La recherche explore la pratique des premiers entretiens dans deux contextes culturels, à travers la façon dont l’analyste témoigne de son cheminement intérieur. Les données émanent de l’analyse qualitative thématique de contenu de 15 entretiens de recherche, réalisés auprès de psychothérapeutes psychanalytiques et de psychanalystes, de 3 à 37 ans d’expérience clinique, en France et au Québec. Au vu des résultats, le cheminement intérieur de l’analyste s’organiserait selon une trame d’écoute préétablie, dont le niveau d’explicitation varierait avec l’expérience clinique. L’élaboration, à la fois secondarisée et intuitive, s’appuierait sur le matériel clinique présent et absent, la théorie et l’expérience clinique, réalisant toujours une forme d’évaluation prédictive. De façon similaire, les analystes tiendraient compte dans leur décision de l’évaluation de la demande, du fonctionnement psychique, et des potentialités de rencontre dans un « lieu transférentiel ». Des hypothèses psychodynamiques seraient à l’œuvre dès les premiers entretiens, intervenant dans les aménagements du cadre à proposer au patient. Les dispositions contre-transférentielles projetées sur l’évaluation influenceraient la nature des prédictions quant à l’issue du travail analytique. Le « désir de l’analyste » pèserait manifestement sur l’évaluation des possibilités de travail analytique, avantageant les évaluations favorables ou de potentialités d’évolution, au détriment d’éléments défavorables. Le contexte culturel n’influencerait pas le processus d’élaboration de la décision, mais modulerait la demande et les possibilités de l’analyste d’y répondre, résultat ouvrant des pistes de recherches futures. / This research explores clinical practice of first interviews in two cultural contexts, through the way the analyst accounts for his/her internal psychic development of thought. The data comes from the qualitative analysis of the thematic content of 15 research interviews, performed with psychoanalytic psychotherapists and psychoanalysts with 3 to 37 years of clinical experience, both in France and Quebec. According to the results, the analyst’s internal psychic development of thought would follow a pre-established organic listening structure, of which the level of explicitation would vary with clinical experience. The analyst’s elaboration, both secondary and intuitive, would be based on present and absent clinical material, theory, and clinical experience, always carrying out a form of predictive assessment. Similarly, the analysts would take into account in their decision the assessment of the demand, psychic functioning, and possible meeting within a “transference context”. Psychodynamic hypotheses would be at work as soon as the first interviews, involved in the adjustments of the framework proposed to the patient. The counter-transferential dispositions –projected onto the assessment– would influence the nature of predictions about the outcome of psychoanalytic work. The "desire of the analyst" would clearly influence the evaluation of analytical work opportunities, advantaging favourable assessments or potential evolution, to the detriment of hindering elements. The cultural context would not influence the decision making process, but would modulate the demands and the analyst’s possibilities to answer, opening the door to future line of research.

Le rooibos est une tisane produite à partir d'une plante sud-africaine endémique (Aspalathus linaris), typique de la formation végétale fynbos. Il s'agit d'une production localisée ou « produit de terroir » au sens où elle est inscrite dans le temps et que les savoir-faire de production et la ressource sont liés à une région, le sud-ouest du pays. Cette production combine tous les caractères constitutifs d'un patrimoine : elle est produite collectivement, ancrée dans le temps et dans l'espace, transmise ou conservée. Le rooibos se situe donc dans le champ des études sur la patrimonialisation des productions localisées. Il fait actuellement l'objet d'un projet de valorisation par une indication géographique (IG) et présente à ce titre un caractère emblématique pour ces recherches dans les pays du Sud. Afin d'éclairer le processus de valorisation, notre recherche a consisté à étudier les dynamiques à l'origine de sa dimension patrimoniale. Nous montrons que cette production est indissociable des contextes et des enjeux (politiques, sociaux, identitaires) qui ont traversé la société sud-africaine à différentes époques. La filière du rooibos s'est révélée être un objet d'étude privilégié pour observer les tensions nationales dans l'Afrique du Sud post-apartheid. Nous observons une volonté de promouvoir une nation multiculturelle qui tranche avec celle de conserver la structure hiérarchique à l'origine des inégalités socio-économiques. L'imaginaire du rooibos associe l'ingénierie des producteurs afrikaners, le savoir-faire des ouvriers métis et l'utilisation de figures patrimoniale comme celle des Khoesan ; mais d'un autre côté, l'organisation actuelle de la filière reproduit les disparités au sein des acteurs locaux de la production, d'une part entre producteurs et ouvriers agricoles et d'autre part entre producteurs afrikaners et métis. Nos résultats suggèrent que la construction des nouveaux patrimoines sud-africains n'est pas nécessairement un facteur d'intégration et de réconciliation nationales.

Legal protection of domains in relation to the right of indication The subject of this thesis is a legal protection of domain names. Domain names are used as humanly memorable names for Internet and serve as simple address to access websites. Each domain name has to be unique, it is not possible to register two or more identical names. This makes them very valuable and worth of protecting. The registration process of domain names is very simple and cheap, mostly based on the principle "first come, first served". No one has an automatic right to a particular name. This cause many conflicts, because the principles of registration are often abused by domain speculators. However, the domain names are not subject of special legal regulation in the most countries (Czech republic included). The thesis is composed of two parts. The first part is divided in five chapters. Initiative chapters are focused on defining the concept of domain names, their technical aspects, hierarchical structure and types. In this part is also mentioned Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) and its Uniform Dispute Resolution Policy (UDRP). Further, this part contains a description of the registration process of domain names under the country-code top level domain ".cz" (ccTLD.cz) and the legal aspects of domain...

O café se apresenta como uma commodity de grande impacto na produção agrícola e pauta de exportação do Brasil, sendo os Estados de Minas Gerais e São Paulo importantes neste contexto. Entretanto, apesar de o Brasil ser referência mundial na produção de cafés, no que se refere à produção de café especial e de maior valor agregado, ainda se constitui em um grande desafio sua aceitação plena nos principais mercados consumidores. Neste contexto, a adoção de Indicação Geográfica (IGs), se apresenta como um importante indicador para que uma região seja reconhecida formalmente na condição de produtora de cafés diferenciados. Assim, considera-se que a participação do Estado e demais atores envolvidos são fundamentais neste processo. Parte-se para a compreensão de tal fenômeno, pelo enfoque da teoria institucional, considerando o papel de todos os stakeholders bem como os indutores de isomorfismo atuantes no campo organizacional. Neste sentido, o estudo visou a estudar empiricamente essas relações. Para isso, foram realizadas entrevistas em profundidade, análise documental e observação, com os diversos seguimentos dos agentes presentes no campo, e, em especial, em três regiões cafeeiras, quais sejam: Noroeste de Minas e Matas de Minas, no Estado de Minas Gerais e a Alta Mogiana no Estado de São Paulo. As três regiões foram escolhidas por serem as mais representativas e convenientes para o universo de cafés especiais brasileiros e seu elevado grau relativo de desenvolvimento institucional, sendo que duas (Noroeste de Minas e Alta Mogiana) já possuem Indicação Geográfica (IGs) e a terceira (Matas de Minas) está em processo de adoção. Os resultados da pesquisa indicam a experiência longeva da atividade produtiva no Brasil, onde se manifesta a institucionalização de um campo organizacional, como variável fundamental para o aperfeiçoamento do mercado de cafés para uma realidade econômica atual que privilegia qualidade e experiências de consumo diferenciados. O universo dos cafés especiais é, portanto, o locus da construção e desenvolvimento de uma cultura mais do que a mera produção e consumo de uma commodity / Coffee presents itself as a commodity of great impact in the agricultural production and basis of exportation of Brazil, and the states of Minas Gerais and São Paulo are important in this context. However, even though Brazil is a global reference regarding coffee production, when it comes to the production of specialty coffee with higher added value, its full acceptance by the greatest consuming markets is still a challenge. In this context, the adoption of Geographical Indications (GI) is presented as an important indicator for a region to be formally recognized in the condition of producer of differentiated coffees. Therefore, it\'s perceived that the participation of the State and other involved agents is fundamental in this process. It\'s important to understand such situation through the perspective of the institutional theory, considering the role of all stakeholders, just as the inducers of isomorphism present in the organizational field. In this way, the present study aimed at empirically studying these relations. For that, in-depth interviews, documental analyses and observation were conducted with varied segments of the agents present in the field, with emphasis on three coffee producing regions: Noroeste de Minas and Matas de Minas, in the state of Minas Gerais, and Alta Mogiana, in the state of São Paulo. All three regions were selected for being the most representative and most convenient for the universe of specialty Brazilian coffees and their high relative degree of institutional development, considering that two of the areas (Noroeste de Minas and Alta Mogiana) already have Geographical Indication (GI), and the third (Matas de Minas) is currently in the process of adopting it. The results of the research indicate a long-lasting experience of the production activity in Brazil, where the institutionalization of an organizational field is presented as a key variable for the enhancement of the coffee markets for the present economical situation, which privileges differentiated quality and consumption experiences. The universe of specialty coffees is, therefore, much more a locus of construction and development of a culture than of the mere production and consumption of a commodity

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T20:13:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2008 - Luiz Antonio Staub Mafra.pdf: 2130428 bytes, checksum: bb108831d505e9c9cc02eca8050be745 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-09-15 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico / Geographic Indication (GI) comes as a protection tool to farmers and has been becoming in a qualification process that links the product to the environmental and social characteristics of its origin. In this way, qualification goes beyond the technical aspects and denotes an intense process of dispute and negotiations, generating productivity, political and territorial reorganizations, as it brings to the origin the efforts of coordination of activities and qualification that were performed by the industry. Hence, the thesis shows a reading of the appearance of the GIs and the valorization of the origin like a building process of the coffee market from the case study of the GI in the Mineiro Cerrado. The GIs have been used differently in different countries and sectors; including, paradoxically, typically commoditized sectors, like the one of the coffee. Thus, the GIs can have different meanings (economical, political and symbolic), according to the local differences, the type of product or market and even of the form how they are organized. By emphasizing the value of its origin, the Mineiro Cerrado region could overcome an unfavourable situation, in which the coffee produced in the region was sold as one of lower quality. With an increased activity to gather efforts of local farmers and organizations, the region became to be recognized as coffee producer with top qualities, something that awarded it the condition to be the second Brazilian GI. This change comes from a negotiation process and conventions around the specificities of quality, whose results are fruits of consensus and agreements about quality until reaching the official recognition. The existence of the GI in the Mineiro State is justified by the geographic and environmental specificities, that in the studied case, showed that it relies on a serie of factors, as its organization and articulation around the formation of the market by the producers, with the objective of consolidating its reputation among the intermediaries and the consumers. Although the preservation of the traditions have had an important role in the justification for the GIs formation, the research showed that the innovations brought by the market (regarding the product evaluation, organization etc) had fundamental importance for the recognition of their quality attributes. / A Indica??o Geogr?fica (IG) surge como mecanismo de prote??o aos agricultores e vem se transformando num processo de qualifica??o que agrega ao produto as caracter?sticas ambientais e sociais de sua origem. Nesse sentido, a qualifica??o vai al?m de aspectos t?cnicos e denota um processo intenso de articula??es e negocia??es, provocando reordena??o produtiva, pol?tica e territorial, uma vez que traz para a origem os esfor?os de coordena??o de atividades e de qualifica??o que eram desempenhados pela ind?stria. Dessa forma, a tese traz uma leitura do surgimento das IGs e a valoriza??o da origem como um processo de constru??o do mercado de caf?, a partir do estudo de caso da IG no Cerrado Mineiro. As IGs v?m sendo utilizadas de maneira distinta entre pa?ses e setores, inclusive, de forma paradoxal, por setores tipicamente commoditizados, como o caso do caf?. Assim, as IGs podem assumir diferentes significados (econ?micos, pol?ticos e simb?licos), em fun??o das caracter?sticas locais, do tipo de produto e de mercado e, ainda, da forma como s?o implementadas. Por meio da valoriza??o de sua origem, a regi?o do Cerrado Mineiro conseguiu superar uma situa??o desfavor?vel, na qual o caf? ali produzido era comercializado como de qualidade inferior. Com o incremento de uma intensa mobiliza??o de esfor?os de produtores e organiza??es locais, a regi?o passou a ser reconhecida como produtora de caf? com qualidades diferenciadas, o que lhe confere o reconhecimento da segunda IG no Brasil. Esta mudan?a resulta de um processo de negocia??o e conven??es em torno das especificidades da qualidade, cujos resultados v?m sendo fruto de consensos e acordos sobre a qualidade at? chegar ao reconhecimento oficial. A IG no Cerrado mineiro ? justificada pelas suas especificidades geogr?ficas e ambientais, as quais contribu?ram para a consolida??o de sua reputa??o no mercado e que, no caso estudado, demonstraram que ela foi constru?da por meio de uma s?rie de fatores inovadores, como t?cnicas de produ??o, diferencia??o pela qualidade, organiza??o e articula??o em torno da constru??o do mercado pelos produtores. Embora a preserva??o das tradi??es tenha tido papel importante nas justificativas de implementa??o das IGs, a pesquisa demonstrou que as inova??es efetuadas no mercado (quanto ? avalia??o do produto, ? organiza??o, etc.) tiveram fundamental import?ncia para o reconhecimento de seus atributos de qualidade.

Submitted by Jorge Silva (jorgelmsilva@ufrrj.br) on 2018-05-08T20:07:42Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2015 - Gabriela Macedo Greg?rio.pdf: 62181251 bytes, checksum: f886efc634d97be9d091ce2dbb649f38 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-05-08T20:07:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2015 - Gabriela Macedo Greg?rio.pdf: 62181251 bytes, checksum: f886efc634d97be9d091ce2dbb649f38 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-06-30 / CAPES / In 2012 the Porto Digital (Digital Port or Digital Harbour), defined as Arranjo Produtivo Local de Tecnologia da Informa??o e Comunica??o (a Local Production Arrangement for Information Technology and Communication) located in Bairro do Recife/PE, received the first geographic indication in the service sector, a tag often conceded to food products. However, it is important to know if this process shall extend its positive effects beyond producers and providers, adding value to the material and immaterial cultural patrimony of the region. Considering that the Porto Digital is a relevant object to advance the discussions on the potentials, limitations and challenges to geographical indications as a tool to territorial development, this work will combine description and analysis of the particularities of the only geographical indication tag in the service sector in Brazil and the attempt to turn it into an instrument to understand geographic indications in a broader and more generalized manner, drawing criteria and hypotheses which could be helpful for future studies in the area. Therefore, this research will (a) analyze the regulatory framework protecting the GIs, the intervening institutions and their roles; (b) reconstruct the process of transformation of Bairro do Recife, from an old business harbor to a modern digital port; (c) understand the association between the process of urban transformation and the process of valuing the cultural patrimony of the territory, crowned by the acknowledgement of the geographic name ? the so-called Porto Digital; (d) characterize the constitutive and organizational aspects of the pre-acknowledgement of the Porto Digital?s GI: the actors involved and their justifications, the composition of the members of the GI, the delimitation of the area, the regulation of the use and the structure of control; (e) point out the similarities and singularities of the case with studies on Brazilian geographical indications. / Em 2012 o Porto Digital, definido como Arranjo Produtivo Local de Tecnologia da Informa??o e Comunica??o localizado no Bairro do Recife/PE, recebeu a concess?o in?dita de indica??o geogr?fica para o setor de servi?o, tradicionalmente concedida aos produtos agroalimentares. Contudo, importa saber se esse processo conduzir? ao transbordamento das positividades para al?m dos produtores e prestadores de servi?os e ? valoriza??o do patrim?nio cultural ? material e imaterial - da regi?o. Considerando que o caso do Porto Digital seja um objeto relevante para fazer avan?ar as discuss?es sobre as potencialidades, limita??es e desafios das indica??es geogr?ficas como instrumento de desenvolvimento territorial, esse trabalho buscar? combinar o esfor?o de descri??o e an?lise das particularidades do ?nico caso de indica??o geogr?fica de servi?os no Brasil e a tentativa de instrumentaliz?-lo para a compreens?o das indica??es geogr?ficas de modo mais amplo e generalizado a partir da elabora??o de crit?rios de an?lise e hip?teses para estudos futuros. Sendo assim, esta pesquisa dever? (a) analisar o quadro regulat?rio de prote??o ?s IGs, das institui??es intervenientes e seus pap?is; (b) reconstruir o processo de transforma??o do bairro do Recife, de antigo porto comercial ao moderno porto digital; (c) compreender a associa??o entre o processo de transforma??o urbana e o processo de valoriza??o do patrim?nio cultural do territ?rio, coroado pelo reconhecimento do nome geogr?fico ? o chamado Porto Digital (d) caracterizar os aspectos constitutivos e organizacionais da fase de pr?-reconhecimento da IG do Porto Digital: os atores envolvidos e suas justificativas, a composi??o dos membros da IG, a delimita??o da ?rea, o regulamento de uso e a estrutura de controle; (e) apontar as semelhan?as e singularidades do caso com estudos sobre as indica??es geogr?ficas brasileiras.

Submitted by Jorge Silva (jorgelmsilva@ufrrj.br) on 2018-08-30T18:34:12Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2016 - Vagner Rangel Moreira.pdf: 5210463 bytes, checksum: c7e8045686b4886d34c81a633e05048c (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-30T18:34:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2016 - Vagner Rangel Moreira.pdf: 5210463 bytes, checksum: c7e8045686b4886d34c81a633e05048c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-12-07 / CNPq / The protective character against possible counterfeits or imitations, and the aggregation of value to a product are the main purposes of the geographical indication (GI). Moreover, the benefits attributed to its implementation may surpass the commercial level of the producer and enhance the development of the territory, and as well to increase receptive tourism and enhance the cultural heritage. This thesis aims to analyze the effectiveness of the geographical indication as a catalyst instrument for sustainable rural development of the territory, from the perspective of the social actors involved. The method used for the research development was the study of multiple cases, with an exploratory and descriptive purpose in two distinct areas of cheese production: the municipality of Serro, in Minas Gerais State, and in Celorico Beira, Portugal, where the Serra da Estrela cheese is produced. In the period from December 12th, 2015 to April 30th, 2016, in Portugal, and from 22th to 29th, 2016, in Serro - Minas Gerais, there were many research activities. Among them, non-participant observations, photographic records, informal conversations, application of semi-structured interviews with the actors involved in the proposed thematic, technical visits to cheese production units and cultural museums, festivals and fairs related to cheese, all within the geographical boundary of the surveyed geographical indications. The information of applied interviews was analyzed using a content analysis group of techniques, under the perspective of Bardin (2004). The results revealed that in both cases studied, the existence per si of a geographical indication is not capable of promoting sustainable development of the territory, since other factors such as the role of producers, social management in decision making, and a consistent social capital are key to the success of GIs in adding value to the certified product and improving the quality of life for the producers. The Protected Designation of Origin Serra da Estrela cheese, although well known by its quality and tradition, proved to be ineffective in promoting sustainable rural development in the Portuguese territory investigated. The analysis of the effectiveness of the geographical indication of the cheese from Minas studied was not feasible, since the correspondent seal has not yet been implemented. Then, it is responsibility of all social actors presented in this research to transform the current panorama and to make their respective geographical indications true catalyst tools in the sustainable development of their territories. / O car?ter protetivo contra poss?veis falsifica??es ou imita??es e a agrega??o de valor ao produto s?o as principais finalidades da indica??o geogr?fica (IG). Ademais, os benef?cios atribu?dos ? sua implementa??o podem tanto transpassar as porteiras do produtor e potencializar o desenvolvimento do territ?rio, quanto incrementar o turismo receptivo e a valoriza??o do patrim?nio cultural. Este trabalho de tese tem como objetivo analisar a efetividade da indica??o geogr?fica como um instrumento catalisador do desenvolvimento rural sustent?vel do territ?rio, sob a ?tica dos atores sociais envolvidos. O m?todo utilizado para o desenvolvimento da pesquisa foi o estudo de casos m?ltiplos, com o prop?sito explorat?rio e descritivo, em dois territ?rios distintos de produ??o queijeira: o munic?pio do Serro, produtor do Queijo do Serro, em Minas Gerais, e o concelho de Celorico da Beira, onde se produz o Queijo da Serra da Estrela, em Portugal. No per?odo de 12 de dezembro de 2015 a 30 de abril de 2016, em Portugal, e de 22 a 29 de maio de 2016, em Serro ? Minas Gerais, a pesquisa foi desenvolvida com v?rias atividades. Entre elas, observa??es n?o participantes, registros fotogr?ficos, conversas informais, aplicadas entrevistas semiestruturadas com os atores envolvidos na tem?tica proposta, e feitas visitas t?cnicas a unidades produtoras do queijo e culturais a museus, festas e feiras relacionadas ao queijo dentro do limite geogr?fico das indica??es geogr?ficas pesquisadas. As informa??es das entrevistas aplicadas foram analisadas por meio do conjunto de t?cnicas da an?lise de conte?do, sob a perspectiva de Bardin (2004). Os resultados revelaram que, em ambos os casos estudados, a exist?ncia por si s? de uma indica??o geogr?fica ? incapaz de promover o desenvolvimento sustent?vel do territ?rio, pois outros fatores, tais como, o protagonismo dos produtores, a gest?o social nas tomadas de decis?es e um capital social consistente s?o fundamentais para o sucesso da IG, ? agrega??o de valor ao produto certificado e ? melhoria da qualidade de vida dos produtores. A Denomina??o de Origem Protegida Queijo Serra da Estrela, apesar de sua reconhecida qualidade e da tradi??o que j? possu?a, mostrou-se pouco efetiva na promo??o do desenvolvimento rural sustent?vel no territ?rio portugu?s investigado. J? a an?lise da efetividade da indica??o geogr?fica do queijo mineiro estudado como um instrumento catalizador do desenvolvimento territorial sustent?vel n?o foi vi?vel pelo fato de o selo correspondente ainda n?o ter sido implementado. Cabe, ent?o, a todos os atores sociais apresentados no decorrer desta pesquisa transformar o panorama atual e tornar as suas respectivas indica??es geogr?ficas verdadeiras ferramentas catalisadoras do desenvolvimento sustent?vel em seus territ?rios.

Géant lusophone d'Amérique Latine et deuxième puissance agro-exportatrice mondiale, le Brésil est un pays émergent. Depuis les années 1990, de nouveaux outils de promotion de l'origine des produits agroalimentaires se développent à l'initiative du gouvernement et de la société civile. Leur foisonnement interroge les modes d'interprétation et d'appropriation de référentiels de normes internationaux et nationaux. En Europe, le lien à l'origine et l'ancrage territorial des produits locaux se sont forgés sur un temps assez long et confirment l'hypothèse de la construction sociale de la qualité. Pays du nouveau monde, la première image associée au Brésil est celle d'un pays dont la frontière agricole ne cesse d'avancer et donc a priori sans ancrage fort des populations à un territoire. Or la structure et les modes d'occupation de l'espace sont plus complexes. Ils résultent des traditions des différentes vagues d'immigration, de leur mode d'appropriation locale et de la construction d'identités spécifiques. La construction du lien à l'origine reflète l'insertion au marché international d'un pays qui, à l'heure actuelle, participe pleinement à une économie mondialisée. Aussi, la promotion de l'origine au Brésil réactualise-t-elle le regard porté sur l'agriculture brésilienne, dépassant le champ d'une agriculture d'exportation et interrogeant celui de l'économie locale et régionale. Au-delà des intérêts économiques liés à l'ouverture à l'export de marchés de niche, la revendication du local apparaît comme un indice de l'émergence d'un marché national enclin à protéger et promouvoir son patrimoine culturel et naturel ; un marché où le local fait sens pour des acteurs qui mobilisent l'origine.

Jau nuo seno geografinės nuorodos savo koncepcija išsivystė kaip pirmieji prekių ženklai. Intensyvėjant bei sudėtingėjant komerciniams santykiams geografinės nuorodos ir prekių ženklai tapo skirtingomis kategorijomis žymenų, kurių registraciją, apsaugą bei naudojimą reglamentuoja intelektinės nuosavybės teisės normos. Visgi, nors tai skirtingi pramoninės nuosavybės teisės institutai, geografinės nuorodos ir prekių ženklai sutampa daugeliu aspektų. Visų pirma, šie žymenys, naudojami komercinėje aplinkoje, sutampa jiems priskirtomis funkcijomis, t.y. jie abu atlieka prekių ar paslaugų atskyrimo, kilmės šaltinio identifikavimo, kokybės identifikavimo bei vartotojų informavimo funkcijas. Be šios sutapties, geografinės nuorodos ir prekių ženklai yra panašūs, nes privalo turėti skiriamąjį požymį, o taip pat sutampa ir jų išraiškos formos bei apsaugos galiojimo laikas. Visi išvardinti panašumai, išreiškiantys ryšį tarp geografinių nuorodų ir prekių ženklų, gali lemti painiavą rinkoje bei pramoninės nuosavybės išimtinių teisių pažeidimus, todėl teisiniai mechanizmai, skirti reguliuoti šių žymenų registraciją, apsaugą ir naudojimą yra įtvirtinti siekiant išlaikyti pusiausvyrą tarp vartotojų ir gamintojų, išimtinių teisių turėtojų interesų. Numatyti teisėti geografinių nuorodų ir prekių ženklų naudotojai dėl pažeistų teisių gali remtis skirtingais būdais. Bendrai yra numatyti tokie ginčų sprendimų variantai: pagal taikytiną teisę, pagal atskirų pramoninės nuosavybės objektų teisės... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / For a long time, geographical indications have developed as the first trade marks. As the commercial relations become more intensive and complex, geographical indications and trade marks has become two different categories of signs, the registration, protection and usage of which is governed by the rules of intellectual property law. Nonetheless, even though geographical indications and trade marks are different institutes of industrial property law, they coincide in a majority of aspects. First of all, the fore-mentioned signs used in commercial environment coincide in the attributed functions, i.e. both of them perform the functions of distinguishing goods or services, identification of the source of origin, identification of quality and information of customers. In addition to the considered coincidence, geographical indications and trade marks are similar, since both of them must have a distinctive character; furthermore, their forms of expression and term of protection are in coincidence. All above similarities implying a relation between geographical indications and trade marks may determine confusion in the market and infringements of the exclusive rights of industrial property; therefore, legal mechanisms intended for the regulation of the registration, protection and usage of the considered signs have been established to keep the balance between the interests of customers and producers and holders of exclusive rights. As for the infringements of rights, the... [to full text]

Baigiamajame darbe tiriama pramonės įmonių tarša pasyviosios lichenoindikacijos, pasyvaus kaupimo ir biotestavimo metodais. Darbo objektas - tyrimo metu vertintos įmonių teritorijose ant medžių aptinkamos epifitinių kerpių rūšys, taip pat vertinama teršalų sklaida pagal sėjamosios pipirnės (Lepidium sativum L.) augimą ant kiminų (sugėrusių įmonių išmetamus oro teršalus) terpės. Darbo tikslas – įvertinti oro kokybę pramonės įmonių teritorijose pagal ten aptinkamas epifitinių kerpių rūšis ir sėjamosios pipirnės (Lepidium sativum L.) augimą bei gautus rezultatus palyginti su pasyviųjų kaupiklių rezultatais. Darbo metodai – tyrimai buvo atliekami 2013-2014 metais didžiausias teršalų koncentracijas Šakių rajone išleidžiančių įmonių: UAB „Idavang“ ir UAB „Kriūkų baldai“ teritorijose. Tyrimo vietose 100 m, 200 m ir 500 m atstumais nuo taršos šaltinių buvo vertinamos ant medžių aptiktos epifitinių kerpių rūšys, kiekvienos rūšies padengimas procentais ir poleotolerantiškumo indeksas, taip pat vertintas biotestinio organizmo sėjamosios pipirnės (Lepidium sativum L.) augimas kiminų (augusių taršos šaltinių zonose) terpėje bei azoto dioksido koncentracijos iš pasyviųjų kaupiklių. Darbo rezultatai. Tyrimo objektų teritorija pasižymi nedidele kerpių gausa. Iš viso identifikuota 17 skirtingų kerpių rūšių abiejų tyrimo objektų teritorijose: 5 krūmiškosios, 8 lapiškosios ir 4 žiauberiškosios. Tiek UAB „Idavang“, tiek UAB „Kriūkų baldai“ teritorijose tolstant nuo taršos šaltinio... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / In this thesis industrial company's pollution is investigated using passive Lichen Indication method, passive accumulation and biotesting methods. Object of research: Two species of plants were selected: garden cress (Lepidium sativum L.) and epiphytic lichen. During the evaluation we examined epiphytic lichen found on trees surrounding the territories of industrial companies and evaluated pollution dispersion by the growth of garden crass (Lepidium sativum L.) on sphagnum (which have absorbed the air pollutants produced by the companies) seedbed. Aim of the research: The aim of this research is to evaluate the air quality in the territories of industrial companies by the types of epiphytic lichen found in the perimeter and the spread of garden cress (Lepidium sativum L.) on sphagnum (which have absorbed the air pollutants produced by the companies) seedbed. Methods. The evaluation took place in year 2013-2014 in the territories of the most polluting companies in Šakiai district: UAB “Indavang” and UAB “Kriūkių baldai”. At distances of 100, 200 and 500 meters from the pollution source different types of epiphytic lichen were examined, as well as their coverage in percents and polio tolerance index. Both biotest organism's garden crass (Lepidium sativum L.) growth in sphagnum seedbed (growing in the pollution source territory) and nitrogen dioxide concentration from passive accumulators were evaluated. Results. Territories evaluated in this research have a small... [to full text]