Cette thèse propose une nouvelle approche du parallélisme et de la concurrence, posant les bases d'un langage de programmation à la fois sûr et "secure" (garantissant la sécurité des données), fondé sur une sémantique formelle claire et simple, tout en étant adapté aux architectures multi-cores. Nous avons adopté le paradigme synchrone, dans sa variante réactive, qui fournit une alternative simple à la programmation concurrente standard en limitant l'impact des erreurs dépendant du temps ("data-races"). Dans un premier temps, nous avons considéré un langage réactif d'orchestration, DSL, dans lequel on fait abstraction de la mémoire (Partie 1). Dans le but de pouvoir traiter la mémoire et la sécurité, nous avons ensuite étudié (Partie 2) un noyau réactif, CRL, qui utilise un opérateur de parallélisme déterministe. Nous avons prouvé la réactivité bornée des programmes de CRL. Nous avons ensuite équipé CRL de mécanismes pour contrôler le flux d'information (Partie 3). Pour cela, nous avons d'abord étendu CRL avec des niveaux de sécurité pour les variables et les évènement, puis nous avons défini dans le langage étendu, SSL, un système de types permettant d'éviter les fuites d'information. Parallèlement (Partie 4), nous avons ajouté la mémoire à CRL, en proposant le modèle DSLM. En utilisant une notion d'agent, nous avons structuré la mémoire de telle sorte qu'il ne puisse y avoir de "data-races". Nous avons également étudié l'implémentation de DSLM sur les architectures multi-cores, fondée sur la notion de site et de migration d'un agent entre les sites. L'unification de SSL et de DSLM est une piste pour un travail futur.

Sandvik Rock Tools is operating in a highly competitive market. This requires them to constantly improve the efficiency of their organization, in order for them to maintain their position as market leaders, both in a short-term and a long-term perspective. Sandvik Rock Tools is currently working on developing and further improving their supply chain. The supply chain is a key organizational function and improvements of the supply chain aim to yield benefits like lowered total costs and better utilized inventory levels. The purpose of our work has been to develop the supply chain between Sandvik’s in-market warehouse and their customer site at Dannemora. The main focus of this thesis has been to enable automatic data collection and to lower the stock levels at the customer site in Dannemora. This would be accomplished by improving the information flow between the two entities in the observed supply chain and by enabling real-time inventory information, easily accessible to the warehouse manager. A barcode system was implemented in the warehouse at the Dannemora customer site and was integrated with warehouse management software that was developed by the authors. The implemented barcode system and the warehouse management software were used at the Dannemora customer site for a period of two months. The effects of the implemented barcode system working in combination with the warehouse management software were observed in several operational areas after implementation, and the results were positive and beneficial. Firstly, the barcode system and warehouse management software simplified the warehouse manager’s decision process, by providing easy access to necessary warehouse management information, like realtime inventory information. Secondly, it made the day-to-day work routine of the warehouse manager easier, this being the case because the barcode system that had been implemented had digitalized and automated many tasks that had previously been performed manually by warehouse manager. An excellent example would be the simplified process for order placement and stocktaking. Thirdly, it improved the information flow between the Dannemora customer site and Sandvik’s in-market warehouse in Sandviken, thereby improving the overall effectiveness of the entire supply chain, through shared information. The barcode implementation successfully lowered inventory levels by six percent on average.

Advances in information technology (IT) and the global shift from governance to e-governance in the public sector have motivated Uganda to put in place a robust information communication technology (ICT) infrastructure to enhance citizen access to e-information and information flow for e-governance in its local governments. However, this has not been realized due to a lack of functional information systems. This study investigated critical issues in information access and flow in Isingiro district and Mbarara municipality – two of Uganda’s upper local governments – with the aim of modeling an information system to support e-governance in these governments. Rooted in a pragmatist epistemology with an orientation towards mixed methods research (MMR), the study adopted a methodological triangulation technique. A convergent design was adopted that involved the concurrent collection and analysis of quantitative and qualitative data. A random sampling scheme was used to select 360 participants from 8 study sites for a questionnaire survey, while a purposive sampling scheme was used to select 64 people to participate in 8 focus group discussions (FGDs) and 25 in key informant interviews. The findings of the study indicate that citizen access to e-governance information in the local governments is low. Information flow to the citizens is constrained by lack of affordable media outlets, so the local governments are forced to keep frequency of government to citizen (G2C) communication to a bare minimum. Worse still, government communication lacks formal programming: neither is it based on an information needs assessment of the citizens nor does it have a feedback mechanism. There are also myriad factors breeding inequality and social disadvantage within the communities that constrain citizen access to ICT tools and e-skills. The findings show also that the current e-governance models are ICT-intensive and highly reliant on the Internet, so they require higher e-skills levels and higher diffusion of ICT tools than those currently available in developing countries. The models are also largely civil society oriented. However, a SWOT analysis shows that the local governments have the capacity to implement a home-grown, hybrid e-governance system of information access and flow. The study recommends inter alia that the local governments establish their own broadcasting services, base their public communications on citizen e-information needs, and design multi-media communication strategies combining traditional and convergent media. More importantly, the study recommends the implementation of an interactive, hybrid and multimedia e-governance information system, whose model it articulates. / Information Science / D. Litt. et Phil. (Information Science)

Purpose – The aim of the study is to identify, from an operational and strategic perspective, the impact of a digital information system on SME in the logistics industry.Based on the purpose of the study, two questions have been formulated. • What effects can a digital information system provide on an information flow at an operational level?• What strategic benefits can a digital information system give? Method – A case study has been conducted on a small logistics company that manages, repairs and manufactures pallets. The data collection was conducted through interviews and observations. Based on the data collection, a literature study has been conducted where an inductive approach has been used. A comparison and analysis between the literature study and empirical data has generated the results of the study. Findings – With regards to operational and strategic perspective, a digital information system may have different types of impact on SMEs. From an operational perspective, a digital information system can have the following effects:• Operations can be reduced• Reduction of lead time• Enables increased quality of information and information may be available in real time• Creates prerequisites for forecasts, which in return creates a good basis for planning and decision making The benefits identified at a strategic level of implementing a digital information system are:• Competitive advantage• Decision can be taken based on correct information• Creates new opportunities• Better customer relations Implications – This study highlights the impact of digitization on companies and provides evidence that digitalization of information systems can lead to shorter lead times, reduced documents and safer information in the flows. The study's findings reinforce and confirm the existing theories that a digital information system can help a company to create more effective processes and a smoother management of its information. The case company illustrate a problem that more logistics companies may experience and where an information system can be a solution for easier management and more up-to-date information. Limitations – The purpose of the study is to investigate a company's information flow linked to a specific product category. The economic aspects of information management are not considered in this study. / Syfte – Syftet med studien är att utifrån ett operativt och strategiskt perspektiv identifiera vilken inverkan ett digitalt informationssystem kan ha på SMF inom logistikbranschen.Utifrån studiens syfte har två frågeställningar formulerats. • Vad kan ett digitalt informationssystem ge för effekter på ett informationsflöde på en operativ nivå?• Vilka strategiska fördelar kan ett digitalt informationssystem ge? Metod – En fallstudie har genomförts på ett litet logistikföretag som hanterar, reparerar och tillverkar pall. Datainsamlingen genomfördes med hjälp av intervjuer och observationer. Utifrån datainsamlingen har en litteraturstudie genomförts då en induktiv ansats har använts. En jämförelse mellan litteraturstudien och empiriska data har genom analys genererat studiens resultat. Resultat – Med avseende på operativt och strategiskt perspektiv, kan ett digitalt informationssystem ha olika typer av inverkan på SMF. Utifrån ett operativt perspektiv kan ett digitalt informationssystem ha följande effekter:• Arbetsmoment kan reduceras• Ledtidsreducering• Möjliggör ökad kvalité på information samt information kan finnas tillgänglig i realtid• Skapar förutsättningar för prognoser vilket i sin tur skapar ett bra underlag för planering och beslut De fördelar som har identifierats på en strategisk nivå av att implementera ett digitalt informationssystem är:• Konkurrensfördelar• Beslut kan tas på verkliga grunder• Öppnar för nya möjligheter• Bättre kundrelationer Implikationer – Denna studie belyser digitaliseringens påverkan hos företag och ger ett bidrag i form av bevis för att en digitalisering av informationshantering kan leda till kortare ledtider, minskade dokumenthandlingar samt säkrare information i flödena. Studiens resultat styrker och bekräftar de befintliga teorierna om att ett digitalt informationssystem kan hjälpa ett företag att skapa effektivare processer och en mer smidig hantering av sin information. Fallföretagets problematik belyser en möjlig situation som fler logistikföretag kan befinna sig i och där ett informationssystem kan vara en lösning för enklare hantering och mer uppdaterad information. Begränsningar – Studien har till syfte att undersöka ett företags informationsflöde kopplat till en specifik produktkategori. Det tas ingen hänsyn till ekonomiska aspekter i avseende på informationshantering.

To grow in competitive environments, the organizations have to improve processes and people abilities thru information technology and make strategic decisions about information quality demand, in their in-house supply chains, to delivery quality service. However, guarantee customers demand and satisfy employees needs, request appropriate information management, what can be expensive and difficult. For that reason, information supply thru the process chain, demands an efficient structure to understand what these subsidies symbolize and why they are so important to delivery services with quality. Thus, the objective of this research is to evaluate the information flow quality in a services organization in-house supply chain, to identify the information quality dimensions that allow the progress of planned results attainment. For this, it was conduced a case study at CTBC Telecom, a regional telecommunications player in Brazilian southeastern, with a good social-economics representation. The specific focus of appreciation was the NetSuper, a broad band service (ADSL). The analysis identified the main information quality dimensions to the executives and their distortions that compromise these subsidies quality. For this, CTBC Telecom inhouse supply chain was drawn, the information flow of this chain was justified, the dimensions quality were ranked to prioritize those most important at the managers perception and the complete view of information flow process was described. Afterwards, the salesmen information knowledge level, about NetSuper service, was identified and also their satisfaction with the quality of information, processes and other subsidies for sales, for then, verifies the information quality loss. The research is descriptive and, predominantly qualitative. For data gathering it had been applied half-structuralized interviews with managers, document analyses and a structuralized questionnaire to a representative salesmen sample of direct and indirect channels. Data were tabulated and interpreted applying frequency analysis, dynamic tables and graphical exits. This case study evidenced that managers perceive the information quality loss, confirmed by the questionnaires data from salespeople, which evidence their lack of knowledge about the product advantages and attributes. Sales force sample highlighted some specific needs on quality dimensions that would improve the information quality flow. But, by the results, it was evidenced that the most important quality dimensions for CTBC Telecom Company are not dealt with priority in the Organization, what demonstrate that a model of integrated management of processes is needed. Further on this, it was recommended a scheme for an information quality management structure, referenced on the theoretical models of Supply Chain Management (Lambert, 2004) and Services Quality Gaps (Zeithaml and Parasuraman, 2004). Subsequent studies should include suppliers and consumers in the analysis, enclosing, by this, all relationships of the chain in which the information flows. Another investigative aspect is the adoption of measurement patterns of the information quality for all actors of the in-house supply chain, to survey the quality of the information. / Para crescer em ambientes competitivos, as organizações devem aprimorar processos e competências internas, por meio da tecnologia, e tomar decisões estratégicas sobre a demanda por qualidade da informação. Porém, atender o mercado e responder às necessidades dos clientes internos por informações com qualidade, exige gestão integrada, o que pode ser caro e difícil. Por isso, disseminá-las na cadeia de suprimentos interna, exige uma estrutura de processos eficazes, para compreender o que estes subsídios representam e por que são importantes para a entrega de produtos com qualidade. Assim, o objetivo desta pesquisa é avaliar a qualidade das informações que permeiam o fluxo da cadeia de suprimentos interna de uma organização de serviços, verificar a perda e identificar as dimensões de qualidade das informações que facilitam a obtenção dos resultados planejados. Para isso, valeu-se do estudo de caso na CTBC Telecom, operadora de telecomunicações que atua em parte do sudeste brasileiro com relevante representatividade socioeconômica. O foco específico de apreciação foi o serviço de acesso à Internet por banda larga, o NetSuper. Na análise identificaram-se as dimensões da qualidade das informações mais relevantes para os gestores e as distorções que comprometem a qualidade desses insumos. Para isso, desenhou-se a cadeia de suprimentos interna da Organização, explicou-se o fluxo das informações nessa cadeia, elaborou-se um ranking para priorizar as dimensões da qualidade na percepção dos gestores e descreveu-se o processo de repasse das informações. Em seguida, identificou-se o nível de conhecimento dos vendedores sobre as informações do NetSuper e a sua satisfação com a qualidade dessas informações, dos processos e demais subsídios para vendas, para então, verificar a perda da qualidade. A pesquisa é descritiva e, predominantemente qualitativa. Para a coleta de dados aplicaram-se: entrevistas semi-estruturadas com gestores, análises de documentos e questionário estruturado a uma amostra de vendedores dos canais de vendas diretos e indiretos. Para tabular e interpretar os dados aplicou-se análise de freqüência, tabelas dinâmicas e saídas gráficas. No estudo constatou-se que os gestores percebem a perda da qualidade das informações, comprovada nos canais de vendas, pelas evidências de baixo conhecimento sobre o produto e a carência dos vendedores na ênfase em dimensões da qualidade que facilitariam o fluxo de informações. Nos resultados, ficou constatado que as mais relevantes dimensões da qualidade para a CTBC Telecom, não são tratadas com prioridade nos processos e que a Organização necessita de um modelo de gestão integrada. Diante disso, apresentou-se uma proposta de estrutura de gestão da qualidade das informações, tendo como referência os modelos teóricos de Gestão da Cadeia de Suprimentos e de Lacunas da Qualidade em Serviços. Estudos posteriores devem incluir a análise com fornecedores e consumidores, abrangendo toda a cadeia de relacionamentos por onde permeiam as informações. Outro aspecto a investigar é a adoção de meios de medição da qualidade das informações nos elos da cadeia de suprimentos interna para aferir a sua qualidade. / Mestre em Administração

Cette thèse s'intéresse à la sécurité des environnements virtualisés distribués type “Clouds” ou informatique en nuage. Dans ces environnements, le client bénéficie de ressources ou services (de calcul, stockage, etc.) à la demande sans connaissance de l'infrastructure sous-jacente. Ces services sont proposés à bas coût en mutualisant les ressources proposées aux clients. Ainsi, ces derniers se retrouvent à partager une infrastructure commune. Cependant, cette concentration des activités en fait une cible privilégiée pour un attaquant, d'autant plus intéressante que les Clouds présentent de nouveaux vecteurs d'attaque entre les clients du Clouds de part le partage des ressources. Actuellement, les fournisseurs de solutions de Cloud proposent une sécurité par défaut ne correspondant pas nécessairement aux besoins de sécurité des clients. Cet aspect est donc bien souvent négligé et cette situation donne lieu à de nombreux exemples d'attaques (vol de données, usage malicieux, etc.). Dans cette thèse, nous proposons une approche où le client spécifie ses besoins de sécurité ainsi que son application virtualisée au sein d'un modèle. Nous proposons notamment une nouvelle logique dédiée à l'expression de propriétés sur la propagation de l'information dans un système.Puis, nous proposons un déploiement automatique de ce modèle sur une infrastructure de type Cloud basée sur la virtualisation grâce à nos nouveaux algorithmes prenant en compte les propriétés de sécurité. Ces dernières sont assurées via un placement prenant en compte les risques d'attaques entre ressources partagées et/ou via la configuration de mécanismes de sécurité existants au sein du système. / This Thesis deals with security for virtualized distributed environments such as Clouds. In these environments, a client can access resources or services (compute, storage, etc.) on-demand without prior knowledge of the infrastructure underneath. These services are low-cost due to the mutualization of resources. As a result, the clients share a common infrastructure. However, the concentration of businesses and critical data makes Clouds more attractive for malicious users, especially when considering new attack vectors between tenants.Nowadays, Cloud providers offer default security or security by design which does not fit tenants' custom needs. This gap allows for multiple attacks (data thieft, malicious usage, etc.)In this Thesis, we propose a user-centric approach where a tenant models both its security needs as high-level properties and its virtualized application. These security objectives are based on a new logic dedicated to expressing system-based information flow properties. Then, we propose security-aware algorithm to automatically deploy the application and enforce the security properties. The enforcement can be realized by taking into account shared resources during placement decision and/or through the configuration of existing security mechanisms.

Submitted by Priscilla Araujo (priscilla@ibict.br) on 2017-06-19T19:44:42Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) TESE_Milena_Telles_Final_ago_16_2.pdf: 4997045 bytes, checksum: 2023029ca5fc3b25c2b1162e696cf0e1 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-19T19:44:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) TESE_Milena_Telles_Final_ago_16_2.pdf: 4997045 bytes, checksum: 2023029ca5fc3b25c2b1162e696cf0e1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-08-25 / Analisou-se a circulação de saberes no âmbito de duas redes de pesquisa agropecuária – a rede Pecus, coordenada pela Embrapa Pecuária Sudeste, no Brasil e a rede Animal Change, coordenada pelo Inra, na França – desde a produção do conhecimento científico até a transferência de informações. Com a hipótese de que a análise de práticas e objetos no âmbito das redes de pesquisa durante a produção do conhecimento científico, no processo de divulgação das informações e dos resultados produzidos pelas redes, permite descrever como estas materializam a circulação de saberes, alcançaram-se os sete objetivos específicos, entre eles o de analisar o processo de produção do conhecimento técnico-científico sob a perspectiva do pesquisador e o de identificar e analisar os resultados oficiais entregues pelas redes de pesquisa às instituições coordenadoras, além de mapear os websites das redes para a visualização dos resultados tornados públicos por meio da internet. Para tanto, foram utilizados três procedimentos metodológicos: entrevistas semiestruturadas, análise quantitativa dos resultados oficiais das redes de pesquisa e mapeamento dos websites das duas redes. Foram entrevistados seis pesquisadores-chave das redes estudadas, no Brasil e na França, no intuito de se obter dados para a análise de três aspectos: a prática científica, a circulação de saberes no interior das redes de pesquisa e a circulação de saberes dessas redes para outros ambientes. No aprofundamento teórico mobilizado para a interpretação dos dados, adotaram-se os conceitos de campo e capital científico de Pierre Bourdieu, o conceito de trivialité, de Yves Jeanneret, bem como as teorias sobre redes sociais. Os resultados alcançados mostraram que, muitas vezes, apesar de os discursos ocorrerem em sua dimensão linguística, as práticas e objetos analisados revelam entraves ao processo de produção-divulgação do conhecimento técnico-científico, tais como: i) a sobrecarga causada pela burocracia institucional; a insatisfação manifestada pelos pesquisadores relativa à necessidade de desempenhar funções de gestão administrativa – o que diminui o tempo para a pesquisa; ii) os conflitos inerentes ao campo científico, como a concorrência entre pares; iii) a contradição entre disponibilidade e uso real das TICs na comunicação entre pares. Além disso, foram identificadas características próprias da análise de redes sociais, como as relações de empatia e confiança para a formação natural de redes de pesquisa e a valorização do contato pessoal na colaboração científica. Os resultados quantitativos das redes demonstraram que a rede Pecus produziu mais artigos científicos e treinamentos internos, seguidos de resultados relativos à imagem corporativa e treinamentos de multiplicadores e a Animal Change apresentou em primeiro lugar resultados relacionados a atividades de disseminação, seguidos de artigos científicos. O mapeamento dos websites das redes mostrou que, no caso da Animal Change, a arquitetura de informação não facilita a recuperação da informação, embora a maioria dos resultados declarados pela rede no relatório final estejam disponíveis na internet. No caso da rede Pecus, evidenciou-se que o website foi pouco utilizado. As considerações finais mostram que a análise realizada demonstrou a hipótese levantada, descrevem os limites e dificuldades encontrados durante a pesquisa e levantam temas para estudos futuros. / The circulation of knowledge within two agricultural and livestock research networks (the Pecus network, coordinated by Embrapa Pecuária Sudeste, in Brazil, and the Animal Change network, coordinated by INRA, in France), from production of scientific knowledge to transfer of information, was analyzed. It was hypothesized that analysis on practices and aims within research networks during scientific knowledge production, and on the information dissemination process and results produced, would make it possible to describe how these enable circulation of knowledge. Seven specific objectives were attained, including analysis on the process of producing scientific-technical knowledge from the researcher’s perspective and identification of and analysis on the official results forwarded via the research networks to the coordinating institutions, with mapping of the network websites to view the results that are made public through the internet. For this, three methodological procedures were used: semi-structured interviews, quantitative analysis on the official results in the research networks and mapping of the websites of the two networks. Seven key researchers in these state networks in Brazil and France were interviewed with the aim of obtaining data for analysis on three aspects: scientific practice, circulation of knowledge within the research networks and circulation of knowledge from these networks to other environments. To attain greater depth of analysis in interpreting the data, Pierre Bourdieu’s concepts within this field and his scientific capital, Yves Jeanneret’s concept of triviality and theories on social networks were used. The results achieved showed that although discourse took place within its linguistic dimension, the practices and aims analyzed often revealed obstacles to the process of producing and disseminating technical and scientific knowledge, such as: i) overload caused by institutional bureaucracy, with dissatisfaction expressed by researchers regarding the need to perform administrative and managerial functions, which diminished the time available for research; ii) conflicts inherent to the field of science, such as competition between peers; and iii) the contradiction between the availability and real use of TICs in communications between peers. Furthermore, characteristics inherent to analysis on social networks were identified, such as relationships of empathy and trust for natural formation of research networks and the placed on personal contact within scientific collaboration. The quantitative results from the networks demonstrated that the Pecus network produced more scientific articles and internal training, followed results relating to corporate image and training of multipliers, while Animal Change was ahead in its results relating to dissemination activities, followed by scientific articles. Mapping of the network websites showed that, in the case of Animal Change, the information architecture did not facilitate information retrieval, although most of the results declared by the network in the final report were available on the internet. In the case of the Pecus network, it was seen that the website was little used. Lastly, the analysis performed showed that the hypothesis that had been put forward described the limits and difficulties encountered in conducting research and raised topics for future studies.

Apresenta-se, neste trabalho, o desenvolvimento de um modelo bioinspirado a partir do circuito neural de insetos. Este modelo é obtido através da análise de primeira ordem dada pelo STA (Spike Triggered Average) e pela transferência de informação entre os sinais neurais. São aplicadas técnicas baseadas na identificação dos atrasos de tempo da máxima coerência da informação. Utilizam-se, para esta finalidade, os conceitos da teoria de informação: a DMI (Delayed Mutual Information) e a TE (Transfer Entropy). Essas duas abordagens têm aplicação em transferência de informação, cada uma com suas particularidades. A DMI é uma ferramenta mais simples do que a TE, do ponto de vista computacional, pois depende da análise estatística de funções densidades de probabilidades de segunda ordem, enquanto que a TE, de funções de terceira ordem. Dependendo dos recursos computacionais disponíveis, este é um fator que deve ser levado em consideração. Os resultados de atraso da informação são muito bem identificados pela DMI. No entanto, a DMI falha em distinguir a direção do fluxo de informação, quando se tem sistemas com transferência de informação indireta e com sobreposição da informação. Nesses casos, a TE é a ferramenta mais indicada para a determinação da direção do fluxo de informação, devido à dependência condicional imposta pelo histórico comum entre os sinais analisados. Em circuitos neurais, estas questões ocorrem em diversos casos. No gânglio metatorácico de insetos, os interneurônios locais possuem diferentes padrões de caminhos com sobreposição da informação, pois recebem sinais de diferentes neurônios sensores para o movimento das membros locomotores desses animais. O principal objetivo deste trabalho é propor um modelo do circuito neural do inseto, para mapear como os sinais neurais se comportam, quando sujeitos a um conjunto de movimentos aleatórios impostos no membro do inseto. As respostas neurais são reflexos provocados pelo estímulo táctil, que gera o movimento na junção femorotibial do membro posterior. Nestes circuitos neurais, os sinais neurais são processados por interneurônios locais dos tipos spiking e nonspiking que operam em paralelo para processar a informação vinda dos neurônios sensores. Esses interneurônios recebem sinais de entrada de mecanorreceptores do membro posterior e da junção motora dos insetos. A principal característica dos interneurônios locais é a sua capacidade de se comunicar com outros neurônios, tendo ou não a presença de impulsos nervosos (spiking e nonspiking). Assim, forma-se um circuito neural com sinais de entradas (neurônios sensores) e saídas (neurônios motores). Neste trabalho, os algoritmos propostos analisam desde a geração aleatória dos movimentos mecânicos e os estímulos nos neurônios sensores que chegam até o gânglio metatorácico, incluindo suas respostas nos neurônios motores. São implementados os algoritmos e seus respectivos pseudocódigos para a DMI e para a TE. É utilizada a técnica de Surrogate Data para inferir as medidas de significância estatística em relação à máxima coerência de informação entre os sinais neurais. Os resultados a partir dos Surrogate Data são utilizados para a compensação dos erros de desvio das medidas de transferência de informação. Um algoritmo, baseado na IAAFT (Iterative Amplitude Adjusted Fourier Transform), gera os dados substitutos, com mesmo espectro de potência e diferentes distribuições dos sinais originais. Os resultados da DMI e da TE com os Surrogate Data fornecem os valores das linhas de base quando ocorre a mínima transferência de informação. Além disso, foram utilizados dados simulados, para uma discussão sobre os efeitos dos tamanhos das amostras e as forças de associação da informação. Os sinais neurais coletados estão disponíveis em um banco de dados com diversos experimentos no gânglio metatorácico dos gafanhotos. No entanto, cada experimento possui poucos sinais coletados simultaneamente; assim, para diferentes experimentos, os sinais ficam sujeitos às variações de tamanho de amostras, além de ruídos que interferem nas medidas absolutas de transferência de informação. Para se mapear essas conexões neurais, foi utilizada a metodologia baseada na normalização e compensação dos erros de desvio para os cálculos da transferência de informação. As normalizações das medidas utilizam as entropias totais do sistema. Para a DMI, utiliza-se a média geométrica das entropias de X e Y , para a TE aplica-se a CMI (Conditional Mutual Information) para a sua normalização. Após a aplicação dessas abordagens, baseadas no STA e na transferência de informação, apresenta-se o modelo estrutural do circuito neural do sistema neuromotor de gafanhotos. São apresentados os resultados com o STA e a DMI para os neurônios sensores, dos quais são levantadas algumas hipóteses sobre o funcionamento desta parte do FeCO (Femoral Chordotonal Organ). Para cada tipo de neurônio foram identificados múltiplos caminhos no circuito neural, através dos tempos de atraso e dos valores de máxima coerência da informação. Nos interneurônios spiking obtiveram-se dois padrões de caminhos, enquanto que para os interneurônios nonspiking identificaram-se três padrões distintos. Esses resultados são obtidos computacionalmente e condizem com que é esperado a partir dos modelos biológicos descritos em Burrows (1996). / Herein, we present the development of a bioinspired model by the neural circuit of insects. This model is obtained by analyzing the first order from STA (Spike Triggered Average) and the transfer of information among neural signals. Techniques are applied based on the identification of the time delays of the information maximum coherence. For this purpose we use the concepts of the theory of information: DMI (Delayed Mutual Information) and TE (Transfer Entropy). These two approaches have applications on information transfer and each one has peculiarities. The DMI is a simpler tool than the TE, from the computational point of view. Therefore, DMI depends on the statistical analysis of second order probability density functions, whereas the TE depends on third order functions. If computational resources are a problem, those questions can be taken into consideration. The results of the information delay are very effective for DMI. However, DMI fails to distinguish the direction of the information flow when we have systems subjected to indirect information transfer and superposition of the information. In these cases, the TE is the most appropriate tool for determining the direction of the information flow, due to the conditional dependence imposed by a common history among the signals. In neural circuits, those issues occur in many cases. For example, in metathoracic ganglion of insects, the local interneurons have different pathways with superposition of the information. Therefore, the interneurons receive signals from different sensory neurons for moving the animals legs . The main objective of this work is propose a model of the neural circuit from an insect. Additionally, we map the neural signals when the hind leg is subjected to a set of movements. Neural responses are reflexes caused by tactile stimulus, which generates the movement of femoro-tibial joint of the hind leg. In these neural circuits, the signals are processed by neural spiking and nonspiking local interneurons. These types of neurons operate in parallel processing of the information from the sensory neurons. Interneurons receive input signals from mechanoreceptors by the leg and the insect knees. The main feature of local interneurons is their ability to communicate with others neurons. It can occur with or without of the presence of impulses (spiking and nonspiking). Thus, they form a neural circuit with input signals (sensory neurons) and outputs (motor neurons). The proposed algorithms analyze the random generation of movements and mechanical stimuli in sensory neurons. Which are processing in the metathoracic ganglion, including their responses in the motor neurons. The algorithms and the pseudo-code are implemented for TE and DMI. The technique of Surrogate Data is applied to infer the measures of statistical significance related to the information maximum coherence among neural signals. The results of the Surrogate Data are used for bias error compensation from information transfer. An algorithm, based on IAAFT (Iterative Amplitude Adjusted Fourier Transform), generates Surrogate Data with the same power spectrum and different distributions of the original signals. The results of the surrogate data, for DMI and TE, achieve the values of baselines when there are minimum information transfer. Additionally, we used simulated data to discuss the effects of sample sizes and different strengths of information connectivity. The collected neural signals are available from one database based on several experiments of the locusts metathoracic ganglion. However, each experiment has few simultaneously collected signals and the signals are subjected of variations in sample size and absolute measurements noisy of information transfer. We used a methodology based on normalization and compensation of the bias errors for computing the information transfer. The normalization of the measures uses the total entropy of the system. For the DMI, we applied the geometric mean of X and Y . Whereas, for the TE is computed the CMI (Conditional Mutual Information) for the normalization. We present the neural circuit structural model of the locusts neuromotor system, from those approaches based on STA and the information transfer. Some results are presented from STA and DMI for sensory neurones. Then, we achieve some new hypothesis about the neurophisiology function of FeCO. For each type of neuron, we identify multiple pathways in neural circuit through the time delay and the information maximum coherence. The spiking interneurons areyielded by two pathways, whereas the nonspiking interneurons has revealed three distinct patterns. These results are obtained computationally and are consistent with biological models described in Burrows (1996).

Comme la plupart des entreprises industrielles, la société Paul Hartmann a d’abord déployé l’approche Lean en production. L’implémentation des bases du Lean Office est décidée par l’application de la méthode Office Excellence (Kugel, 2010) dans le service support des approvisionnements. Or, cette méthode utilisée depuis 2002 par de grandes entreprises allemandes, est non testée scientifiquement. Notre recherche propose de tester cette méthode par étude de cas unique et d’évaluer sa complétude par rapport à la base conceptuelle du Lean Office. Une première contribution est la précision des concepts et des méthodes d’implémentation par une revue de la littérature. Et l’analyse longitudinale de cinq années se traduit d’abord par un constat d’échec ; la recherche-action devient alors recherche-intervention ingénierique. Les dynamiques et les difficultés rencontrées permettent, après des allers-retours constants avec la littérature, de proposer un construit méthodologique original, à l’usage des praticiens : LeanOffice@SCM. C’est une méthode d’implémentation mixte, avec une approche managériale en parallèle, et une approche opérationnelle en mode séquentiel. / Like most industrial companies, the Paul Hartmann company firstly deployed the Lean approach in factories. The implementation of Lean Office basic principles is decided through the Office Excellence method (Kugel, 2010) in the procurement support department. This method applied in some major German companies since 2002 has not been scientifically tested yet. Our research aims at testing this method with a unique case study approach and evaluating its completeness in comparison to the Lean Office’s concept base. A first contribution is made through a literature review for defining this Lean Office’s concept base. The five year-case study starts with a failure; the action-research moves to an intervention-research. After systematically challenging the case study learnings with the literature, our constructivist approach enables proposing an original Lean Office implementation method for practitioners’ use: Lean Office@SCM. It is a mixed approach made of a managerial part in parallel, and an operational one insequences.

This thesis deals with the analysis and design changes to a specific company information system under real conditions, and is therefore more practically oriented. The information system is studied both from the perspective of the end user, which is the focus, and in terms of operation and implementation of program solutions. The information system is studied as a whole in a broader context, not only in terms of applications (software), but also in terms of the flow of information, storage and organization of data, users, security, hardware, etc. It should serve to the company as a guide for the elimination of inefficient and / or risk areas, thereby helping to improve work productivity and employee satisfaction.