Text in English / The study was designed to determine the influence of politics in policing in Ethiopia generally pre-1991 and post-1991 as this is the period that characterise the Ethiopian political system, which underwent tremendous changes taking along various initiatives in its move towards democratisation. It is important to note how policing was figured and reconfigured during this period in view of its critical role in the social and political system of the country. In fact, during turbulent and peaceful political changes in the country it was often used as an arm to safeguard or brutalise people. The study also indicates the extent to which the Ethiopian police as an institution has been mandated to maintain law and order while at the same time has undergone various structural and organisational changes in an attempt to move it away from undue political influence. Furthermore, the study indicates the extent to which policing is embedded into politics which by itself is a challenge because the police are expected to be professionally independent in order to uphold the rule of law while at the same time guaranteeing the safety and security of all the inhabitants of the country. This indicates the interconnectedness of policing and politics as the police are required to enforce the laws that are enacted by the government and influenced by the ruling party. Government policies are politically driven and formulated by the party in power, thus making politics to create and direct police institutions in the fulfilment of peace and security in the country. Despite the fact that the police should operate within certain degree of independence, they still have to take orders and direction from the politically established government. That is why the determination of the degree of influence is essential as it indicates whether there is undue influence or not. In view of the above inter-related issues, this thesis aims to analyse the influence of politics in policing in Ethiopia indicating how this has influenced policing in various eras. / Police Practice / D. Litt. et Phil. (Police Science)

The beginning of the 1990s saw many African countries embarking on the process of drafting new constitutions as they abandoned independence constitutions. Most of the independence constitutions were perceived as constitutions without constitutionalism and they were generally blamed for failure of democracy and the rule of law in Africa. The study analyses the state of democracy and constitutionalism and the impact that colonialism had on the African continent. Apart from the spurt of new constitutions adopted, democracy is growing very slowly in most African states with widespread human rights violations and disregard for the rule of law and the principle of separation of powers, still holding the centre stage. Judicial independence is an important component of democracy in the modern state. The study therefore scrutinizes how the principle of judicial independence can be promoted and protected to enhance democracy. One important mechanism which plays a crucial role in safeguarding judicial independence is the way judicial officers are appointed. The study selects four countries – Swaziland, Kenya, Zimbabwe and South Africa and analyses how judicial officers are appointed in these countries in an effort to find an effective and optimal approach.The premise of the study is centred on the role of constitutionalism and the process of appointing judges as a means of promoting and safeguarding democracy in these selected countries. / Public, Constitutional, & International Law / LLM

The objective of the thesis was to study monetary policy frameworks in developing countries. The thesis focused on three aspects of the monetary framework; the degree of central bank independence, the monetary policy strategy and the exchange rate regime. The research applied quantitative empirical analysis and in-depth case studies on Egypt, Jordan and Lebanon. The empirical research investigated three areas: 1) the phenomenon of ‘fear of floating’ and the correlation between exchange rate and macroeconomic volatility; 2) the degree of monetary policy independence in developing countries in the context of their increased integration into the global economic system; and 3) the degree of central bank independence and how it impacts both ‘fear of floating’ and monetary policy independence. The case studies allowed for an in-depth understanding of the process of setting monetary policy and the constraints under which it is formulated in developing countries. The results that emerged from the quantitative analysis highlight the impact of central bank independence in influencing the other aspects of the monetary framework, as it can mitigate fear of floating and contribute to increased monetary policy independence of world interest rates in developing countries. The case studies detailed the evolution of monetary frameworks in three countries with varying degrees of central bank independence. The degree of central bank independence increased in Egypt and Jordan as a result of severe currency crises in each country, while Lebanon provides a very different example of a developing country with an independent central bank since its inception. The conclusions that emerged from the cases suggest that central bank independence is critical in achieving exchange rate and price stability; however, developing countries should avoid focusing on exchange rate stability at the expense of other considerations for extended periods of time. In that, the results point to the benefits of proactively and pre-emptively managing the exchange rate regime. The cases also highlight the importance of the coordination between fiscal and monetary policies, as conditions of fiscal profligacy can undermine even the most independent central bank.

Les facteurs historiques, politiques, sociologique ou culturel propres à chacun des deux pays, que nous évoquons dans l’introduction, traduisent une interprétation différente de la notion d’indépendance du juge en France et en Thaïlande. L’exigence d’indépendance attachée à la fonction des juges va de pair en France avec la crainte d’un retour du « gouvernement des juges », et la méfiance à l’égard du corporatisme et du pouvoir des juges. Si l’indépendance du juge est bien établie en France, elle est « une indépendance surveillée ». Cela ne signifie pas pour autant que cette indépendance est moins grande que l’indépendance sans surveillance. En Thaïlande, d’une manière générale, la Justice n’est pas regardée avec méfiance, mais elle a été délaissée. Depuis l’Ancien régime, elle n’a fait l’objet d’une réforme qu’en 1997 où la Constitution thaïlandaise a créé, sans obstacle, selon une interprétation rigide du principe de la séparation des pouvoirs, un vrai corps judiciaire puissant, séparé et isolé du gouvernement et peut-être de la société. Cela ne signifie pas pour autant qu’elle installe une véritable indépendance. L’arbitraire de l’exécutif, qui est la justification de la protection, peut être remplacé par l’arbitraire du corps lui-même. Le statut des juges judiciaires de ces deux pays que nous traitons dans les deux parties de cette thèse exprime cette diversité. / The historical, political, and cultural factors of each country, which we will describe in an introduction, give a different interpretation of judicial independence concept in Thailand and France. The requirement of judicial independence attached to the profession of judge is along with French tradition of fear regarding to return of the "government of judges", corporatism, and the power of judges. If independence of judiciary is well established in France, it would be the "supervised independence". This does not mean that it is less independent than independence without supervision. In Thailand, justice, in general, has not been suspicious by the other powers, but it has been abandoned. The Constitution of Thailand, without obstacle, because of the rigid and strict separation of powers, made Justice which has just been reformed in 1997 since the Ancien Regime, to become a real powerful judiciary, separated and isolated from Government and maybe from society. However, this does not mean that a true independence of judge is established. The arbitrariness of the executive power, which is the justification of protection, can be replaced by the arbitrariness of judge itself. The legal status of judges in both countries which we treat in both parts of this thesis will reflect this diversity.

Cette thèse s'inscrit dans le prolongement du résultat d'Apéry donnant l'irrationalité de ζ (3) et de celui de Ball-Rivoal prouvant qu'il existe une infinité d'entiers impairs en lesquels la fonction zêta de Riemann prend des valeurs irrationnelles. Un outil crucial dans la démonstration de Ball-Rivoal est le critère d'indépendance linéaire de Nesterenko, qui a été généralisé par Fischler et Zudilin pour exploiter sous des hypothèses très restrictives la présence de diviseurs communs aux coefficients des formes linéaires. Une généralisation ultérieure due à Fischler s'applique lorsqu'on dispose d'approximations simultanées des nombres réels en question (et non plus de combinaisons Z-linéaires petites de ces nombres).Dans cette thèse, on améliore ce dernier résultat en affaiblissant considérablement les hypothèses sur les diviseurs. On démontre aussi un critère d'indépendance linéaire analogue, dans l'esprit de celui de Siegel. Dans une autre partie en commun avec Zudilin, on construit, en utilisant des identités hypergéométriques, des approximations simultanées de ζ (2) et ζ (3) qui permettent de démontrer en même temps l'irrationalité de ces deux nombres. En appliquant essentiellement le critère démontré précédemment, on en déduit une minoration des combinaisons Z-linéaires de 1, ζ 2) et ζ (3), sous des hypothèses de divisibilité très fortes sur les coefficients (si bien que l'indépendance linéaire sur Q de ces trois nombres est toujours conjecturale). / This Ph.D. thesis lies in the path opened by Apéry who proved the irrationality of ζ(3) andalready followed by Ball-Rivoal who proved that there are infinitely many odd integers at which Riemann zeta function takes irrational values. A fundamental tool in the proof of Ball-Rivoal is Nesterenko’s linear independence criterion. This criterion has been generalized by Fischler and Zudilin to use common divisors of the coefficients of linear forms, under some restrictive assumptions. Then Fischler gave another generalization for simultaneous approximations (instead of small Z-linear combinations).In this Ph.D. thesis, we improve this last result by greatly weakening the assumption on thedivisors. We prove also an analogous linear independence criterion in the spirit of Siegel. Inanother part joint with Zudilin, we construct simultaneous linear approximations to ζ(2) and ζ(3) using hypergeometric identitites. These linear approximations allow one to prove at thesame time the irrationality of ζ(2) and that of ζ(3). Then, using a criterion from the previouspart, we deduce a lower bound on Z-linear combinations of 1, ζ(2) and ζ(3), under somestrong divisibility hypotheses on the coefficients (so that the Q-linear independence of thesethree numbers still remains an open problem).

Ett flertal redovisningsskandaler har ägt rum världen över där revisorer varit inblandade, vilket gjort att revisionskvaliteten ifrågasatts och framförallt revisorernas oberoende. Tidigare studier rapporterar om faktorer som kan påverka oberoendet där gåvor, social identitet, professionalism, relationer, påtryckningar, rykte och ekonomi har visat sig kunna påverka revisorernas agerande. Syftet med denna studie var att förklara hur revisorer strategiskt agerar för att upprätthålla sitt oberoende mot sina klienter, samt att förklara skillnader i agerandet utifrån professionens perspektiv. Tidigare studier visar att det föreligger skillnader kring människors handlingssätt beroende på kön, ålder, erfarenhet, vilken ort man är verksam i samt vilken byrå man arbetar för. Denna studie utfördes genom en tvåmetodsundersökning där vi med hjälp av intervjuer skapade oss en överblick över professionens syn på oberoendet, vilket senare lade grunden för utformningen av studiens enkät som resulterade i 317 fullständiga svar. Genom en korrelationsanalys och en multivariat regressionsanalys undersökte vi om det förelåg samband mellan de oberoende variablerna kön, ålder, storlek på ort, storlek på byrå, erfarenhet och de beroende variablerna gåvor, social identitet, professionalism, relationer, påtryckningar, rykte och ekonomi. Fyra av studiens hypoteser fick stöd, däribland att manliga revisorer är mer benägna till närmare relationer till sina klienter i jämförelse med kvinnliga revisorer. Vidare fann vi även stöd för att revisorer på mindre orter är mer benägna till närmare relationer till sina klienter i jämförelse med revisorer i storstäder. Vi fann även stöd för att yngre revisorer i högre grad beaktar sitt rykte i jämförelse med äldre revisorer. Slutligen fann vi även stöd för att manliga revisorer i högre grad beaktar klienters ekonomiska betydelse i jämförelse med kvinnliga revisorer. Utöver de hypoteser som testades fann vi ytterligare samband av intresse att analysera, däribland ett signifikant negativt samband mellan ålder och revisorers benägenhet att ta emot gåvor och acceptera närmare relationer. Vidare noterades att manliga revisorer i högre grad tycks beakta sitt rykte i jämförelse med kvinnliga revisorer. Revisorns ålder ocherfarenhet visar även ett negativt signifikant samband med revisorers benägenhet att beakta klientens ekonomiska betydelse. Slutsatsen är att revisorer tycks följa olika strategier för att bemöta faktorer som kan påverka oberoendet och att det föreligger vissa skillnader i agerandet beroende på revisorns erfarenhet, ålder och kön samt storleken på den ort revisorn är verksam  i. / Several accounting scandals have taken place around the world where auditors have been involved, which means that the audit quality is questioned and especially the auditors’ independence. Previous studies report on factors that may affect the independence, where gifts, social identity, professionalism, relationships, pressure, reputation and economy are factors that have been shown to affect the auditor’s actions. The purpose of this study is to explainhow auditors act strategically to maintain independence with their clients, as well as to explain differences in action based on the professional perspective. Previous studies shown that there is behavioral differences regarding gender, age, experience, the city you operate in and which firm you work for. This study was conducted through a two-method study in which we, with the help of interviews, were able to create an understanding of the auditor’s  independence from the profession’s perspective. The interviews contributed to the creation of the study’s survey which had a sample of 317 responses. Through a correlation analysis and a multivariate regression analysis we examined whether there is a correlation between the independent variables gender, age, the size of city, the size of firm, experience and the dependent variables gifts, social identity, professionalism, relationships, pressure, reputation and economy. In our study four of the hypotheses received support, including that male auditors are more likely to have closer relationships with their clients compared to female auditors. Furthermore, we also found support for the fact that auditors in smaller cities are more likely to have closer relationships with their clients compared to auditors in larger cities. We also found support for the fact that younger auditors care more about their reputation compared to older auditors. Finally, we also found support for that male auditors are more liable to care about their clients'economic importance compared to female auditors. In addition to the hypotheses that were tested, we found other relationships that were of interest to analyze, including a significant negative relationship between age and auditors' tendency to accept gifts and closer relationships. Furthermore, it is noted that male auditors care more about their reputation compared to female auditors. The auditor's age and experience also shown a negativelysignificant relationship with auditors' tendency to consider the client's economic importance. The conclusion in this study is that auditors seem to follow different strategies to address the various factors that may affect independence, where the study shows that there are differencesin the action depending on the auditor's experience, age and gender and also the size of city the auditor operate in.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:24:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Diogo Rais Rodrigues Moreira.pdf: 1887934 bytes, checksum: 902a7e44e783ee9b9ee96abb92e43d2a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-11-23 / Is it possible to identify zones of accommodation and conflict between the activity of the Conselho Nacional de Justiça (CNJ National Council of Justice) and jurisdictional independence? What constitutes these zones? How can they be categorized? The aim of this thesis is to seek answers to these and other questions. Our research is based on the assumption that jurisdictional independence should not be an insurmountable obstacle to the activity of the CNJ, nor should the Council s activity bring about the end of jurisdictional independence. Therefore, this research follows a central thread formed by a series of questions related to the national judiciary branch and the insertion of the Conselho Nacional de Justiça in its structure. We address the relation between jurisdiction and non-jurisdiction and the protection of jurisdictional independence through international norms and through the Brazilian Constitution, with the specific aim of presenting definitions of judicial and jurisdictional independence. We then analyze the decisions of the Conselho Nacional de Justiça that directly address jurisdictional acts. This analysis was based on an initial list of 2.750 normative and disciplinary acts issued by the Conselho Nacional de Justiça, of which only those specifically aimed at jurisdictional decisions were selected. This selection was then organized and categorized according with common features and results found in the acts, leading to the creation of the categories herein referred to as zones of interface and interference. Lastly, the results of the research are interpreted in the light of the definition of jurisdictional independence herein adopted. We thus seek to offer some conclusions about the relationship between the activity of the Conselho Nacional de Justiça and jurisdictional independence, either by means of an interface zone or through direct interference / É possível identificar zonas de conforto e de conflito entre a atuação do Conselho Nacional de Justiça (CNJ) e a independência jurisdicional? Como elas se constituem? Como podem ser categorizadas? Buscar respostas para essas e outras indagações é o objetivo desta tese. Parte-se da premissa de que a independência jurisdicional não deve constituir barreira intransponível para a atuação do CNJ e nem sua atuação poderia ser a derrocada da independência jurisdicional. E, para isso, esta pesquisa segue um fio condutor formado por diversos questionamentos que identifica o Poder Judiciário Nacional e a inserção do Conselho Nacional de Justiça nesta estrutura, abordando a relação entre jurisdição e não jurisdição, bem como, a proteção da independência judicial seja por atos internacionais seja pela Constituição brasileira, com o objetivo específico de apresentar definições de independência judicial e jurisdicional, e por fim, a análise da atuação do Conselho Nacional de Justiça diante de atos jurisdicionais. Esta análise se iniciou a partir de um rol de 2.750 registros sobre atos normativos e disciplinares do Conselho Nacional de Justiça, dos quais foram selecionados aqueles dirigidos especificamente aos atos jurisdicionais, sendo sistematizados e categorizados de acordo com os seus denominadores em comum e agrupados de acordo com o resultado que produziram, formando o que se denominou de zonas de interface e de interferência. Por fim, a tese apresenta o entrelaçamento dos resultados da pesquisa empírica com a definição de independência jurisdicional com o objetivo de trazer conclusões a respeito deste relacionamento constatado entre a atuação do Conselho Nacional de Justiça e a independência jurisdicional, seja por suas interfaces, seja por suas interferências

Introdução: Armadilhas automáticas entomológicas são ferramentas importantes para a vigilância e controle de espécies de mosquitos vetoras. Vários estudos mostraram que a armadilha CDC com CO2 + Lurex® e a CDC luminosa são efetivas para a amostragem de culicídeos. A Mosquito Magnet® foi comparada com diferentes métodos de coletas, incluindo a isca humana, para amostragem de mosquitos vetores. Como resultado, a armadilha tem demonstrado boa capacidade de amostragem. No presente estudo, a eficácia da Mosquito Magnet® Independence foi comparada com as armadilhas CDC luminosa e a CDC com atrativos, mas sem luz. As coletas foram realizadas em áreas rurais no sudeste do bioma de Mata Atlântica. Objetivo: Comparar a eficácia da armadilha Mosquito Magnet® Independence + Lurex3® com a da CDC luminosa e da CDC com CO2 + Lurex3®. Métodos: As armadilhas foram instaladas em três locais diferentes durante três dias consecutivos em áreas rurais do município de Iguape, Estado de São Paulo, Brasil, de janeiro a junho de 2012. As armadilhas foram colocadas diariamente às 6h00 pm (ou 7h00 pm, durante os dias de horário de verão) e removidas às 6h00 am (ou 7h00 horas durante os dias de horário de verão). Para avaliar a eficácia das armadilhas para coleta de culicídeos, utilizamos os perfis de diversidade da Rényi, além de outros índices de diversidade, ou seja, riqueza, abundância, dominância, equabilidade e similaridade. Resultados: A armadilha Mosquito Magnet® coletou 53,84 por cento do total (19.016 indivíduos) de mosquitos obtidos com as três armadilhas. Por outro lado, a CDC luminosa obteve os maiores índices de diversidade de Margalef e Shannon. O índice de Pielou mostrou que as espécies se distribuem de maneira mais uniforme quando empregado o uso da armadilha CDC com atrativos. No entanto, a Mosquito Magnet® obteve o maior índice de dominância. O teste de Kruskal-Wallis mostrou diferença significativa apenas para os índices de riqueza observados na série de Rényi. O teste de Bonferroni apontou que apenas a armadilha Mosquito Magnet® apresentou diferença significativa em relação à CDC luminosa (p=6e-05). Os índices de similaridade apontaram maiores semelhanças entre as espécies coletadas pelas armadilhas Mosquito Magnet® e CDC com atrativos. Conclusões: O presente estudo mostrou que é possível coletar número elevado de espécimes de culicídeos com a Mosquito Magnet® Independence em áreas rurais no sudeste de São Paulo. Apesar da armadilha CDC não coletar uma grande abundância de culicídeos é considerado um método de coleta apropriado e indicado para os serviços de saúde, devido a sua funcionalidade e facilidade de transporte. No entanto, os resultados do presente estudo mostraram que a Mosquito Magnet® é mais eficaz do que a CDC luminosa e CDC com CO2 + Lurex3® para as atividades de vigilância entomológica. / Introduction: Automatic entomological traps are important tools for surveillance and control of mosquito vector species. Several studies showed both CDC trap with CO2 plus Lurex3® and CDC light trap to be effective for sampling mosquito species. The Mosquito Magnet® trap was compared with different collecting methods, including human landing, for sampling mosquito vectors. As a result, the former trap was demonstrated to have good sampling capacity. In the present study, efficacy of the Mosquito Magnet® Independence was compared with those of CDC light trap and CDC trap with CO2 plus Lurex3®, but no light. Collections were carried out in rural areas within the southeast Atlantic Forest biome. Objective: to compare the efficacy of a Mosquito Magnet® Independence plus Lurex3® with a CDC light trap and CDC trap with CO2 plus Lurex3®. Methods: Traps were installed in three different locations during three consecutive days in rural areas of the Iguape municipality, São Paulo state, Brazil. The traps were placed daily at 6h00 pm (or 7h00 pm during the summer day light savings) and removed at 6h00 am (or 7h00 am during the summer day light savings). To assess efficacy of the traps for collecting mosquito species, we employed the Rényis diversity profiles, in addition to other diversity indexes, i.e., richness, abundance, dominance, evenness, and similarity. Results: The Mosquito Magnet® trap collected 53.84 per cent of the total number (19,016 individuals) of mosquitoes obtained with all three traps. On the other hand, the CDC trap obtained the highest diversity indexes of Margalef and Shannon. The evenness index showed that species were distributed more evenly when using the CDC trap with CO2 and Lurex3®. However, the Mosquito Magnet® had the highest dominance index. The Kruskal-Wallis test showed a significant difference in the indexes of richness observed in the Rényi profile index. The Bonferroni test demonstrated that only the Mosquito Magnet® trap has a significant difference relative to the CDC light trap (p = 6e-05). The similarity index showed more resemblance between species collected by Mosquito Magnet® Independence and CDC trap with CO2 and Lurex3®. Conclusions: The present study shows that it is possible to collect large numbers of specimen with the Mosquito Magnet® Independence trap in rural areas in southeastern São Paulo State. In spite of the fact that the CDC trap did not abundantly collect mosquitos, it is considered an appropriate collecting method used by health service organizations because of its practicality and ease of transportation. However, results of the present study showed that the Mosquito Magnet® Independence is more effective than both CDC light trap and CDC with CO2 and Lurex3® for entomological surveillance.

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