<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>The purpose of this thesis is to investigate Stena Metall’s values and how they are communicated within the organization.</p><p><strong>Background: </strong>In the Fall of 2008, the world was shocked by the worst financial crisis in decades. The crisis had deep effects on the Swedish economy, and many companies suffered heavily. The recycling and environmental service company Stena Metall experienced their first negative result in 30 years, and 900 employees had to leave the company. An action program, including an altered culture was established with the purpose to adapt the operations to the new business environmental conditions. Values, which are a part of the organizational culture, were decided to be an important part of the change. To implement these in the entire organization a well-structured communication process is needed. Within these subjects; values and communication, a qualitative study at Stena Metall has been conducted.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>To fulfill the purpose, a qualitative method has been used. Thirteen interviews were conducted to collect data from different levels of the organization. The interviews were designed differently based on the employee’s level of responsibility in the organization. The theoretical framework used when analyzing the empirical material includes earlier research in the areas of culture, with emphasis on values, and communication.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Two set of values have been identified, core values and aspiration values. The findings indicate a gap in the communicational process at Stena Metall. Part of the new information communicated about Stena Metall´s values is lost on its way from the management to the lower levels in the organization. The perception of what the values mean, both core and aspiration values, differs depending on level in the organization.</p>

Internal marketing and internal communication are essential tools to align em-ployees’ mindsets with the necessary tasks which bring about employee satis-faction and organisational prosperity. Electronic newsletters serve as an internal marketing communication medium which can convey the necessary information to employees regarding the organisation’s goals and objectives. They also act as a medium to build relationships with employees and encourage improved service delivery and customer-oriented employee mindsets. Employees’ willingness to make use of electronic newsletters for the purpose of disseminating organisational information is an indication of employees’ acceptance of the organisational information and use thereof in performing organisational tasks successfully as the organisation intends. The purpose of the current study was to determine employees’ acceptance of electronic newsletters, as an internal marketing communication medium, in order to disseminate organisational information which contributes to the attainment of organisational goals, objectives and success. An empirical study was conducted to determine employees’ acceptance of elec-tronic newsletters by means of an adapted technology acceptance model, self-administered, e-mail survey disseminated to employees of a higher education institution. The study followed a quantitative research approach, utilising re-gression in the analysis of the data. Based on the research results, employees do accept the electronic newsletter for the dissemination of organisational information, albeit with suggestions on how it can be better utilised in future. / Business Management / M. Com (Business Management)

With the increased use of technology in society, there are concerns about how reading is affected by the constant access to an incessantly increasing amount of information. The present study examined how reading strategies and resulting memory and comprehension is affected by the belief that information to be remembered would continue to be available. In a within- participant experiment, twenty-seven participants were instructed to read six texts, and led to believe that they would have access to some of the texts while later answering comprehension questions. The results showed that participants spent significantly longer time reading texts they believed would not be accessible later, compared to those they believed they would have access to (p= .0007, d = 0.47). The participants did achieve slightly higher scores on the comprehension questions for the texts they believed they would not have access to, compared to the other condition, but the effect was not significant. The findings have implications for potential changes to reading strategies in response to increased use of technology as an external memory and information storage. I discuss how these strategies could have affected the raise of Fake News, inasmuch as increased information load from the Internet leads to a less meticulous reading style. / Den ökade teknologianvändningen i samhället medför oro kring hur läsande påverkas av den ständiga tillgången till ständigt växande informationsmängder. Syften med föreliggande studie var att undersöka hur lässtrategier påverkas av förväntan om senare informationstillgång. I ett experiment med inompersonsdesign blev tjugosju deltagare instruerade att läsa sex texter, och ledda till att tro att de skulle ha tillgång till några av texterna när de i ett senare moment skulle svara på läsförståelsefrågor. Resultaten visade att deltagare spenderade signifikant längre tid på att läsa texter de inte trodde att de skulle ha tillgång till senare, jämfört med de som de trodde skulle finnas tillgängliga (p= .0007, d = 0.47). Deltagarna fick även högre poäng på läsförståelsefrågorna som baserades på de texter de trott skulle försvinna jämfört med den andra betingelsen, men effekten var ej signifikant). Att endast en liten trend i skillnad mellan läsförståelseresultat uppmättes tros bero på ett undermåligt mätinstrument. Resultaten har implikationer för potentiella förändringar i lässtrategier baserat på ökad tillgång till teknologiska minneshjälpmedel och informationslagringssystem. Vidare diskussion reflekterar över hur dessa strategier kan ha påverkat den ökade spridningen av Fake News, ifall ökad informationsbelastning från internet leder till en mindre noggrann lässtil.

Submitted by João Roberto Lo Turco Martinez (joaoadm01@yahoo.com.br) on 2012-10-30T15:30:51Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese- João Roberto Lo Turco Martinez.pdf: 8746959 bytes, checksum: 89a49d1f04686525afd0e60e1d448843 (MD5) / Rejected by Suzinei Teles Garcia Garcia (suzinei.garcia@fgv.br), reason: João boa tarde, aguardo a tese sem as linhas. Grata, Suzi on 2012-10-30T16:08:58Z (GMT) / Submitted by João Roberto Lo Turco Martinez (joaoadm01@yahoo.com.br) on 2012-10-30T16:35:35Z No. of bitstreams: 1 TESE DE DOUTORADO - João Roberto Lo Turco Martinez.pdf: 8706430 bytes, checksum: 413836a0d7be80ae23784a5f2566be8d (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Suzinei Teles Garcia Garcia (suzinei.garcia@fgv.br) on 2012-10-30T16:38:36Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 TESE DE DOUTORADO - João Roberto Lo Turco Martinez.pdf: 8706430 bytes, checksum: 413836a0d7be80ae23784a5f2566be8d (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2012-10-30T16:39:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 TESE DE DOUTORADO - João Roberto Lo Turco Martinez.pdf: 8706430 bytes, checksum: 413836a0d7be80ae23784a5f2566be8d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-10-25 / Este trabalho tem como objetivo entender e testar a relação entre confusão por excesso de informação, vulnerabilidade do consumidor e disposição a pagar. Para isso, primeiramente foi desenvolvida uma escala de vulnerabilidade do consumidor com base nas estratégias de enfrentamento resultantes da vulnerabilidade (desatamento, distanciamento e fantasia). Então, foi realizado um experimento, no qual se manipulou a quantidade de informação e a informação vital e obtiveram-se aleatoriamente quatro grupos (confuso com informação vital, confuso sem informação vital, não-confuso com informação vital e não-confuso sem informação vital). Em seguida, foi medida a disposição a pagar e o escore de vulnerabilidade destes grupos. Como principais resultados conclui-se que o consumidor confuso tem sua disposição a pagar aumentada em relação ao não-confuso e que, o consumidor confuso que recebe informação que seja vital para sua decisão tem sua disposição a pagar aumentada ainda mais em relação ao grupo confuso que não recebeu a informação vital e também em relação ao grupo não-confuso. Outra conclusão é que consumidores em estado de confusão tem um maior escore de vulnerabilidade do que consumidores não confusos e que a vulnerabilidade é mediadora da relação entre confusão e disposição a pagar. / This study aims to understand and test the relation between information overload confusion, consumer vulnerability and willingness to pay. For this, first I developed a consumer vulnerability scale based on coping strategies resulting of vulnerability (disattaching, distancing and fantasy). Then, it was realized an experiment, in which I manipulated the quantity of information and the vital information obtaining so randomly four groups (confused with vital information, confused without vital information, not confused with vital information and not confused without vital information). After that, I measured the willingness to pay and the vulnerability score of the groups. As main results I conclude that the confused consumer has a higher willingness to pay in relation to the not confused consumer, and that the confused consumer that received the vital information has higher willingness to pay than the confused consumer that not received and also than the not confused consumer. Another conclusion is that consumers in confusion state has higher vulnerability score than the not confused one and that the vulnerability is a mediator of the relation between confusion and willingness to pay.

Informationsöverbelastning blir alltmer vanligare i den ständigt uppkopplade värld vi män- niskor lever i. Smarttelefonen skickar hela tiden ut notiser och information när någonting nytt sker till sina användare och den här utveckling har bidragit till att människor distraheras från viktiga livshändelser och effekterna kan resultera i tappat fokus, stress, depression och ut- brändhet. Syftet med det här kandidatarbetet är att skapa en designmetod som kan reducera informa- tionsöverbelastning. Vi har skapat en prototyp för ett socialt nätverk där användarna kan filtr- era innehållet i det sociala nätverket genom en filterfunktion. Användarna kan skapa nya fil- ter, aktivera samt avaktivera och byta mellan de skapade filtren för att stänga ute information som inte är relevant för stunden. Genom vår gestaltning undersöker vi om informationsöver- belastningen går att reducera genom kontextmedvetna system i mobilapplikationer där sys- temet känner av din kontext och därefter kan filtrera bort irrelevant information som du inte behöver ta del av just nu. Vi påpekar även säkerheten i sådana system och hur det kan kränka din integritet. / Information overload is becoming more common in the constantly connected world in which people live in. The smartphone constantly sends notifications and information to its users when something new happens, and this development has contributed to distracting people from vital life events, and the effects can result in lost focus, stress, depression and getting burned out. The main purpose of this Bachelor thesis is to create a design method that can reduce infor- mation overload. We have created a social network prototype where users can filter the con- tents of the social network through a filter function. Users can create new filters, enable and disable filters which then enables the user to filter out information that is not vital at the mo- ment. Through our prototype we examine whether information overload can be reduced through context aware systems in mobile applications, where the system recognizes your con- text and can filter out none vital information that you do not need to access at the moment. We also point out the security of such systems and how it may violate the users privacy.

In military battlefield domain, decision making plays a very important part because safety and protection depends upon the accurate decisions made by the commanders in complex situations. In military and defense applications, there is a need of such technology that helps leaders to take good decisions in the critical situations with information overload. With the help of multi-sensor information fusion, the amount of information can be reduced as well as uncertainties in the information in the decision making of identifying and tracking targets in the military area.   Information fusion refers to the process of getting information from different sources and fusing this information, to supply an enhanced decision support. Decision making is the very core and a vital part in the field of information fusion and better decisions can be obtained by understanding how situation awareness can be enhanced. Situation awareness is about understanding the elements of the situation i.e. circumstances of the surrounding environment, their relations and their future impacts, for better decision making. Efficient situation awareness can be achieved with the effective use of the sensors. Sensors play a very useful role in the multi-sensor fusion technology to collect the data about, for instance, the enemy regarding their movements across the border and finding relationships between different objects in the battlefield that helps the decision makers to enhance situation awareness.   The purpose of this thesis is to understand and analyze the critical issue of uncertainties that results information in overload in military battlefield domain and benefits of using multi-sensor information fusion technology to reduce uncertainties by comparing uncertainty management methods of Bayesian and Dempster Shafer theories to enhance decision making and situation awareness for identifying the targets in battlefield domain.

Augmented Reality, eller förstärkt verklighet som det heter på svenska, är en teknologi som funnits i någon form sedan mer än 30 år tillbaka. Förstärkt verklighet system bygger och lägger virtuella objekt på vår syn av verkligheten, antingen genom video eller en genomskinlig display. Trots sin långa historia har det bara nyligen kunnat börja utvecklas i någon betydande mening, därför att den är starkt begränsad av processor- och display-teknik. Förutom tekniska begränsningar möter den också begränsningar i form av användarens kapacitet att bearbeta information som ett system matar ut. Om mängden information överskrider kapaciteten blir användaren överbelastad, ett tillstånd som kallas för Information Overload, vilket resulterar i att användaren får svårt att ta in och begripa information. Detta kan åthjälpas genom att utöva god design av användargränssnittet, som är en viktig del i alla system. Militären är mycket intresserade i teknologin i hopp om att det ska ge dem en bättre överblick på slagfältet. Den miljö som råder på ett slagfält kan dock vara mycket stressande, vilket ökar risken för Information Overload och gör det till en större utmaning att designa ett användbart system. Denna uppsats syftar att samla information om förstärkt verklighet, Informaion Overload och gränssnittsdesign på ett ställe och applicera det på ett militärt projekt, för att undersöka vilka utmaningar som uppstår när man designar för militärt bruk, utifrån traditionella riktlinjer och principer.

De tekniska system som tävlar om förarens uppmärksamhet i bilar och lastbilar ökar både i antal och komplexitet. Detta kanske inte är ett problem på en rak, lugn motorväg men minskar fokus på själva körningen och om något oväntat skulle hända kan konsekvenserna bli allvarliga eftersom föraren är distraherad och kan behöva ta in för mycket information på en gång. Syftet med projektet var att utveckla ett system för att presentera endast relevant och önskad information till förare av lastbilar och bussar i kritiska trafiksituationer. Detta för att göra det möjligt för föraren att fokusera mer på körningen och därigenom göra den säkrare och bekvämare. Å ena sidan ska systemet upptäcka vilken typ av trafiksituation lastbilen befinner sig i. Å andra sidan ska det avgöra vilken typ av information som skulle vara relevant för föraren i den situationen. Med en litteraturstudie, insamlad statistik, intervjuer och författarnas åsikter som grund identifierades ett antal händelser (som telefonsamtal och förekommande varningar) som kan inträffa i förarhytten på en lastbil och hur mycket de vardera skulle öka förarens arbetsbörda (workload). Detsamma gjordes för ett antal vanliga trafiksituationer som kan betraktas som kritiska och kräver mer uppmärksamhet än att bara köra rakt fram. Dessa händelser och situationer betygsattes därefter utifrån hur mycket de skulle öka belastningen på de sinnen som används mest i en körsituation, nämligen: synen, hörseln, motoriken och kognitionen. Matriser gjordes i vilka uppgifter och situationer ställdes mot varje sinne med betyg vilket senare användes som grund för de tre koncept som utvecklades för systemet. Koncepten hette Jigsaw, Fever och Three’s a crowd och utvärderades i en workshop på Scania. De två första realiserades i form av prototyper som gjordes i programmet GUIDE. Logiken som byggdes upp i programmet bestod av tillståndsmaskiner och med boolsk logik samt if- och while-slingor. / The technical systems that compete for drivers’ attention in cars and trucks are increasing both in numbers and complexity. This may not be a problem on a straight and sound highway but definitely decreases the focus on the actual driving and if something unexpected was to happen there could be dangerous consequences, due to too much distraction and information overload. The purpose of the project was to develop a system to present only relevant and desired information to drivers of trucks and busses in critical traffic situations, for the Swedish truck manufacturer Scania. This will enable the driver to focus more on the driving thus creating a safer and more comfortable driving situation. On one hand the system had to detect what type of traffic situation the truck is in. On the other hand it had to determine what type of information would be suitable for the driver in that situation. With a literature study, statistics, interviews and the authors’ judgments as a basis the project first identified a number of tasks (like phone calls and occurring warnings) that can take place in the cab of a truck and then assess how much they respectively would raise the workload of the driver. The same was done for a number of common traffic situations that were considered as critical and demanded more attention than just driving straight ahead. All these tasks and situations were graded on how much they would raise the load on the senses most used in a driving situation: visual, auditory, motor and cognitive. Matrices were made cross-referencing the tasks and situations with the grades on each modality and was used as the basis for the three concepts for the system that was developed. The concepts called Jigsaw, Fever and Three’s a crowd were evaluated in a workshop at Scania and the first two were realized in the form of prototypes which were made in the software GUIDE. The logic was made up of state machines and Boolean operators and if- and while-conditions.

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to investigate how influencer marketing is experienced by young adult women between the ages of 18 to 30, how the purchase intention is affected by their trust in, and trust in, influencers and influencer marketing as a marketing strategy and to see if there is fatigue of influencer marketing.  Research questions:  1. What do young adult women want to experience to make a purchase via influencer marketing on Instagram? 2. What is the attitude of young adult women towards influencer marketing in terms of trust and confidence? 3. How do young adult women react to the increasing prevalence of influencer marketing on Instagram? Methodology: A qualitative method has been applied to 20 informants. The semi-structured interviews took place on the video call application Zoom.  Theories: This study is based on six theories; eWOM, Influencer marketing, Trust and Confidence, Purchase intention, Theory of planned behavior and Information overload. Empiric: The empiric presents an interpreted view of the informants' answers in text.   Conclusion: The conclusions of this study are: 1. Young adult women have to feel a need, applicability to everyday life and the will to have, to feel that they want to make a purchase through influencer marketing. 2. Young adult women's attitudes to influencer marketing regarding trust and confidence vary from influencer to influencer and thus their buying intention in relation to influencer marketing is affected to varying degrees. 3. There is an oversaturation of influencer marketing on Instagram in young adult women aged 18 to 30 years / Syfte: Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka på vilket sätt influencer marketing upplevs av unga vuxna kvinnor i åldrarna 18 till 30 år, hur köpintentionen påverkas av deras förtroende för, och tillit till, influencers och influencer marketing som marknadsföringsstrategi samt att se om det finns en trötthet av influencer marketing  Forskningsfrågor:  1. Vad vill unga vuxna kvinnor uppleva för att genomföra ett köp via influencer marketing på Instagram?  2. Vad har unga vuxna kvinnor för inställning till influencer marketing i termerna tillit och förtroende? 3. Hur har unga vuxna kvinnor reagerat på den ökade förekomsten av influencer marketing på Instagram? Metod: En kvalitativ metod har tillämpats genom semistrukturerade intervjuer med 20 informanter. De semistrukturerade intervjuerna skedde via videosamtalsapplikationen Zoom.   Teori: Denna studie har utgått från sex teorier; eWOM, Influencer marketing, Förtroende och tillit, Köpintention, Teorin om planerat beteende och Informationsöverbelastning.  Empiri: I empirin presenteras en tolkad syn på informanternas svar i text.  Slutsats: Studiens slutsatser är: 1. Unga vuxna kvinnor behöver känna ett behov, tillämpbarhet till vardagen och viljan att ha, för att känna att de vill genomföra ett köp via influencer marketing. 2. Unga vuxna kvinnors inställning till influencer marketing avseende förtroende och tillit varierar mellan olika influencers och således påverkas unga vuxna kvinnors köpintention i relation till influencer marketing i varierande utsträckning. 3. Det råder en trötthet av influencer marketing på Instagram hos unga vuxna kvinnor i åldrarna 18 till 30 år.

Urbanization has been a growing trend in the past fifty years. Cities are now transforming into smart cities, spaces whose infrastructure comprises an embedded digital layer. Hardware collects real-time data in the urban environment and software elaborates it to improve all types of services, from traffic to waste management to well-being. One technology that is expected to use this digital layer to further change the urban environment is the autonomous car. The purpose of this dissertation is to explore what key design attributes future autonomous cars should possess if they have not only to co-exist with and be accepted by people in the landscape of tomorrow’s smart cities, but also what they should not possess in order not to cause any harm. In this sense, the dissertation recognizes calm technology to be necessary in the design of a future autonomous car to support a human-centered, as opposed to a car- or technology-centered, environment. A socio-technical and systemic lens is applied to the phenomenological investigation of nine companies carried out by means of twelve in-depth semi-structured interviews with experts working within the automotive sector, the smart city industry, and calm technology. Eight attributes (safety, on-demand, geo-tracking, sharing, multiple purposes, communication through smart devices, electrical care and IoT/connectedness) are identified as necessary for future autonomous cars to implement in order to take advantage of the smart city infrastructure and provide a human-centered experience. Additionally, six out of the eight calm technology principles recognized in literature are considered necessary when designing future autonomous cars.