Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:35:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 TeseGCT.pdf: 1546922 bytes, checksum: f7cf12b2458fda28a171e2285d3975cf (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-11-13 / Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos / The advance of pedagogical thinking supposes beforehand a more intelligible elucidation of the relationship between work and education. In the current sociability, despite the hegemony of industrialism and machinery, the craftsmanship of the past still remains in different ways and plays an important role in the formation of education. Thus, the role played by craftsmanship in Education is the main subject under investigation in this thesis. Also, the general goal is to investigate the purpose, content and form of craftsmanship in contrast with industrial work in order to criticize the aims of the former set by the studies on Education. The main idea is that the precedence of craftsmanship in pedagogical thinking hinders and delays the social function of school education as well as the integral development of generations. This study carried out a literature research that combined the method of investigation with the method of exposition by presenting results intrinsically linked to the corpus. The theoretical perspective is based on the Marxist tradition, in special on the studies conducted by Karl Marx and Antonio Gramsci. The thesis was organized into three chapters: (1) "Craftsmanship in the 'shadows' of industrial work"; (2) "The heritage of craftsmanship in contemporary Education"; and (3) "Challenges for the contemporary pedagogical thinking". The conclusion remits to the identification of three problems: (1) the contradictory aspects of craftsmanship; (2) the allurement of the pedagogical principle based on experience; and (3) the mismatch between the pedagogical principles based on work and experience. Four fundamentals were established following the problems which were pointed out in the conclusion: (1) the great theme of contemporary pedagogy is the relationship between work and education; (2) craftsmanship holds precedence in the contemporary pedagogical thinking; (3) the cursed legacy of craftsmanship jeopardizes the universalist character of pedagogical thinking, risking the social function of school education and the integral development of generations; and (4) as the current pedagogical studies can be understood as an affirmative proposal for human formation and school education and as a mediator between mankind and cultural work, their challenge is to detect the contradictions resulting from this ideological operation and suggest new ways to overcome them. It is also said that work - vital activity and pedagogical principle is an open book for the objectivation of mankind s generic life and for the school education in which the contemporary of our time is formed. / O avanço na formulação do pensamento pedagógico pressupõe tornar sempre mais inteligível a relação entre trabalho e educação. Na sociabilidade contemporânea, o artesanato produto do passado perdura por vias que não aquela incorporada pelo industrialismo e pela maquinaria, interferindo na constituição da educação. Esse é o objeto da tese. O objetivo geral é investigar os fins, o conteúdo e a forma do trabalho de ofício em contraste com o trabalho industrial, procedendo, por conseguinte, a uma crítica aos desígnios que o primeiro recebe no campo da Pedagogia. A ideia principal defendida é que a sobreposição do trabalho artesanal no pensamento pedagógico entrava e atrasa a proposição fim da educação escolar e o desenvolvimento das gerações. Trata-se de uma pesquisa bibliográfica que concilia método de investigação a método de exposição apresentando os resultados intrinsecamente ligados ao corpus do estudo. A tradição marxista é a perspectiva teórica adotada, especialmente em Karl Marx e Antonio Gramsci. A tese está organizada em três capítulos, a saber: O trabalho de ofício nas sombras do trabalho industrial ; A herança da pedagogia das Corporações de ofícios na educação escolar ; e Desafios para o pensamento pedagógico contemporâneo . A conclusão remete para a identificação de três problemas a face contraditória do trabalho artesanal; o engodo do princípio pedagógico da experiência; e a incompatibilidade entre os princípios pedagógicos do trabalho e da experiência na educação escolar ; e, logo, para a sistematização de quatro fundamentos ao objeto em questão: (1) o grande tema da pedagogia contemporânea é a relação entre trabalho e educação; (2) o trabalho de ofício sobrepõe-se no pensamento pedagógico da nossa época ; (3) a herança do trabalho de ofício no pensamento pedagógico compromete o caráter universalista da educação escolar e o desenvolvimento integral das gerações; e (4) o desafio da pedagogia atual, enquanto proposta afirmativa para a formação humana e para a educação escolar como mediação entre os homens e as obras da cultura, é detectar as contradições decorrentes dessa operação ideológica e sugerir a sua superação. Argumenta-se, ainda, que o trabalho atividade vital e princípio pedagógico é um livro aberto para a objetivação da vida genérica do homem e para a educação escolar na qual ele se forma contemporâneo do seu tempo.

Tidigare forskning visar att två huvudsakliga faktorer som leder till förändring är framväxande innovation på marknaden och teknologin. Digitaliseringen ökar förändringstakten i både samhället och organisationer vilket ställer nya krav. Tidigare forskning visar också att förändringsarbete i organisationen är svårt att genomföra. Forskning om digitaliseringen inom ekonomi- och managementområdet är begränsad men visar att digitaliseringen har påverkat organisationer och därför har den här studien fokuserat på hur organisationen har påverkats. Syftet med studien är att undersöka hur digitaliseringen har påverkat organisationer med avseende på arbetsprocesser och organisationsstruktur. För att uppnå syftet med studien har en kvalitativ metod använts där elva chefer från åtta olika organisationer har intervjuats. För att få en förståelse för hur digitaliseringen har påverkat organisationer har vi utvecklat en teoretisk referensram. Studien utgår från centrala teorier som behandlar digitalisering, kunskap- och tjänstesamhället, organisationsförändringar samt institutionalisering. Analysen bygger på jämförelser mellan teori och insamlad empiri. Utifrån analysen är vår slutsats att digitaliseringen har förändrat organisationer genom en ökad automatisering av arbetsprocesser. Även kundkraven har förändrats vilket ställer nya krav på tillgänglighet, flexibilitet och ett ökat digitalt utbud. Det i sin tur har förändrat organisationsstrukturen och arbetsprocesser då nya yrkesroller har framkommit som har mer fokus på kunden, utveckling och förändring. / Previous research has shown that the two predominant factors contributing to change management are emerging technologies and market innovations. Digitalization increases the rate of change in both society and in organizations thus continually putting new demands on them both. Previous research also demonstrates that organizational change is hard to implement. Research on digitalization within the fields of Economics and Management is limited but still shows that digitalization has influenced organizations. This study, therefore, focuses on how organizations have been effected by digitalization. The purpose of this study is to examine how digitalization has impacted upon the work processes and organizational structures of an organization. To this end, the study is based on qualitative methodology in which eleven managers from eight different organizations where interviewed. To get an understanding of how digitalization has effected these organizations we have developed a theoretical frame of reference. The study draws on relevant theories that discuss digitalization, knowledge- and service-society, organizational change and institutionalization. The analysis is based on comparisons between theory and empirical data. From the analysis we draw the conclusion that digitalization has changed the organizations through increased automation of work processes. What’s more, customer demands have changed, placing new demands on availability, flexibility and increased digital offers. This, in turn has changed the organizational structure and work processes by creating new job roles that focus on the customer, development and change.

Orientador: Milton Carlos Costa / Banca: Célia Reis Camargo / Banca: Carmem Lúcia Gomes de Salis / Resumo: A partir da segunda metade da década de 1940 um novo capitalismo configurava-se nos Estados Unidos da América. Com o início da Segunda Guerra Mundial, uma significativa parcela da tecnologia de guerra foi aprimorada à produção de bens. O grande investimento de capital no desenvolvimento de tecnologia requintada e mão-de-obra especializada constituíram-se na matriz geradora de uma gama de mudanças que atingiram aquela sociedade econômica. Dessas mudanças advêm a necessidade de organização da grande empresa e a previsão dos preços da mercadoria e da sua demanda, para evitar que os altos investimentos estivessem à mercê da instabilidade do mercado. Na esteira dessas mudanças e necessidades a iniciativa privada estabelece uma aliança econômica com o Estado que fornece a regulação de salários e preços e promove o desenvolvimento de um maciço aparelho de persuasão e incentivo associado à venda de mercadorias. Todas essas mudanças foram alvo de muitos debates, críticas e discussões. Dentre os mais importantes trabalhos sobre o moderno capitalismo norte-americano, destacamos as obras Eros e Civilização e a Ideologia da Sociedade Industrial de Herbert Marcuse. A presente pesquisa objetivou analisar essas duas obras e identificar o caráter de originalidade de suas críticas a sociedade norte-americana enquanto produto desse novo capitalismo da década de 1950. Constatou-se que os métodos e caminhos que Marcuse utilizou para construir seu pensamento, produziu um olhar próprio sobre aquela sociedade econômica e projetou esse autor e suas teorias nos mais diferentes meios sociais e em dimensões mundiais. / Abstract: After the second half of 1940's a new form of Capitalism took shape in the United States of America. And because of World War II, a considerable share of technology developed during the war was improved and directed towards wealth gain. The tremendous sums of capital invested in high technology and specialized labor became the matrix responsible for generating changes that affected American society throughout. From these changes came the need of organized enterprise and prevision of products costs and their demand, so the market instability would not jeopardize all investments. In the midst of all needs and changes private financial initiative forms alliance with the State, the responsible for regulating wages and product prices, thus promoting the development of a massive tool of persuasion and incentives of products selling. All changes became the main target for intricate debates, criticism, and arguments. Among the most important published works dealing with modern capitalism in the United States is Eros and Civilization, and, Studies in the Ideology of Advanced Industrial Society, both by Herbert Marcuse. This research project aimed to analyze both of Marcuse publishing's and identify the body of originality of his own views on North American society as a product of this new form of capitalism in the 1950's. It is notorious and established that all methods and paths Marcuse built to reach his ways of thinking gave an entire new perspective on American society, projecting the author and his theories into the most various social niches worldwide. / Mestre

Made available in DSpace on 2014-07-29T16:10:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Luis Cesar.pdf: 541274 bytes, checksum: e814929d8181b52a770ec428a9ab913a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-09-05 / We proposed at this text to discuss the post-modern ideology as a result of the contradictions of the contemporaneous industrial society of capitalist production, and how the education is inserted on this context, and, mainly, to analyze the influence of this ideology at the physical education (based on a negative and critical theory of the established society). In that sense, this text is characterized by the theoretical-philosophical debate, which we resort to the bibliographic research in order to understand the reasons that lead the post-modern ideology to announce the crisis of the principles and values constructed along the modernity. With an idea of crisis, the post-modern ideology refuses the theories that intend to understand the reality since the dialectical relation between universality and particularity, besides to despise the historical questions that allow us to comprehend the development of the productive forces and the production relations at the industrial society as factual action of the man. We run over to some concepts of Marx and Marcuse that wanted to understand critically the industrial society and the capitalism of their time -, important elements to the reflection of the contemporaneous society, with the purpose of justifying that the actual society is not , but it is , at a development phase that has ancient historical bases. Based on the perspective of these authors, we returned to the history to analyze the education at the industrial society context, since the ample development of the sciences and technology, making us to distrust about the post-modern conception of the education and the curriculum. We also analyzed the relation of the physical education to the industrial society development, since the requirements to the new man, which surged with the approaches of the burgher society of capitalist production, until the contemporaneous conflicts. We verified that the influence of the post-modern ideology at the physical education is not generalized, although there is an approval about the post-structuralists announcements that it is called linguistic rotation. We presented the mistakes of these conceptions because, according to their analyses, the material base responsible for the social relations is distrusted. At last, we comprehended that we are challenged to maintain the current of the principles that intend to emancipate the situation subject of exploration and minority. To the physical education, as it is implicated on the formative process, we must to promote constantly a critic to the contradictions of the industrial society of capitalist production and of the discourses that, when they are disrespected, they constitute on an ideology. This work was developed on research area Culture and Education Process, and it was supervised by Sílvia Rosa da Silva Zanolla / Discutir a ideologia pós-moderna como resultante das contradições internas da sociedade industrial contemporânea, compreender como se situa a educação nesse contexto e, particularmente, analisar a influência dessa ideologia na educação física, à luz de uma teoria crítica e negativa da sociedade, é o que propomos. Nesse sentido, esse trabalho se caracteriza pelo debate teórico-filosófico, para o que recorremos à pesquisa bibliográfica com a finalidade de compreender os motivos que levaram alguns teóricos da ideologia pós-moderna a anunciarem a crise dos princípios e valores construídos ao longo da modernidade. Com a idéia de crise, a ideologia pós-moderna renuncia às teorias que pretendem compreender a realidade a partir da relação dialética entre universalidade e particularidade, além de desprezar as questões históricas que permitem compreender o desenvolvimento das forças produtivas e das relações de produção na sociedade industrial como ação concreta do homem. Com o intuito de justificar que a sociedade atual não é , mas está , numa etapa de desenvolvimento que tem raízes históricas antigas, recorremos a alguns conceitos de Marx e Marcuse os quais procuraram compreender criticamente a sociedade industrial e o capitalismo de seus tempos. Na perspectiva desses autores, voltamos à história para analisar a educação no contexto da sociedade industrial, a partir do amplo desenvolvimento da ciência e da tecnologia, motivo que nos faz desconfiar da concepção pós-moderna de educação. Analisamos ainda a história da educação física com o desenvolvimento da sociedade industrial, desde as exigências para o novo homem, as quais surgiram com o advento da sociedade burguesa de produção capitalista, até os conflitos contemporâneos. Verificamos que a influência da ideologia pós-moderna na produção do conhecimento em educação física não é generalizada, embora haja uma aceitação na área dos enunciados pós-estruturalistas e de correntes que propõem o denominado giro lingüístico. Apresentamos os equívocos dessas concepções, pois, em suas análises, a base material instituinte das relações sociais é desprezada. Por último, entendemos que estamos desafiados a manter o curso dos princípios que pretendem emancipar o sujeito da situação de exploração e menoridade. Uma vez que a educação física encontra-se implicada no processo formativo, devemos promover permanentemente uma crítica às contradições da sociedade contemporânea e aos discursos que, por desprezarem essas contradições, constituem-se em ideologia. Esse trabalho foi desenvolvido dentro da linha de pesquisa Cultura e Processos Educativos e orientado pela Profª. Drª. Sílvia Rosa da Silva Zanolla

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Ett modernt stadsplaneringsideal idag är den så kallade blandstaden, där man eftersträvar en funktionsblandning för att främja en levande stadsmiljö. I Stockholm råder det i dagsläget bostadsbrist och behovet av bostäder, service och arbetsplatser ökar. Detta har lett till att det i nuläget pågår stora utvecklingsprojekt i områden som tidigare varit industriområden. Majoriteten av industrierna har oftast redan avvecklats eller planeras att avvecklas. Den här rapporten utreder huruvida det istället är möjligt att bibehålla industriverksamheten i området för att bevara det kulturhistoriska värdet samt om industriverksamheter kan integreras i stadsbilden. Vidare undersöks på vilket sätt detta skulle kunna vara möjligt samt vilka för- och nackdelar som kan uppstå.  För att underlätta undersökningen och tydligt se hur det skulle kunna se ut i praktiken har två exempel använts och analyserats. Det första är Slakthusområdet som är ett industriområde i södra Stockholm som är under en pågående omvandling från industriområde till en urban stadsdel med fokus på kultur och hållbarhet. Det andra är Arvid Nordquists nya kafferosteri i Järfälla som är en modern industribyggnad som ska integreras i stadsmiljön med målet att skapa en resurssnål och miljövänlig produktionsanläggning.  Arbetet har genomförts genom att relevant information har inhämtats via litteraturstudier, dokumentstudier och intervjustudier. Intervjuerna har gjorts i syfte att erhålla mer information om Slakthusområdet och Arvid Nordquists kafferosteri. Utöver det har även ett platsbesök i Slakthusområdet genomförts. Rapporten inkluderar även en SWOT-analys, där för- och nackdelar presenteras för att sedan vägas mot varandra. De huvudsakliga fördelarna med att integrera industriverksamhet i stadsmiljön är att de bidrar till konceptet blandstaden och skapar en levande stadsmiljö. De främsta nackdelarna är att industriverksamheter kan medföra trafik, buller och lukter.  Slutligen kan det konstateras att det är möjligt att skapa en blandstad genom att integrera industriverksamhet i stadsbilden, men endast i liten skala och med vissa förutsättningar. Det alternativ som är mest fördelaktigt är att integrera småskaliga industrier med tillhörande försäljning. På så sätt kan området och dess invånare dra nytta av fördelarna samtidigt som nackdelarna minimeras så gott det går. Större industrier med potentiellt störande påverkan bör däremot placeras på platser där dess verksamhet inte påverkar omgivande bostäder i lika hög grad. / The concept of the mixed-use city is at the forefront of today’s urban planning, where a strive for functional diversity is sought to promote a vibrant urban environment. In Stockholm, there are currently several large-scale development projects in the previous industrial areas, due to increased demand for housing, servicebuildings and workplaces. The majority of industries in these areas have already been dismantled or are planned to be dismantled. This report investigates whether it is possible to preserve industrial activity into the urban environment or not. Furthermore, it investigates how this could be possible and what advantages and disadvantages may arise.  To make the investigation easier and more clearly visualize how it would appear, two examples have been presented and analyzed. The first is the so-called “ Slakthusområdet '', which is an industrial area in the south of Stockholm that is under an ongoing transformation from an industrial area into an urban district with a focus on culture and sustainability. The second example is the company “ Arvid Nordquists “ new coffee roastery in Järfälla. A modern industrial building intended to be integrated into the urban environment with the goal of creating a resource-efficient and environmentally friendly production facility.  The work has been conducted by gathering relevant information through literature, document and interview studies. The interviews have been conducted to obtain more information about Slakthusområdet and Arvid Nordquists coffee roastery. In addition, a site visit in Slakthusområdet has been conducted. The report also includes a SWOT-analysis where advantages and disadvantages are presented and weighed against each other. The main advantages of integrating industrial activities into the urban environment are that it contributes to the mixed-use city concept and creates a vibrant urban environment. The main disadvantages are that industrial activities can cause disturbing noise, odors and increase traffic volume. After all, it can be concluded that it is possible to create a mixed-use city by integrating industrial activity into the urban landscape, but only on a small scale and with certain conditions. The most advantageous option is to integrate small-scale industries with associated sales. This way, the area and its residents can benefit from the advantages while minimizing the disadvantages as much as possible. Larger industries with potentially disruptive impacts, should however be placed in locations where their activities do not affect surrounding residences to the same extent.

Submitted by JOSIANE SANTOS DE OLIVEIRA (josianeso) on 2018-02-14T16:37:39Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Vinícius Gustavo Sarturi_.pdf: 2041740 bytes, checksum: 21ee672dfb06c0f1a1a5aa2948cfae61 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-02-14T16:37:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Vinícius Gustavo Sarturi_.pdf: 2041740 bytes, checksum: 21ee672dfb06c0f1a1a5aa2948cfae61 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-10-24 / Nenhuma / A presente dissertação compreende a análise das características da sociedade pós industrial, marcada pela globalização e pelo visível distanciamento das regras jurídicas aplicáveis às efetivas necessidades do período contemporâneo, pautado pela industrialização massificada, pelo desenvolvimento tecnológico e pela proliferação do risco em larga e complexa escala. Analisa também a crise econômica, política e institucional que assola o poder público e impede, em âmbito nacional, a adoção de medidas capazes de implementar uma adequada gestão do risco ambiental, vislumbrando, na formação teórica do pool of risks, a partir da teoria criada por Gunther Teubner, abordada na presente dissertação de modo eminentemente descritivo, a possibilidade de ser implementado um eficaz modelo preventivo de gestão. Nesse contexto, são expostos os fundamentos que embasam essa formação teórica, que se pauta na criação de conglomerados de empreendedores cujas atividades se mostrem capazes de gerar danos ao meio ambiente, em bases territoriais previamente delimitadas, com especial enfoque à individualização das áreas ecológicas de risco e à possibilidade de responsabilização solidária desse conglomerado, na hipótese de um dano vir a ser concretizado nos territórios previamente individualizados. Ganha destaque o fato de que, no pool of risks, a responsabilização solidária ocorre mesmo quando ausente o liame de causalidade entre o dano e o efetivo responsável pela sua concretização, sendo possível, em tais circunstâncias, a penalização de qualquer dos integrantes do pool, concluindo-se pela viabilidade dessa nova sistematização ser recepcionada pelas estruturas jurídicas vigentes, com potencial inovador que ostenta condições de impulsionar relevantes medidas de controle pelo direito pátrio, podendo reduzir a incidência de desastres ambientais em território nacional. / This dissertation comprises the analysis of the characteristics of the postindustrial society, marked by globalization and a visible distance from the legal rules applicable to the actual needs of the contemporary period, based on mass industrialization, technological development and proliferation of risk on a large and complex scale. It also analyzes the economic, political and institutional crisis that destroys public authorities and prevents, at a national level, the adoption of measures capable of implementing an adequate management of the environmental risk, envisaging in the theoretical formation of the pool of risks, from the theory created by Gunther Teubner, addressed in this dissertation in eminently descriptive, the possibility of implementing an effective preventive management model. In this context, the fundamentals underlying this theoretical formation are presented, which are based on the creation of conglomerates of entrepreneurs whose activities are capable of generating environmental damages, in previously delimited territorial bases, with special focus on the individualization of ecological risk areas and on the possibility of joint liability of this conglomerate, in the event of any damage being brought about in previously individualized territories. The fact that in the pool of risks joint liability occurs even when there is no causal relationship between the damage and the actual responsible for its consummation gains prominence, being possible in such circumstances to penalize any of the members of the pool, concluding on the feasibility of this new systematization be received by the legal structures in force, with innovative potential that has the conditions to promote relevant measures of control by the country's law, which may reduce the incidence of disasters in national territory.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-27T17:26:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Vicente Claudio Jannarelli.pdf: 396996 bytes, checksum: f73c91adbb40d28ab3983198884316c9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-10-01 / One-Dimensonal Man deals with certain basic tendencies in contemporary industrial society which seem indicate a new phase of civilization. These tendencies have engendered a mode of thought and behavior which undermined the very foundations of the traditional culture. The main characteristic of this new mode of thought and behavior is the repression of all values, aspirations, and ideas which cannot be defined in terms of operations and attitudes validated by the prevailing forms of rationality. The consequence is the weakening and even the disappearance of all genuinely radical critique, the integration of all opposition in the established system. Herbert Marcuse develops, in One-Dimensional Man, a model both of his critical social theory and of his critical philosophy inspired by his philosophical studies and his work with the Frankfurt School. Also describes a the mechanisms through which the advanced industrial society integrates individuals into its world of thought and behavior. Identifying these mechanisms - the new forms of control , according to Marcuse - their origin, the relationship and synergy amongst themselves are the main scopes of this present job / One-Dimensional Man trabalha com certas tendências básicas da sociedade industrial avançada que parecem indicar uma nova fase de civilização. Tais tendências geraram uma forma de pensamento e comportamento que minou a base da cultura tradicional. A principal característica dessa nova forma de pensamento e de comportamento é a repressão de todos os valores, aspirações, e idéias que não podem ser definidas em termos de operações e atitudes validadas pelas formas prevalecentes de racionalidade. A conseqüência é o enfraquecimento e mesmo o desaparecimento de toda crítica genuinamente radical, a integração de toda oposição no sistema estabelecido. Herbert Marcuse desenvolve, em One-Dimensional Man, não apenas um modelo de crítica social, como também sua filosofia crítica inspirada por seus estudos filosóficos e por trabalho desenvolvido junto à Escola de Frankfurt. Descreve também os mecanismos através dos quais a sociedade industrial avançada integra indivíduos em seu mundo de pensamento e comportamento. Identificar esses mecanismos as novas formas de controle , conforme Marcuse sua origem, o relacionamento e sinergia entre eles são os principais objetivos da presente dissertação

<p>The aim of this thesis is to shed light upon the Swedish nineteenth century poor relief system, how it operated in a local rural context, how it changed over time, and not least, who was supported and why. It raises questions about how the poor laws were interpreted on the parish level, how the welfare systems interacted with local society and about who was considered to be poor and entitled to support. The geographical setting of the thesis is Skellefteå, a rural parish in northern Sweden, and it concentrates upon the period 1830–1875.</p><p>Swedish poor relief was governed by the fundamental principle that each parish had a duty to support their own poor and each parish was allowed a large amount of freedom to adjust their welfare arrangements according to local conditions. In Skellefteå, the main incentive for modification of the poor relief system was not new regulations from the national level, but social and economic transformations on the local level. This implies that local requirements were put before national legislation and suggests the existence of several regional, and perhaps also local, poor relief systems in nineteenth-century Sweden.</p><p>On the local level, the results indicate the existence of a parochial social citizenship based upon a common understanding of social rights and duties in the community, and grounded in a strong sense of affiliation with the local society. Generally there was a larger distance between the poor and their providers in the wealthier and more socially stratified villages, hence a more egalitarian context seem to have facilitated identification and empathy with the poor. The local provision for the poor created and maintained bonds within a community, as well as it helped to build and reinforce boundaries towards those who did not belong. A sometimes suspicious and negative attitude towards outsiders was to some extent caused by a fear of increased poor relief expenses, but it also bears witness to a rural culture with a strong sense of belonging to one’s own village or hamlet.</p><p>The majority of men and women supported by poor relief in Skellefteå belonged to the lower strata of society long before they became welfare recipients. They were landless rural people with weak kinship networks, that in most cases were unable to mobilize any significant support in times of need. Childhood, early middle age, and old age were identified as phases in the life cycle that seem to have entailed an increased risk of poverty and dependence. A substantial proportion of the poor were breadwinners, middle aged men with large households to support, while the widowed and unmarried paupers usually were women. For many of these households the life cycles’ vulnerable periods were further reinforced by other factors: a breadwinner’s illness or disability, the death of a spouse, a major subsistence crisis, or a larger marginalization caused by a deviation from society’s moral standards. In most cases there seems to have been a delicate interplay between several social risks that determined if and when a person or a household was to end up being supported by poor relief.</p>

The aim of this thesis is to shed light upon the Swedish nineteenth century poor relief system, how it operated in a local rural context, how it changed over time, and not least, who was supported and why. It raises questions about how the poor laws were interpreted on the parish level, how the welfare systems interacted with local society and about who was considered to be poor and entitled to support. The geographical setting of the thesis is Skellefteå, a rural parish in northern Sweden, and it concentrates upon the period 1830–1875. Swedish poor relief was governed by the fundamental principle that each parish had a duty to support their own poor and each parish was allowed a large amount of freedom to adjust their welfare arrangements according to local conditions. In Skellefteå, the main incentive for modification of the poor relief system was not new regulations from the national level, but social and economic transformations on the local level. This implies that local requirements were put before national legislation and suggests the existence of several regional, and perhaps also local, poor relief systems in nineteenth-century Sweden. On the local level, the results indicate the existence of a parochial social citizenship based upon a common understanding of social rights and duties in the community, and grounded in a strong sense of affiliation with the local society. Generally there was a larger distance between the poor and their providers in the wealthier and more socially stratified villages, hence a more egalitarian context seem to have facilitated identification and empathy with the poor. The local provision for the poor created and maintained bonds within a community, as well as it helped to build and reinforce boundaries towards those who did not belong. A sometimes suspicious and negative attitude towards outsiders was to some extent caused by a fear of increased poor relief expenses, but it also bears witness to a rural culture with a strong sense of belonging to one’s own village or hamlet. The majority of men and women supported by poor relief in Skellefteå belonged to the lower strata of society long before they became welfare recipients. They were landless rural people with weak kinship networks, that in most cases were unable to mobilize any significant support in times of need. Childhood, early middle age, and old age were identified as phases in the life cycle that seem to have entailed an increased risk of poverty and dependence. A substantial proportion of the poor were breadwinners, middle aged men with large households to support, while the widowed and unmarried paupers usually were women. For many of these households the life cycles’ vulnerable periods were further reinforced by other factors: a breadwinner’s illness or disability, the death of a spouse, a major subsistence crisis, or a larger marginalization caused by a deviation from society’s moral standards. In most cases there seems to have been a delicate interplay between several social risks that determined if and when a person or a household was to end up being supported by poor relief.