manner consistent with the proposed objectives, highlighting the relevance of the study and its impact on the industrial sector. / Tesis

La presente investigación tiene como fin analizar el impacto del desarrollo en la infraestructura portuaria del Callao para la optimización de la cadena de suministro de carga especial en el periodo 2015 – 2020. La influencia de la logística portuaria, instalaciones portuarias, tiempo operacional en puerto y desarrollo de la cadena de suministro para carga especial o sobredimensionada, son puntos clave a considerar para analizar junto con el problema de investigación. Asimismo, se desarrollarán las teorías, antecedentes y conceptos que permitirán vislumbrar de una manera más amplia el sector a investigar. Las fuentes consultadas concuerdan que el Perú tiene un potencial considerable para ser puerto principal de América Latina y debido a ello, se han implementado proyectos a futuro a fin de mejorar el desempeño portuario. Junto con ello, las operaciones para movilización de carga de importación y exportación continúan en aumento, y de la mano con el crecimiento e inversión extranjera, se lleva a cabo un mayor número de movilizaciones de carga especial o proyecto. En base a ello, nace la intención de analizar el avance e implementación de mejoras en el sector portuario para carga especial a través de los años. Se planteará una problemática que cuestiona la influencia del mejoramiento portuario en la cadena de suministro para carga especial en base a investigaciones previas asociadas a un problema en la gestión logística de importación durante el último lustro. / The purpose of this research is to analyze the impact of development on the port infrastructure of Callao for the optimization of the special cargo supply chain in the period 2015 - 2020. The influence of port logistics, port facilities, operational time in port and development of the supply chain for special or oversized cargo, are key points to consider analyzing together with the research problem. Likewise, the theories, antecedents and concepts that will allow a broader glimpse of the sector to be investigated will be developed. The sources consulted agree that Peru has considerable potential to be the main port in Latin America and due to this, future projects have been implemented to improve port performance. Along with this, operations for import and export cargo mobilization continue to increase, and hand to hand with growth and foreign investment, a greater number of special or project cargo mobilizations are carried out. Based on this, the intention is to analyze the progress and implementation of improvements in the port sector for special cargo over the years. The problem will be raised according to the influence of port improvement in the supply chain for special cargo based on previous investigations associated with a problem in import logistics management during the last five years. / Tesis

Some leaders of U.S. companies fail to implement proper decision-making strategies to enact and execute strategies to realize the benefits provided by a foreign trade zone (FTZ). The purpose of this qualitative case study was to explore and to identify the proper decision-making strategies used in successfully implementing a FTZ. The target population consisted of 5 leaders, including a senior leader, a supply chain manager, and 3 department managers of a company located in the midwestern region of the United States that successfully implemented a FTZ. Porter's competitive advantage theory was the conceptual framework used for the study. Semistructured interviews were conducted with the 5 participants; company documents served as additional sources of data. Triangulation and member checking were used to ensure the trustworthiness of the data interpretation. Three themes (import and export, training, and new processes) emerged from the analysis. The findings of this study could contribute to social change by presenting leaders with information about how to enhance decision-making skills when considering the application of a FTZ to enable the capacity for improvement of social infrastructure that includes telecommunications, electricity, water, and roads.

Los medicamentos cumplen un rol fundamental en la sociedad debido a que contribuyen a la salud de las personas gracias a sus componentes químicos. Es precisamente por su composición que, cuando se eliminan incorrectamente, estos productos podrían llegar a generar numerosos problemas debido a la toxicidad y contaminación por las sustancias químicas que contienen, representando un riesgo para la vida humana además de generar que la contaminación ambiental incremente. En ese sentido, el presente estudio se titula Análisis de la logística inversa en los importadores de la industria farmacéutica de la partida del sistema armonizado 30.03 en lima metropolitana durante el periodo 2015-2019 y tiene como objetivo: Comprender la aplicación de la logística inversa en las empresas importadoras de la industria farmacéutica de la partida del sistema armonizado 30.03 en Lima Metropolitana durante el periodo 2015-2019. Mediante un enfoque cualitativo se recolectó información de los actores involucrados como representantes de asociaciones, laboratorios importadores de la partida en cuestión y expertos en logística inversa mediante la realización de entrevistas. Gracias a ello, se obtuvo el resultado de que las empresas importadoras del sector farmacéutico sí emplean la logística inversa en sus procesos, mediante la correcta eliminación de los residuos. / Pharmaceutical products play a fundamental role in society because they contribute to people's health thanks to their chemical components. It is precisely because of their composition that, when improperly disposed of, these products could generate numerous problems due to toxicity and contamination by the chemical substances they contain, representing a risk to human life as well as increasing environmental pollution. In this sense, the present study is entitled Analysis of reverse logistics in importers of the pharmaceutical industry of the harmonized system item 30.03 in metropolitan lima during the period 2015-2019 and has the objective: To comprehend the application of reverse logistics in importing companies of the pharmaceutical industry of the harmonized system item 30.03 in Metropolitan Lima during the period 2015-2019. Using a qualitative approach, information was collected from key stakeholders such as representatives of associations, importing laboratories and experts in reverse logistics through interviews. As a result, it was found that importing companies in the pharmaceutical sector do use reverse logistics in their processes, through the correct disposal of waste. / Tesis

La presente investigación está basada en la metodología científica, en la cual se buscó determinar las principales limitaciones internas de los productores que explican el incremento de las importaciones de papa precocida congelada. Para ello, se plantea un objetivo general, el cual consiste en analizar cómo las importaciones de papa precocida congelada de Países Bajos durante 2010-2019 se incrementaron por las limitaciones internas de los productores peruanos. La investigación se desarrollará a través de un enfoque mixto con un diseño no experimental de tipo transversal descriptivo. En primer lugar, se obtuvo información de fuentes secundarias, las cuales fueron artículos de investigación en revistas indexadas, tesis de grados y bases de datos obtenidos de Trade Map, UN Comtrade, Veritrade, FAOSTAT, MIDAGRI e INIA. En las fuentes secundarias se encontraron bases teóricas que avalan la investigación. Asimismo, con estas fuentes se logró plantear una realidad problemática que permite evidenciar que existe el problema general y los específicos. De esta manera, se pudo obtener argumentos que validen el tema tanto de forma cuantitativa como cualitativa a traves del análisis de documentos teóricos y resultados de bases de datos. Para adquirir la información primaria, se determinó una población de estudio conformada por 12 expertos del sector y el tema. Entre los miembros tenemos a 4 ingenieros del CIP, 4 especialistas de instituciones como SUNAT y consultoras, 4 investigadores agrícolas del INIA, MIDAGRI, Asociación de Productores Agropecuarios de Oyón (APAO) y por parte de la Municipalidad provincial de Oyón, a quienes se les realizaron entrevistas semi estructuradas. Se utilizó el software Atlas. Ti para procesar la información brindada por los especialistas, y así poder analizar los objetivos de forma detallada. Por último, las principales variables que influyeron en el incremento de la importación de papa precocida congelada durante el periodo de 2010-2019 fueron: la tecnología, la organización y el rendimiento. Según los resultados obtenidos en el estudio, se explicará las limitantes internas de los productores peruanos que impactaron en el comportamiento de las importaciones de papa congelada precocida con el fin de poder contribuir a futuras investigaciones que se realicen respecto al tema de investigación escogido. / This research is based on scientific methodology, in which we sought to determine the main internal limitations of producers that explain the increase in imports of frozen prefried potatoes. For this purpose, the general objective is to analyze how imports of frozen prefried potato from the Netherlands during 2010-2019 increased due to the internal limitations of Peruvian producers. The research will be developed through a mixed approach with a descriptive cross-sectional non-experimental design. First, information was obtained from secondary sources, which were research articles in indexed journals, graduate theses and databases obtained from Trade Map, UN Comtrade, Veritrade, FAOSTAT, MIDAGRI and INIA. In the secondary sources, theoretical bases were found to support the research. Likewise, with these sources, a problematic reality was established to demonstrate the existence of the main problem and the specific ones. In this way, it was possible to obtain arguments that validate the topic both quantitatively and qualitatively through the analysis of theoretical documents and database results. In order to acquire the primary information, a study population of 12 experts of the sector and the subject was determined. Among the members were 4 engineers from CIP, 4 specialists in the sector and from institutions such as SUNAT and consulting firms, 4 agricultural researchers from INIA, MIDAGRI, the Oyón Agricultural Producers' Association (APAO) and the Oyón Provincial Municipality, who were interviewed in semi-structured interviews. Atlas.ti software was used to process the information provided by the specialists in order to analyze the objectives in a detailed and thorough manner. Finally, the main variables that influenced the increase in the import of precooked frozen potato during the period 2010-2019 were: technology, organization and yield. According to the results obtained in the study, the internal limitations of Peruvian producers that impacted the behavior of precooked frozen potato imports will be explained in order to be able to contribute to future research to be carried out regarding the chosen research topic. / Tesis

As the demand for imported electricity from the grid continues to increase in Södermanland county, achieving a smoother load profile for the overall imports becomes very critical. The utilization of batteries in every type of a company’s infrastructure aims to provide a backup solution when the electric network’s capabilities are unable to support demand for high imported capacities. The current degree project aims to analyse the impact of a New Market Logic, which encourages the prospective stakeholders of a future industrial park to invest in upgrades of their energy infrastructures. Interviews with company employees and literature reviews were used to analyse the conventional energy system according to its power-generating entities, distribution operators, and market norms of electricity. Microsoft Excel was used to simulate a model that aligns with the research goal specifications. Sensitivity analysis was also carried out to provide a better understanding of how different aspects impact the economics and the energy flows. Inventory management theory principles were applied to the design of an integrated battery charging algorithm with the goal of achieving a smother load profile while keeping a low battery capacity. The results indicated a smoother load profile of the companies, followed by a lower intensity in fluctuations during hourly peaks. Further, the author observed a positive economic impact on the yearly cash flows of the companies accompanied with a sustainable investment cost. This was particularly evident when the charges were adjusted according to the norms introduced by the New Market Logic. / <p>This thesis is a part of the integrated Master's studies program at the Department of Mechanical Engineering at the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki. The author had the privilege of completing it in Sweden through the Erasmus+ Exchange program. </p>

Thesis (M.Sc. (Agricultural Economics)) -- University of Limpopo, 2022 / Agricultural production measures the performance and efficiency of a country’s agricultural sector. The state of agricultural production can be assessed through the value of agricultural production, which is a product of agricultural gross production and output prices in monetary terms. The study examines the relationship between the value of agricultural production, government spending on agriculture, and other selected variables. Annual data for the value of agricultural production, government expenditure in agriculture, consumer price index, average annual rainfall, food import value, and population from 1983 to 2019 were collected from different sources and were used in the analysis for this study. The Johansen cointegration test was used to determine the existence of a long-run relationship between the value of agricultural production and selected variables by using both the trace and eigenvalue tests. The results indicated that there is a long run relationship among the variables. The study further used the Granger causality test to check the causality between the value of agricultural production and government expenditure in agriculture. The results show that there is no causal effect between the two variables. Lastly, the study used a Vector autoregressive (VAR) model to determine the relationship between the value of agricultural production and selected variables. The results of the VAR model indicated that government expenditure on agriculture, average annual rainfall, food import value, and population positively affect the value of agricultural production. The study also found that the consumer price index negatively affects the value of agricultural production. The study recommends that the government increase its spending on the agricultural sector, which could be in the form of research investment in technologies such as climate-smart agricultural technologies. Additionally, the study recommends that policymakers should review the monetary policy of South Africa to ensure price stability and prevent inflation. Lastly, the study recommends that the South African government should discourage imports and encourage South African agricultural producers to produce more major imported food products.

Small islands developing states (SIDS) sustainability is a United Nations’ aim. Their markets are often influenced by external policies imposed by larger economies. Could an anti-competitive measure affect the food vulnerability of a SIDS? This research examines the effects of an external non-tariff measure (NTM) on Puerto Rico’s (PR) agribusinesses. It explores the effects of a maritime cabotage regulation (US Jones Act) on the affordability and accessibility of produce and grains. PR imports 100% of their needs of grain and over 85% of fresh produce. PR’s food imports are generally from the US and the trade service is restricted to the use of the US maritime transportation. As a result, the supply chain of these two sectors although different, are limited by the US Act that may impact the cost of food, its availability, firms’ efficiency and other structures of production. Using a mixed convergent design, PR’s agrifood supply chains were explored and analysed in relation to the maritime cabotage regulation. Oligopolistic structures and collusion between maritime transporters and local agribusinesses importers limit the access to data, but other internal factors also have a role. Fieldwork shows that while the cabotage regulation itself is a constraint, interaction with others NTM and the current political framework between US and PR are relevant. Factors such as lack of efficiency, poor innovation and a self-limitation of the agribusinesses firms were found. The novelty of this research is the use of mixed methods to evaluate the effects of cabotage on the agrifood supply chain.