Orientador: Marcos Aurelio Pereira / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas. Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-15T16:26:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Sabione_Natalia_M.pdf: 616827 bytes, checksum: 89c149e8f9cd9ecf88131849069fcbde (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Resumo: Apesar de sua incontestável importância para o conhecimento da pedagogia antiga e até mesmo para a história e desenvolvimento da pedagogia ocidental, a Institutio oratoria de Quintiliano não tem uma tradução moderna e integral para o português. Visando contribuir para o preenchimento dessa lacuna, esta Dissertação de Mestrado apresenta uma tradução dos três primeiros capítulos do livro I da obra e um estudo introdutório, no qual expomos algumas considerações sobre a formação inicial do orador, alfabetização e aquisição da linguagem, temas aí abordados por Quintiliano / Abstract: Despite its undeniable importance for the knowledge of ancient pedagogy and even for the history and development of western pedagogy, Quintilian's Institutio oratoria does not have a modern and full translation into Portuguese. In order to contribute to fill this need, this Master dissertation presents a translation of the three first chapters (book I) of the Institutio and a introductory study in which we expose some considerations concerning the orator's initial formation, alphabetization and language acquisition, which are discussed by Quintilian in these initial chapters / Mestrado / Linguistica / Mestre em Linguística

Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-22T21:55:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Elizabeth Williams.pdf: 422390 bytes, checksum: 67e4543fcde75f41b04a747bc5a846db (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-08-22 / The infantile education in Brazil is marked by the strong existing tensions already since the inherited promeses of the past, through the legal changes brought by the redemocratization of the country Constitution, LDB, ECA State Constitutions, Municipal Organic Laws and by difficulties faced in the planning and the execution of the educational politics of infantile education in Brazil. It has years that professors and speech pathologist and audiologist in it if have mobilized around the difficulties in the acquisition of the writing of children during the alphabetization. From the displayed one, it is justified necessity to understand the process of understanding of the writing, analyzing the infantile educational politics in Brazil. The research will have as objective generality to understand the educational politics for the infantile education in Brazil and as objective the specific ones to understand the factors and consequences that intervene with the acquisition of the language written in the infantile education and to analyze the ways that can assist the Educational System in the graphical production of the infantile education, so that future the children of this stage do not present diffculties in the process of appropriation of the standard grammatical cult of the writing. Although recognizing not only the existence, but also the importance of other epistemologies, we choose the description-critical method, as the theoretical conception that more good answers the questions of our object of study to be developed in the first phase of basic education in a School of the Municipal net in the city of Manaus, verifying the difficulties in the trajectory of the writing, which are varied. Finally one concludes that the lack of public politics for the education of the infantile education was very clear and the extremely importance that have the speech therapy into school / A educação infantil no Brasil é marcada pelas fortes tensões já existentes desde as promessas herdadas do passado, através das mudanças legais trazidas pela redemocratização do país Constituição, LDB, ECA, Constituições Estaduais, Leis Orgânicas Municipais e por dificuldades enfrentadas no planejamento e na execução das políticas educacionais de educação infantil no Brasil. Há anos que professores e fonoaudiólogos têm se mobilizado em torno das dificuldades na aquisição da escrita no decorrer da alfabetização. A partir do exposto, justifica-se a necessidade de compreendermos o processo de domínio da escrita, analisando a política de educação infantil no Brasil. A pesquisa tem como objetivo geral compreender a política educacional para a educação infantil no Brasil e como objetivos específicos entender os fatores e conseqüências que interferem na aquisição da linguagem escrita na educação infantil e analisar os caminhos que possam auxiliar o Sistema Educacional na produção gráfica da educação infantil, para que futuramente as crianças dessa etapa não apresentem dificuldades no processo de apropriação do padrão culto gramatical da escrita. Embora reconhecendo não só a existência, mas também a importância de outras epistemologias, elegemos o método histórico-crítico, como a concepção teórica que melhor responde as questões do nosso objeto de estudo a ser desenvolvido na primeira fase do ensino fundamental em uma Escola da Rede Municipal na cidade de Manaus, verificando as dificuldades na trajetória da escrita, as quais são variadas. Por fim conclui-se que esteve muito clara a carência de políticas públicas para o ensino da educação infantil e a grande importância da fonoaudiologia, tanto na equipe pedagógica, quanto no planejamento pedagógico

Submitted by Erika Demachki (erikademachki@gmail.com) on 2016-10-21T19:27:42Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Gizele Fonseca Damasceno - 2015.pdf: 1516507 bytes, checksum: d6cf80fe15f8d36e5a44cff6b46bdc14 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Erika Demachki (erikademachki@gmail.com) on 2016-10-21T20:18:02Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Gizele Fonseca Damasceno - 2015.pdf: 1516507 bytes, checksum: d6cf80fe15f8d36e5a44cff6b46bdc14 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-21T20:18:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Gizele Fonseca Damasceno - 2015.pdf: 1516507 bytes, checksum: d6cf80fe15f8d36e5a44cff6b46bdc14 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-08-31 / This dissertation belongs to the line of research Educational Process Fundamentals and proposes to reflect on how the Child Education teacher's authority is demanded in class. The relationship between education and authority is understood in this study from the perspective of psychoanalysis. Observations of children in interaction with theirs teachers were made in Early Childhood Education classroom. Based on psychoanalysis does not lend itself to an immediate application to the school situation, the work highlights the contributions of psychoanalysis to the understanding of the question of the authority in early childhood education, starting with the recognition of unconscious processes that are in the child-adult relationship. / A presente dissertação, vinculada à linha de pesquisa Fundamentos dos Processos Educativos, se propõe a refletir sobre a forma como a autoridade do professor que atua naEducação Infantil é demandada em sala de aula. A relação entre educação e autoridade é compreendida neste estudo sob o prisma da psicanálise. Foram realizadas observações de crianças em interação com suas professoras em um agrupamento de Educação Infantil. Tendo por princípio que a psicanálise não se presta a uma aplicação imediata à situação escolar, o trabalho ressalta algumas possíveis contribuições dessa ciência para a compreensão da questão da autoridade na Educação Infantil, a começar pelo reconhecimento dos processos inconscientes presentes na relação criança-adulto.

Sabe-se que o fenômeno dos maus-tratos se constitui em uma problemática complexa que envolve na sua etiologia vários fatores, sendo necessária a observação deste fenômeno por uma perspectiva multidimensional. A abordagem Ecológico-Sistêmica do desenvolvimento humano e o modelo teórico Transacional pressupõem, respectivamente, a existência de diversos contextos e variáveis de risco que se influenciam mutuamente para a produção dos maus-tratos. Dentro disto, numerosas pesquisas, principalmente no âmbito internacional, têm encontrado associação significativa entre a problemática dos maus-tratos e variáveis no nível ontogenético, no microssistema, e no exossistema, dispondo-se inclusive de um conhecimento quanto às especificidades referentes a cada tipo de maus-tratos em particular. Neste panorama, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo verificar se a associação entre determinados fatores de risco atinentes à figura do cuidador e os maus-tratos físicos seria encontrada na realidade brasileira. Vale destacar que os fatores priorizados no estudo referem-se a aspectos psicológicos, como a angústia, nível de estresse associado à função parental, nível de apoio social, estilo parental e histórico de maus-tratos na própria infância. Para tanto, comparou-se dois grupos de pais/cuidadores, sendo um notificado ao Conselho Tutelar devido a abusos físicos contra os filhos (Grupo Clínico) e outro sem histórico conhecido de abuso (Grupo de Comparação), ambos constituídos por trinta participantes (n=60), pareados entre si em características sócio-demográficas, como nível econômico e educacional, situação conjugal e número de filhos / crianças sob seus cuidados. O primeiro grupo foi recrutado a partir dos registros do Conselho Tutelar e o segundo foi composto por conveniência, a partir de indicações, na comunidade. Os instrumentos utilizados para a coleta de dados tiveram a função de avaliar um ou mais fatores de risco, sendo eles: o Child Abuse Potential Inventory CAP; o Índice de Estresse Parental ISP; o Inventário de Estilos Parentais IEP; o Questionário de Apoio Social - QAS e a Entrevista da História da Infância do Adulto. É necessário sublinhar que também foi utilizado um Questionário de Caracterização Sócio-demográfica, sendo que os dados coletados com este instrumento permitiam caracterizar os respondentes para proceder à equiparação dos grupos, mas também levantar algumas informações referentes a variáveis de risco no plano sócio-demográfico. Cada instrumento foi corrigido segundo seus próprios critérios, sendo que os dados obtidos puderam ser categorizados e comparados estatisticamente por meio do teste t de Student para amostras independentes ou Mann Whitney Rank Sum Test, quando necessário. Os dados obtidos com a História da Infância do Adulto foram, primeiramente, analisados descritivamente, por meio da obtenção de freqüências e porcentagens e, quando possível, utilizou-se o teste Qui-quadrado ou o teste Exato de Fisher, para também comparar estatisticamente os grupos, adotando-se como nível de significância p 0,05. Os resultados encontrados indicaram diferenças significativas (p< 0,05) entre os grupos para a maioria das dimensões que compõem a Escala de Abuso do CAP: angústia, rigidez, problemas com a criança e consigo e problemas com os outros, verificando-se um maior potencial de risco para os participantes do grupo clínico em relação ao grupo de comparação. Quanto ao ISP, os grupos apresentaram diferenças em relação à dimensão características da criança e no escore total, indicando que o grupo clínico vive mais estresse nas interações com a criança do que o grupo de comparação. No IEP os grupos se diferenciaram somente na dimensão monitoria positiva, denotando que o grupo clínico emprega com menos freqüência práticas positivas na educação dos filhos que o grupo de comparação. O QAS diferenciou os grupos nas dimensões de apoio afetivo, de interação social positiva e no escore total, apontando também que os participantes do grupo clínico se percebem com menos apoio social do que o grupo de comparação. A análise da História da Infância indicou que de forma geral, os adultos pertencentes ao grupo clínico viveram mais situações difíceis na infância que o grupo de comparação, sendo que estas, por vezes, se configuraram em situações de maus-tratos. Os grupos se diferenciaram também no que se refere a duas variáveis sócio-demográficas específicas: a idade do responsável por ocasião do nascimento do primeiro filho e o grau de satisfação com o bairro, denotando que os participantes do grupo clínico eram mais jovens que os do grupo de comparação por ocasião do nascimento do primeiro filho, tendo em média 19 anos, e que também eram mais insatisfeitos com o local de moradia que os do grupo de comparação. Os resultados permitem dizer que as variáveis que discriminam os dois grupos compõem indicadores de risco para os maus-tratos físicos em nosso contexto sócio-cultural, corroborando o que é apresentado na literatura científica, quanto aos fatores que reiteradamente têm se mostrado associados ao problema no âmbito internacional. Todos eles, tomados em separado ou conjuntamente, podem servir para orientar o desenvolvimento e a avaliação de programas de prevenção primária e/ou secundária, na comunidade. / Child maltreatment is a complex problem that involves in your etiology several factors, being necessary a multiform perspective to understand it. The Ecological-Systemic approach of human development and the Transactional theoretical model presuppose, respectively, the existence of several contexts and variables of risk that are influenced itself mutually for the production of the maltreatments. The present study aimed to establish whether exists or not association between certain risk factors relating to parents and physical abuse in Brazilian reality. The psychological aspects investigated were: distress, level of stress associated to the parental function, level of social support, parental style and historical of maltreatments in the own childhood. Two groups composed by thirty participants were compared (n=60): the first one was composed by parents who were reported to child protection agencies due to physical abuse against their children (Clinical Group) and the second one had no historical abuse (comparison group) composed by convenience form indications from the community. Both group were matched in social-demographics characteristics, as economic and educational level, conjugal situation and number of own children or children under its cares. The instruments used for data collection were: Child Abuse Potential Inventory CAP; the Parenting Stress Index ISP; the Inventário de Estilos Parentais IEP; the Questionário de Apoio Social QAS and the Entrevista da História da Infância do Adulto. Instruments were codified and statistical analyses were made to compare data from the two groups. Significance level was p 0,05. Results pointed out significant differences between the two groups for most of the dimensions from CAP Abuse Scale: distress, rigidity, problems with child and self, and problems from others. It was also verified a higher risk potential for physical abuse related to the participants of the clinical group. With regards to ISP, the groups presented differences related to the child\'s characteristic dimension and in its total score, pointing that clinical group has more stress during interactions with their children than comparison group. The IEP showed differences between groups only for the dimension of positive supervision, denoting that the clinical group uses less frequently positive practices in the children\'s education. QAS differentiated the groups in the dimensions of affective support, of positive social interaction and in the total score which means that clinical group has less social support than the comparison group. The analysis of the history of the Childhood indicated that in a general way, the adults belonging to the clinical group had lived more difficult situations than the comparison group. The two groups also differed in two specific social-demographic variables: the age of mother/father at the first child\'s birth and the satisfaction degree related to neighborhood, denoting that the participants of the clinical group were younger in the occasion of the first child\'s birth (median= 19 years old) and that they were also more unsatisfied with the home place. The results allow us to say that the variables that discriminate the two groups are indicators of risk for physical maltreatments in our social-cultural context. That corroborate with what is pointed in the scientific literature, with relation to factors that repeatedly have been showed associated to the problem of physical maltreatment in the international ambit. These results may help us, in Brazilian context, guiding the development and the evaluation of primary or secondary prevention programs in the community.

Orientadores: Marilisa Mantovani Guerreiro, Maria Augusta Santos Montenegro / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-23T12:19:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Teixeira_KarineCoutoSarmento_D.pdf: 1935380 bytes, checksum: f49a9408e7247c9252440fae53c691c3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: A cefaléia é uma condição extremamente prevalente em crianças e gera transtorno na vida familiar e escolar do seu portador. O objetivo geral do presente estudo foi caracterizar a frequência e tipos de cefaléia na infância, além de responder a algumas perguntas organizadas em subprojetos expostos abaixo. Foi realizada avaliação retrospectiva de prontuários, visando analisar os dados clínicos e de neuroimagem. As informações obtidas por análise de prontuários e complementadas em visitas de rotina. Os 674 pacientes estudados integraram um banco de dados, a partir do qual os resultados foram analisados e distribuídos em subprojetos. No subprojeto 1, verificamos o papel da investigação por neuroimagem nas cefaléias na infância. Foram incluídos 646 pacientes que apresentavam queixa de cefaléia e exame neurológico normal, a fim de avaliar o benefício da neuroimagem no diagnóstico e tratamento dessa patologia. Achados anormais de neuroimagem foram encontrados em 60 pacientes, classificados em três grupos: a) 9 pacientes com alterações relacionadas à patologia de base; b) 43 pacientes com alterações radiológicas benignas; e c) 8 pacientes com alterações radiológicas que mudaram a conduta médica. Desse último grupo, quatro pacientes tiveram lesões potencialmente cirúrgicas: hematoma subdural, tumor temporal de baixo grau, cisto colóide do terceiro ventrículo e papiloma do plexo coróide. No subprojeto 2, analisamos o papel da sinusopatia diagnosticada por imagem como etiologia das cefaléias. Os pacientes foram incluídos de forma prospectiva, comparando-se um grupo de 62 pacientes com cefaléia com um grupo controle de 41 pacientes, todos sem sintomas agudos de sinusite. Não encontramos diferença significativa entre os dois grupos em relação ao diagnóstico de sinusopatia por neuroimagem. No subprojeto 3, foram estudadas as características das síndromes periódicas da infância em 38 pacientes: 2 pacientes com torcicolo paroxístico benigno da infância; 12 com vertigem paroxística benigna da infância; 15 com migrânea abdominal; 1 com vômitos cíclicos; 3 com auras em migrânea; e 5 pacientes com migrânea confusional. Todos tinham exame neurológico normal e 25 pacientes tinham história familiar de migrânea. Os dois subtipos mais prevalentes na infância foram vertigem paroxística benigna da infância e migrânea abdominal. A profilaxia foi instituída em 23 pacientes (13 com ciproeptadina e 10 com flunarizina), todos tiveram boa evolução. No subprojeto 4 foi avaliado qual porcentagem dos pacientes com migrânea necessita de profilaxia e qual a sua eficácia. Dos 430 pacientes com migrânea, a terapia profilática foi instituída em 168 pacientes e 90% destes obtiveram boa resposta terapêutica. A droga mais utilizada foi a flunarizina em 90 pacientes, seguida pela ciproheptadina em 34 pacientes. Com os dados acima descritos foi possível concluir que: A história clínica de pacientes pediátricos não permite boa caracterização do tipo de cefaléia em muitas crianças, a maioria dos pacientes com cefaléia apresenta exame neurológico normal; migrânea sem aura é o tipo de cefaléia mais prevalente entre os pacientes acompanhados em nosso serviço; exame neurológico normal em pacientes pediátricos com cefaléia primária do tipo migrânea e tensional não exclui alteração de neuroimagem; cefaléia secundária mais frequentemente está associada a exame neurológico e neuroimagem alterados; este estudo sugere que a neuroimagem seja indicada na infância, após atendimento de serviço terciário, pois pode alterar conduta; sinusopatia diagnosticada pela neuroimagem em pacientes com cefaléia não exclui o diagnóstico de cefaléias primárias; os equivalentes de migrânea apresentam exame neurológico normal e boa resposta ao tratamento profilático; sugerimos que flunarizina e ciproheptadina são eficazes na profilaxia medicamentosa da migrânea / Abstract: Headache is an extremely prevalent condition in children and causes distress in their families and school life. The general aim of this study was to characterize the frequency and types of headache in childhood. This was a retrospective study conducted at an outpatient pediatric neurology clinic. Our database included 674 patients. Our data showed that most patients with headache had a normal neurological examination and migraine without aura was the most prevalent type of headache. Further results were subdivided in four subprojects. In subproject 1, we verified the role of neuroimaging in the diagnosis and treatment of headache in childhood. We included 646 patients with headache as a main complain and normal neurological examination. The findings were subdivided into three groups: 9 patients had abnormalities related to an underlying disease; 43 had radiological benign findings; and, eight had radiological findings that influenced clinical care. Of this latter group, four patients had potentially surgical lesions: subdural hematoma, low-grade temporal lobe tumor, colloid cyst of the third ventricle and choroid plexus papilloma. In subproject 2, we verified the role of sinus disease as a cause of headache when sinus disease is diagnosed by neuroimaging. Patients were included prospectively, comparing the group of 62 patients with headache with a control group of 41 patients with other neurological conditions and without headache, all without symptoms of acute sinusitis. There was no significant difference among them. In subproject 3, we included 38 patients with childhood periodic syndromes: 15 children had abdominal migraine, 12 had benign paroxysmal vertigo of childhood, five had confusional migraine, three had aura without migraine, two had benign paroxysmal torticollis of infancy, and one had cyclic vomiting. All had normal neurological examination and 25 patients had a family history of migraine. The two most prevalent subtypes in childhood were benign paroxysmal vertigo of infancy and abdominal migraine. Prophylaxis was recommended to 23 patients (13 cyproheptadine and 10 flunarizine), all had a good outcome. In subgroup 4, we verified the percentage of patients with migraine that need prophylaxis and its effectiveness. The prophylactic therapy was introduced in 168 patients and was effective in 90% of them. Flunarizine was the most used drug in 90 patients, followed by cyproheptadine in 34 patients. Our data allowed the following conclusions: clinical history of pediatric patients does not allow a good characterization of type headache in many children, most patients present with headache normal neurological examination; migraine without aura is the most prevalent type of headache among patients followed in our service; normal neurological examination in pediatric patients with primary headache of migraine and tension-type does not exclude changes in neuroimaging, secondary headache is most often associated with neurological examination and neuroimaging changed, this study suggests that neuroimaging is indicated in childhood after tertiary care, as it can alter conduct; sinusitis diagnosed by neuroimaging in patients with headache does not exclude the diagnosis of primary headaches, migraine equivalents have normal neurological examination and a good response to prophylactic treatment, we suggest that flunarizine and cyproheptadine are effective in the prophylaxis of migraine medication / Doutorado / Neurologia / Doutora em Ciências Médicas

Early stage fishes, namely larvae and early juveniles, were collected from 12 estuaries and associated habitats in the warm temperate region of South Africa between July 1998 and December 2000. This study served to provide new information and expand on existing knowledge of early stage fish assemblages associated with various types of Eastern Cape estuaries. A total of 65 536 predominantly postflexion fish larvae were collected. Together with early juveniles, taxa comprised 72 species from 25 teleost fish families. Surf zones associated with two intermittently open estuaries showed that estuary-dependent marine species predominated in this zone. Early stage fishes responded positively during natural estuary opening events and concentrated along the estuary outflow plume, suggesting that cueing from estuary and/or river water may be taking place. A habitat study in the Swartkops Estuary, using light traps, showed that newly recruited larval fishes concentrated along the margins of the estuary and unlike their older juvenile counterparts, were poorly represented in eelgrass beds. A multi-estuary comparison, including seven permanently open and five intermittently open estuaries, indicated that early stage fish assemblages were more diverse than indicated by past investigations. Early stage fishes were also shown to concentrate in the mesohaline regions of these estuaries. Studies of estuaries with altered freshwater flow regimes were also included in the research. A regulated release of dam water in the euhaline Kromme Estuary failed to induce a cueing response from estuary-dependent marine fish larvae. This project showed that large amounts of freshwater are required to reverse the negative effects of river impoundments. The release study did show that estuary-resident fishes were sensitive to small natural pulses of freshwater and responded by spawning. However, excessive river supply through an inter-basin water transfer scheme was shown to have a flushing effect on the larvae and early juveniles of the estuary-resident Gilchristella aestuaria in the upper reaches of the Great Fish Estuary. This effect was evident in comparisons with the freshwater starved Kariega Estuary where concentrations of G. aestuaria, a species usually more abundant in freshwater rich estuaries, were considerably higher. This finding suggests that freshwater minima and maxima be considered when assessing and managing estuarine systems.

A community health unit in a British Columbia suburb established a screening clinic for 3-year-olds modelled on similar programs already operating in nearby localities. The purpose of the study was to describe this new screening clinic: to report on the procedures employed, the personnel involved, the characteristics of the clientele, and the types, incidence, and disposition of problems detected amongst the children brought to the clinic. The study population consisted of the 47 children and their parents who were the clients of the clinic during its first three months. The research instruments were original questionnaires and forms devised to obtain sociological and health history information. The forms were completed during a home visit and by a telephone interview with each family. The data are arranged in frequency tables and percentages calculated where appropriate. A few variables are cross-tabulated to add descriptive depth to the study. The families in the study were from the middle and upper-middle class segment of society. They had frequently used other health resources in the community. The mothers' main concerns were about speech and language development and behavior problems of their children. Twenty-four children were referred by the clinic staff for 39 problems requiring retesting, further investigation, or intervention. Twelve of these referrals were for problems of vision, 10 for behavior, 6 for speech and language, 3 each for hearing, nutrition, and dental health, and 2 for physical developmental delay. The children cooperated enthusiastically in the test procedures and their parents found the clinic to be reassuring and a valuable learning experience. The parents were willing to comply with the referrals, but some delays in the follow-up procedures were noted, due to the newness of the clinic. The screening clinic for 3-year-olds appears to be filling a previously unmet need in the community. Community health workers involved in planning and promoting new services should find the detailed descriptions of the procedures and of the clientele of the clinic useful to them. The extensive bibliography provides a background of published material on the rationale and result of a variety of methods of screening. Comparison with similar clinics in other areas will be impossible until terminology used, test procedures employed, and methods of reporting results are standardized. Meanwhile, the clinic staff should continue to maintain statistical evidence of the results obtained and to evaluate the procedures used in its program. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Nursing, School of / Graduate

Perception and recognition of faces are fundamental cognitive abilities that form a basis for our social interactions. Research has investigated face perception using a variety of methodologies across the lifespan. Habituation, novelty preference, and visual paired comparison paradigms are typically used to investigate face perception in young infants. Storybook recognition tasks and eyewitness lineup paradigms are generally used to investigate face perception in young children. These methodologies have introduced systematic differences including the use of linguistic information for children but not infants, greater memory load for children than infants, and longer exposure times to faces for infants than for older children, making comparisons across age difficult. Thus, research investigating infant and child perception of faces using common methods, measures, and stimuli is needed to better understand how face perception develops. According to predictions of the Intersensory Redundancy Hypothesis (IRH; Bahrick & Lickliter, 2000, 2002), in early development, perception of faces is enhanced in unimodal visual (i.e., silent dynamic face) rather than bimodal audiovisual (i.e., dynamic face with synchronous speech) stimulation. The current study investigated the development of face recognition across children of three ages: 5 – 6 months, 18 – 24 months, and 3.5 – 4 years, using the novelty preference paradigm and the same stimuli for all age groups. It also assessed the role of modality (unimodal visual versus bimodal audiovisual) and memory load (low versus high) on face recognition. It was hypothesized that face recognition would improve across age and would be enhanced in unimodal visual stimulation with a low memory load. Results demonstrated a developmental trend (F(2, 90) = 5.00, p = 0.009) with older children showing significantly better recognition of faces than younger children. In contrast to predictions, no differences were found as a function of modality of presentation (bimodal audiovisual versus unimodal visual) or memory load (low versus high). This study was the first to demonstrate a developmental improvement in face recognition from infancy through childhood using common methods, measures and stimuli consistent across age.

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The purpose of this study was to measure and evaluate parental knowledge and misconceptions with regard to asthma and its treatment, to identify parental concerns with regard to the disease and its effects on their children, and to identify selected socio-demographic and medical correlates of the above. A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 54 families with a child with asthma. The sample comprised all the parents of a consecutive series of asthmatic patients between the ages of two to eighteen years attending a family practice in Mandalay on the Cape Flats. Data were collected by means of a structured questionnaire administered to 52 mothers and 48 fathers, reflecting a 95.2 per cent response rate. Respondents completed the questionnaire in their homes. A 55 item Asthma Knowledge Test was developed and validated to assess medical knowledge. Parents obtained an average score of 72%. Scores of over 70% were obtained in the sub-sections of aetiology, symptomatology, pathophysiology, precipitants and environmental control. Parents were less informed in the sub-sections of asthma prognosis, general medical knowledge and asthma therapy. Misconceptions and deficiencies in asthma knowledge which could lead to inadvertent non-compliance were identified. The following misconceptions were shared by a significant number of parents: inhaler therapy weakens the heart, regular administration of medication leads to addiction and medicines becoming ineffective, and folk remedies are effective in asthma therapy. Parental educational status was the only significant correlate with performance on the Asthma Knowledge Test. There was no significant difference in the performances of mothers and fathers. 47% of parents smoked but there was no significant difference in the scores of smokers and non-smokers. Parental concerns centred predominantly on their lack of confidence to manage acute asthma attacks, followed by concern as to whether their children will outgrow asthma. Dependence on asthma medication and its perceived harmful effect on the heart and lungs were other concerns. The findings suggest the need for systematic asthma education especially with regard to acute attack management and preventive medications. The aims of such education should be to increase asthma knowledge, develop skills, improve attitudes, and develop positive expectations toward the outcome and effectiveness of treatment. An effort should be undertaken to discourage parental smoking in asthmatic families. Attention should be given to dispel misconceptions during educational programmes. The increased information needs of parents with a lower education should be addressed by health professionals. Parents should receive adequate information during the early stages of the disease to minimise their insecurity in coping with the illness and prevent the development of misconceptions that undermine their confidence in medications and care givers.