Cette thèse s’intéresse à la composition des recettes fiscales dans les pays en développement et étudie ses déterminants et ses conséquences. La première partie analyse les facteurs d’économie politique qui influent sur la composition des recettes fiscales, en considérant l’impact de la multiplication des élections et de la démocratisation, tandis que la deuxième partie examine les conséquences des choix de composition des recettes fiscales en termes de stabilisation des recettes fiscales et de bien-Être social. Plusieurs résultats émergent. Les élections ont une influence significative sur la composition des recettes fiscales puisque les recettes issues des taxes indirectes connaissent une baisse juste avant les élections (Chapitre 1). Ces manipulations visant à favoriser les réélections apparaissent plus modérées dans les pays où la démocratie est établie de plus longue date. De plus, le Chapitre 2 a établit que l’existence d’un régime politique plus démocratique, avec des contraintes sur l’exécutif fortes, permet d’accroître les recettes de fiscalité intérieure qui sont nécessaires pour pallier la baisse des recettes tarifaires. La seconde partie de la thèse révèle des résultats intéressants sur les effets de la composition des recettes fiscales sur la stabilisation des recettes fiscales et sur ses conséquences sociales. Le Chapitre 3 a souligné l’importance de la lutte contre l’instabilité des recettes fiscales dans la mesure où elle induit de l’instabilité des dépenses publiques ce qui affaiblit le niveau de l’investissement public. La contribution plus accrue des taxes sur la consommation aux recettes fiscales a été identifiée comme stabilisant les recettes fiscales. En outre, le chapitre 4 a démontré que la taxe sur la valeur ajoutée permet de réduire significativement l’instabilité des recettes fiscales dans les pays en développement l’ayant adoptée. L’incidence sociale des taxes sur la consommation a été comparée à celle des tarifs douaniers dans le Chapitre 5 et il apparaît que les tarifs douaniers sont plus régressifs que les taxes sur la consommation au Burkina Faso. / This thesis focuses on the composition of tax revenue in developing countries and analyses its determinants and consequences. The first part examines the political economy factors shaping tax revenue composition, by considering the impact of elections and democratization, while the second part deals with the consequences of specific tax revenue compositions in terms of tax revenue stabilization and social welfare. Several results emerge. Elections have a significant influence on tax revenue composition since indirect tax revenues are decreased in election times (Chapter 1). These electoral manipulations are less strong in countries where democracy is well-Established. Moreover, Chapter 2 found that a more democratic political regime, with strong constraints on the executive, helps to enhance domestic tax revenues that are necessary to replace the lost revenues from trade liberalization. The second part of the thesis reveals interesting results on the effects of tax revenue composition on the stabilization of tax revenue and on its social incidence. Chapter 3 highlighted the importance of finding remedies to tax revenue instability since it induces public spending instability which in turn decreases the level of public investment. A higher reliance on domestic indirect taxes in total tax revenues has been found to lead to the stabilization of tax revenue. In addition, the results of Chapter 4 showed that the value-Added tax significantly reduces tax revenue instability in the developing countries where it was adopted. The social incidence of domestic indirect taxes was compared to the social incidence of tariffs in Chapter 5 and it was established that tariffs are more regressive than taxes on consumption in Burkina Faso.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(人間・環境学) / 甲第22708号 / 人博第958号 / 新制||人||227(附属図書館) / 2020||人博||958(吉田南総合図書館) / 京都大学大学院人間・環境学研究科相関環境学専攻 / (主査)教授 内本 喜晴, 教授 高木 紀明, 教授 中村 敏浩 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Human and Environmental Studies / Kyoto University / DFAM

L’étude des instabilités gravitaires profondes de versant (nommées ici RVR : Ruptures de Versant Rocheux) s’effectue généralement sous forme d’un suivi instrumenté à l’échelle d’un site jugé dangereux, parfois à l’échelle d’une vallée ou d’un massif. Plus rares sont les études qui apprécient la diversité, la taille et la distribution spatiale des RVR à l’échelle d’une chaîne de montagne. C’est ce que propose cette thèse pour les Alpes occidentales. Il s’agit tout d’abord d’un inventaire construit de manière systématique par imagerie satellite à l’aide d’un outil en accès libre : Google Earth Pro™, et d’une série de méthodes de détection visuelles assorties de vérifications sur le terrain. Une typologie qui s’appuie sur des classifications existantes, mais qui s’adapte au cortège de RVR observés dans l’aire d’étude, a permis de retenir cinq grandes catégories de RVR : les EAR (Eboulements et avalanches rocheuses), GR (Glissements rocheux), GC (Glissements-coulées), DGCVR (Déformations gravitaires profondes de versants rocheux) et DDV (Déformation de versant). Nous élaborons sur cette base une étiologie des RVR en fonction de grands facteurs préparatoires réputés mettre en mouvement les masses rocheuses : lithologie, structure géologique (contacts anormaux), sismicité, pente topographique, relief local, intensité du paléoenglacement würmien, précipitations actuelles, dégradation du pergélisol. Sur un inventaire exhaustif de 1400 RVR, les résultats montrent que la susceptibilité lithologique est le premier facteur qui conditionne l’occurrence des RVR, mais qu’il se cumule avec l’amplitude du relief exacerbée par le paléoenglacement quaternaire. Ce dernier fournit le potentiel gravitationnel localement nécessaire à la mise en mouvement des masses rocheuses. Les autres facteurs examinés présentent des degrés d’importance moindres à l’échelle régionale, avec toutefois des exceptions intéressantes à l’échelle locale et pour des catégories de RVR particulières. Ainsi, on peut noter des RVR en lien avec certaines failles et fronts de chevauchements, ainsi qu’avec la dégradation du pergélisol — mais uniquement dans le cas des éboulements. Parmi l’ensemble des facteurs, le pouvoir explicatif des totaux de précipitations demeure le plus faible. Dans une optique de valorisation scientifique du catalogue des RVR inventoriés, nous proposons des perspectives de mise en valeur géo-patrimoniale de certaines RVR sur la base de leurs caractéristiques morphologiques, ou du risque que certaines masses rocheuses font peser sur les enjeux économiques et humains des populations. Nous présentons ainsi une galerie de RVR remarquables, retenues pour leur caractère singulier, ou dangereux, ou éducatif, ou emblématique à divers titres. / The study of rockslope failure (RSF) is usually focused on the instrumental monitoring of hazardous sites, sometimes extended to a population of RSF in a valley or massif. Few studies survey and analyse RSF at the much broader scale of a mountain range. Here we produce a systematic inventory of RSF in the Western Alps based on satellite imagery provided by the open-access platform Google Earth Pro™, and using a series of ground-truth-tested visual detection methods. Based on a categorisation inspired by existing classifications but adapted to the range of RSF observed in the study area, five main RSF types were identified: rockfalls and rock avalanches, rockslides, earthflows, deep-seated gravitational slope deformations (DSGSD), and slope deformations. We analyse the spatial incidence of those five categories in relation to a range of likely cumulative causes. The analysis covers lithology and rock fabric, geological structure (faults, thrust fronts), seismicity, slope angle, local relief, the intensity of Würmian glaciation, modern rainfall patterns, and permafrost degradation. Results from a total population of 1400 RSF occurrences show that RSF incidence and mode are overwhelmingly susceptible to rock type, but that local relief enhanced by past glaciation generates the gravitational potential needed to move the rock masses. Other conditional factors receive lower rankings at the regional scale, but stronger connections appear in local settings. At places, RSF size or density are seen to correlate with faults, thrust fronts, and with permafrost degradation (restricted, however, to the rockfall category). Among all the likely causes of RSF, rainfall totals represent the weakest link. Among the 1400 sites we focus on a subset of flagship RSF occurrences that we consider relevant to either geoheritage or land-use planning concerns. The criteria were selected on the basis of morphological characteristics (uniqueness, educational and scientific value) or from the perspective of the hazards that some of the displaced rock masses may present to human life and infrastructure.

Le virus de l'hépatite C (VHC) est un problème majeur de santé publique dont les usagers de drogues (UD) constituent la principale source de contamination en France. Réaliser des enquêtes séro-épidémiologiques auprès de cette population pour suivre la dynamique du VHC s'avère difficile notamment en raison de leurs pratiques illicites. Cette population est en partie accessible par les lieux d'enquêtes et en partie "cachée" car ne fréquentant aucun lieu répertorié. Pour enquêter chaque partie, nous avons considéré l'échantillonnage lieux-moments (TLS) puis l'échantillonnage conduit par les répondants. Après avoir formalisé le TLS dans le cadre d'un sondage indirect, nous avons proposé un estimateur pour un total et une proportion, qui tient compte de la fréquentation multiple et hétérogène des lieux d'enquêtes. Nous recommandons cette méthode pour estimer la prévalence d'une maladie dans des études auprès de populations fréquentant des services, même en cas d'erreurs sur les fréquentations déclarées par les participants. L'enquête ANRS-Coquelicot réalisée en 2004 auprès des UD fréquentant des centres dédiés, puis répétée en 2011, a permis d'estimer la prévalence du VHC à 43,7%. A partir des deux enquêtes, nous avons ensuite estimé l'incidence du VHC par âge et en fonction du temps en construisant un modèle mathématique reposant sur la formulation d'une relation entre la prévalence et l'incidence. Ce modèle consistait en la combinaison d'un modèle compartimental et d'un modèle de régression. L'incidence du VHC a ainsi été estimée à 4,4/100 personnes-années en 2011. Cette approche est une alternative satisfaisante pour estimer l'incidence d'une maladie à partir d'enquêtes épidémiologiques transversales en l'absence de cohorte ou de tests biologiques permettant d'identifier les infections récentes. Compte tenu de la baisse de la prévalence, des mesures de réduction des risques et des avancées thérapeutiques, une diminution de l'incidence du VHC devrait se poursuivre malgré une potentielle augmentation des comportements à risque des UD. / Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a public-health issue that drug users (DU) remain the major source of contamination in France. Conducting seroepidemiological surveys among this population to assess the HCV dynamic is difficult particularly due to their illicit practices. This population can be accessible through survey locations or can be hidden (who does not visit any location). To survey each part, we presented time-location sampling (TLS) and respondent-driven sampling. We presented TLS in the context of an indirect sampling and proposed a design-based inference taking into account the frequency of venue attendance (FVA) to estimate a total or a proportion. We recommend this method for estimating the prevalence of a disease in surveys among hard-to-reach populations, even if errors occur in the FVA reported by the participants. The ANRS-Coquelicot survey carried out in 2004 among DU attending centres providing services to drug users, then repeated in 2011, allowed us to estimate the HCV prevalence at 43.7%. Using these two surveys, we estimated age- and time-dependent HCV incidence from a mathematical model linking prevalence and incidence. This model consisted in combining a compartmental model with a regression model. The HCV incidence was thus estimated at 4.4/100 person-years in 2011. This method is an alternative approach to estimate incidence of a disease from cross-sectional epidemiological data in the absence of cohort or biological tests to identify acute infections. The decline in HCV incidence is to be expected given decreasing prevalence, recent developments in harm reduction measures and new therapeutic approaches despite a potential increase of at-risk behaviors.

Cultivation of Napier grass, Pennisetum purpureum, the most important livestock crop in East Africa is severely constrained by Napier Grass Stunt (NGS) disease. The disease spreads via an insect vector or vegetative propagation of infected plant material and is caused by a phytoplasma. This necessitates the development of an integrated management approach for the disease. Therefore, objectives of this study were to assess the incidence of the disease and its severity, to identify its wild hosts and farmers‟ knowledge on these hosts, to assess the threat of NGS disease to cultivated grasses and to establish the role of wild inoculum sources in its spread. The study showed NGS incidence ranging from 33% in Uganda to 95% in Kenya with 49% of the farmers interviewed, being able to discern NGS disease by its symptoms. Most farmers cited roguing and use of alternative fodder grasses as control measures, making these strategies the likely components of an integrated management approach for the disease. Responders named Sedge grass (Cyperus spp.) and Star grass (Cynodon dactylon) as the likely hosts of diseases caused by phytoplasma. Phytoplasmas were detected in leaves of 11 of 33 wild grass species collected using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) based on the highly conserved phytoplasma-specific 16S ribosomal DNA fragment. Sequence determination of amplified PCR fragments revealed the presence of NGS-related phytoplasmas in 11 grass species, Bermuda grass white leaf (BGWL) phytoplasmas in three and goosegrass white leaf (GGWL) in two wild grass species, showing that the geographical distribution and diversity of phytoplasmas and their grass hosts are greater than previously thought. The relationships between NGS and Hyparrhenia grass white leaf (HGWL) phytoplasmas were determined using sequences based on secA gene and immunodominant protein (imp). Results showed a very low genetic diversity between NGS and HGWL and produced a phylogenetic tree congruent to that produced by the 16S, affirming the inclusion of HGWL in the 16SrXI group. NGS phytoplasma was transmissible to food crops through Maiestas banda Kramer (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) under screen-house conditions. With 56.3%, Saccharum officinarum showed the highest infection level followed by Eleusine coracana with 50%, Sorghum bicolor with 43.8%, Oryza sativa with 31.3% and Zea mays with 18.8%. All the phytoplasma-infected plants were asymptomatic except S. officinarum plants, which showed mild to moderate symptoms consisting of foliar yellow leaves and bright white or yellow midribs. This hints that besides wild hosts, food crops may also serve as alternative source of inoculum enabling a complex NGS disease cycle, which may add to challenges in the development of the disease control strategies. However, failure by M. banda to transmit HGWL and BGWL phytoplasmas back to Napier grass is an indication that it could be the exclusive vector of NGS. Therefore, there is need to initiate transmission trials using planthoppers and leafhoppers occurring on HGWL and BGWL phytoplasma-infected grasses to determine whether insect vectors capable of transmitting phytoplasmas from native grasses to Napier grass, are present in the region. / PhD (Environmental Sciences), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015

Cultivation of Napier grass, Pennisetum purpureum, the most important livestock crop in East Africa is severely constrained by Napier Grass Stunt (NGS) disease. The disease spreads via an insect vector or vegetative propagation of infected plant material and is caused by a phytoplasma. This necessitates the development of an integrated management approach for the disease. Therefore, objectives of this study were to assess the incidence of the disease and its severity, to identify its wild hosts and farmers‟ knowledge on these hosts, to assess the threat of NGS disease to cultivated grasses and to establish the role of wild inoculum sources in its spread. The study showed NGS incidence ranging from 33% in Uganda to 95% in Kenya with 49% of the farmers interviewed, being able to discern NGS disease by its symptoms. Most farmers cited roguing and use of alternative fodder grasses as control measures, making these strategies the likely components of an integrated management approach for the disease. Responders named Sedge grass (Cyperus spp.) and Star grass (Cynodon dactylon) as the likely hosts of diseases caused by phytoplasma. Phytoplasmas were detected in leaves of 11 of 33 wild grass species collected using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) based on the highly conserved phytoplasma-specific 16S ribosomal DNA fragment. Sequence determination of amplified PCR fragments revealed the presence of NGS-related phytoplasmas in 11 grass species, Bermuda grass white leaf (BGWL) phytoplasmas in three and goosegrass white leaf (GGWL) in two wild grass species, showing that the geographical distribution and diversity of phytoplasmas and their grass hosts are greater than previously thought. The relationships between NGS and Hyparrhenia grass white leaf (HGWL) phytoplasmas were determined using sequences based on secA gene and immunodominant protein (imp). Results showed a very low genetic diversity between NGS and HGWL and produced a phylogenetic tree congruent to that produced by the 16S, affirming the inclusion of HGWL in the 16SrXI group. NGS phytoplasma was transmissible to food crops through Maiestas banda Kramer (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) under screen-house conditions. With 56.3%, Saccharum officinarum showed the highest infection level followed by Eleusine coracana with 50%, Sorghum bicolor with 43.8%, Oryza sativa with 31.3% and Zea mays with 18.8%. All the phytoplasma-infected plants were asymptomatic except S. officinarum plants, which showed mild to moderate symptoms consisting of foliar yellow leaves and bright white or yellow midribs. This hints that besides wild hosts, food crops may also serve as alternative source of inoculum enabling a complex NGS disease cycle, which may add to challenges in the development of the disease control strategies. However, failure by M. banda to transmit HGWL and BGWL phytoplasmas back to Napier grass is an indication that it could be the exclusive vector of NGS. Therefore, there is need to initiate transmission trials using planthoppers and leafhoppers occurring on HGWL and BGWL phytoplasma-infected grasses to determine whether insect vectors capable of transmitting phytoplasmas from native grasses to Napier grass, are present in the region. / PhD (Environmental Sciences), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015

Thesis (MScEng (Mechanical and Mechatronic Engineering))--University of Stellenbosch, 2010. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The purpose of this investigation is to determine the performance of an axial ow compressor operating in a closed loop helium cycle under high through- ow conditions. The GTHTR300 four-stage helium test compressor was chosen for this investigation. Limited information on the helium test compressor's blade pro les are available, therefore a mathematical model was developed to calculate the blade geometries based on the theory of Lieblein and Aungier. A locally available three-stage compressor was used to con rm whether the mathematical model calculated the blade pro le geometries correctly. The Stellenbosch University Compressor Code (SUCC), an axisymmetric inviscid through- ow code, was used to compare the performance of the calculated three-stage compressor blade geometries with available experimental data. Excellent correlation was obtained, thus it was concluded that the mathematical model as well as the SUCC could be used to predict the performance of an axial ow compressor. The blade geometries of the helium test compressor were calculated and the pressure ratio and e ciency predictions of the SUCC correlated well with the experimental data. The helium test compressor was simulated to verify the calculated blade geometries further using the Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) package NUMECA FINE /Turbo. The FINE /Turbo pressure ratio and e ciency predictions compared adequately with the SUCC and available experimental data, especially in the design region. At high mass ow rates the stator blade row experiences negative incidence stall which results in a large recirculation zone in the stator blade wake. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die doel van hierdie ondersoek is om vas te stel wat die werkverrigting is van 'n aksiale kompressor in 'n geslote lus helium siklus onderhewig aan hoë deurvloei kondisies. Die GTHTR300 vier-stadium helium toets kompressor is gekies vir die ondersoek. Daar is egter beperkte inligting oor die helium kompressor se lem geometrie, dus is 'n wiskundige model ontwikkel om dit te bereken gebaseer op die werk van Lieblein en Aungier. Om te bevestig dat die lem geometrie akkuraat was, was die lem geometrie van die 'n plaaslike beskikbare drie-stadium kompressor bereken. Die Stellenbosch University Compressor Code (SUCC), 'n aksisimmetriese nie-viskeuse deurvloei kode, is gebruik om die prestasie van die berekende lem geometrie met beskikbare eksperimentele data te vergelyk. Uitstekende korrelasie is verkry vir die drukverhouding en benuttingsgraad resultate, dus is die gevolgtrekking gemaak dat die wiskundige model sowel as die SUCC gebruik kon word om die lem geometrie en werkverrigting van aksiale kompressors te bereken en voorspel. Die helium toets kompressor is gesimuleer met behulp van die numeriese vloei-dinamika pakket NUMECA FINE /Turbo om die berkende lem geometrie verder te veri eer. Die FINE /Turbo drukverhouding en benuttingsgraad resultate het goed gekorreleer met beide die SUCC resultate en eksperimentele data, veral in die ontwerpsgebied. Teen hoë massa vloei tempo's vind daar groot wegbreking teen negatiewe invalshoek plaas in die stator lemry en dit veroorsaak 'n hersirkulasie sone in die naloop van die stator lem.

Background: Lung transplant is the fastest growing solid organ transplant procedure and venous thromboembolism has been described to occur in 8-29% of cases. This is much higher than any other solid organ and the exact incidence has yet to be determined. Risk factors for the development of venous thromboembolic disease (VTE) specific to lung transplant are not fully understood. Purpose: The purpose of this research was to describe the incidence and risk factors for VTE disease during the first year following lung transplant at a busy transplant center in the Southwest United States. Methods: A descriptive retrospective study design was used. Virchow's triad was used as a theoretical model to identify selected variables common to lung transplant in an effort to understand possible risk factors for the development of VTE in this patient population. Consecutive lung transplant cases between June 1, 2013 and May 31, 2014 at St. Joseph's Medical Center in Phoenix, Arizona were retrospectively reviewed and followed for exactly one year following the lung transplant date. Demographic variables, Virchow's triad variables, and variables previously identified in the literature as being risk factors for VTE were collected and analyzed using descriptive, frequency, t-test, chi-square, and logistic regression. Results: The incidence of VTE in this patient population was 25.8% and is consistent with findings from previous studies. Using the constructs of Virchow's triad did not yield any statistically significant predictors for VTE in this patient population. However, lung allocation score (LAS) (OR 1.109, CI 1.038-1.185), body mass index (BMI) (OR 1.362, CI 1.034-1.794), and time on the waitlist (OR 1.094, CI 1.023-1.171) did reach statistical significance as possible predictors for VTE following lung transplant in this patient sample. Conclusions: VTE is a common complication of lung transplant that has a high incidence during the first year following lung transplant. This study did identify LAS, BMI, and time on the waitlist as being possible risk factors for the development of VTE following lung transplant. LAS may be a useful surrogate to determine the risk for VTE in this population.

No description available.

Tyrimo tikslas – aprašyti bendruosius virusinių hepatitų, ŽIV ir kitų lytiškai plintančių infekcijų dėsningumus ir įvertinti HAV, HBV, HCV infekcijos paplitimą neatlygintinų kraujo donorų, duodančių pirmą kartą kraują, populiacijoje. Metodika. Tyrimui vykdyti gautas Vilniaus regioninio biomedicininių tyrimų etikos komiteto leidimas. Atlikta pirmą kartą neatlygintinai duodančių kraujo donorų anoniminė anketinė apklausa VŠĮ Nacionaliniame kraujo centre. Imunofermentiniu metodu buvo nustatomi: anti-HAV ir anti-HCV, anti-HBcor, anti-HBs, HBsAg. Nukleino rūgščių amplifikacijos testas taikytas HBV DNR ir HCV RNR nustatymui. Įvertinant ŽIV ir kitų lytiškai plintančių infekcijų ir virusinių hepatitų tendencijas buvo taikytas Mantel‘io testas ir paprastoji tiesinė regresija. Virusinių hepatitų serologinių žymenų paplitimas išreiškiamas procentais, įverčio tikslumui įvertinti apskaičiuotas pasikliautinis intervalas (PI) 95%, kategorinių duomenų analizei panaudotas χ² testas ir Fišerio tikslusis testas. Rizikos veiksnių įtaką vertinta taikant binarinę logistinę regresiją. Duomenų suderinamumui vertinti pasirinktas Hosmer‘io-Lemeshow‘o χ2 suderinamumo kriterijus. Vertinant, kaip modelio teoriniai dydžiai atitinka realiuosius, naudotas Cox’o ir Snell’o kriterijus, klasifikacinė analizuojamų požymių lentelė. Veiksnių įtaka įvertinta panaudojant šansų santykį su 95 % PI. Skirtumas statistiškai reikšmingas, kai p ≤ 0,05. Rezultatai. Tyrime dalyvavo 200 kraujo donorų. Analizei... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Aim: to describe epidemiology of the viral hepatitis A, B, C, HIV and other sexually transmitted infections (STD) and to estimate prevalence of HAV, HBV, HCV infections among first time non-remunerated blood donors population. Methodology: The study received approval from Vilnius Regional Biomedical Research Ethics Committee. First time non-remunerated blood donors participated in anonymous questionnaire survey in NGO National Blood Center. For anti-HAV, anti-HCV, anti-HBs, anti-Hbcor and HBsAg detection was used immunoenzyme method and for HBV DNR ir HCV RNR - nucleic acid amplification test. The Mantel trend test and linear regression method was used to evaluate the trend of viral hepatitis, HIV and other sexually transmitted infections. The prevalence of viral hepatitis serological markers was expressed in percentage points, the precision was evaluated at the confidence intervals (CI) of 95%, the comparison of categorical data was made using χ2 test and Fisher‘s exact test. For data analysis the following tests were used: for the risk factors – binary logistic regression; goodness of fit – Hosmer-Lemeshow χ2 test; Cox and Snell R Square, Classification Table. The statistical significance level p ≤ 0.05. Results: A total of 200 respondents haven been interviewed. Only 188 first time non-remunerated blood donors were selected for further analysis. Respondents minimum of age was 18 and maximum - 52 (Mean=22,6; Med=20,0), 47,9 % (n=90) of them were males, 52,1... [to full text]