There is increasing consensus among practitioners and academics alike that we are in the midst of a paradigm shift from producer-centered and internal innovation processes toward user-centered and open innovation processes. This paradigm shift induces significant changes to the design of organizations. Even though the research field of user innovation has been developing over a period of more than four decades, there have been only occasional intersections with the research field of organizational design. In this article, we aim to provide an integrated perspective of the two fields. We first identify major user innovation strategies. We then derive the implications for each user innovation strategy on key dimensions of organizational design.

The present Study deals with the establishment of growth companies (Startups) under the assumption, which not only the innovative product leads to the success of the new Company but a Combination of innovative products and innovative organizational design. First the five decision areas of a predecessor company (Leadership (management), financing, controlling, marketing and human resources) were examined, and then five hypotheses identified, which were then analyzed by an empirical study of their validity. The results of the theoretical part are five proposals for the innovative design of the five areas of decision. Complementary occupied founding team for the leadership, bootstrapping for the financing, BSC for controlling, Alpha-communicators to the marketing and finally an employee share ownership for the human resources. Ten founders of the following technology fields: biotechnology, nanotechnology, navigation technology, satellite communications, Network-software-technology, medical technology, internet, technology and funding-Software-development were asked to participate on a questionnaire and then on an expert interview to the above design proposals. The study results have shown that there is a significant correlation between success on one side and the organization of a growth company on the other side. They have also shown that the proposed method and instruments for shaping the decision-making areas because of their particular suitability contributions to the success of the Establishment and ensure the survival of the company.

2001年，小林一博的『出版大崩壞』一書中，精闢的解析日本出版業轉型的必要性，當時日本出版業面臨的困境，這幾年已經慢慢的在台灣傳統出版業上顯現。出版業的經營環境變遷甚鉅，出版商面臨了出版品供過於求、非紙製出版品的興起、營業額逐年下降、退貨率居高不下等困境；發行商則面臨了利潤空間被壓縮、業務量萎縮、發行費用日益增加的窘境；至於通路商，也面臨了低價促銷變成常態、資金不足、傳統書店經營漸趨困難的情況。另一方面，年輕族群閱聽的動能逐漸轉移到非紙本的媒體上，數位出版產業興起。目前數位出版之業者以價值鏈區分可分為內容創意、出版加值、數位流通與設備使用四種類型，在創新過程中可能會因其價值鏈位置的不同而在創新的作法上有所差異，而創新團隊的不同類型亦可能造成業者在創新過程中有不同的挑戰與因應措施。因此，本研究的目的在於探討數位出版產業中創新的關鍵因素以及創新組織的相關議題，並期望對目前發展中的數位出版事業在面臨創新時可能遇到之障礙與挑戰提出觀察與建議。主要探討之問題為： 一、 數位出版業者在創新的關鍵要素上作法各為何？有何相同處？ 二、 數位出版業者在從事創新活動時的組織特性為何？ 研究發現如下：一、數位出版業者不論位於什麼位置，皆有來自內部與外部的創意來源，其中，外部來源在現階段較為重要；二、數位出版業者皆重視市場之意見回饋，但在實際執行過程中，因”市場競爭、技術問題、使用者習慣” 等因素，因而面臨市場分析數據不足之情況；三、目前數位出版市場面臨之共同問題為需求、設備、軟體以及內容的不協調；四、資金方面，集團本身內部資源的流通與共享是相對於小型出版業者較有優勢之處；五、人才方面，其人才組成分為技術專業與編輯專業兩大類，而目前數位出版產業最缺乏兩種專業兼具之人才；六、在數位出版產業中，其創新關鍵要素之發展順序有一定之脈絡。目前之發展模式為先模擬市場並做小型嘗試，再依據顧客反應修改產品。等到被市場認同，市場擴大後需要新的創意，新的創意產生後，資金就湧入，人才既之被吸引而來。七、數位出版業者在從事創新時，組織以功能型->輕量級->重量級->自治型的順序轉變，當組織發覺有近似市場的機會時，會積極以輕量級或重量級團隊進行創新。

Esta tese investiga as recentes transformações sociais, econômicas e ambientais promovidas pelo processo de modernização da agricultura e da mercantilização no Oeste de Santa Catarina. Também identifica e estuda algumas estratégias colocadas em prática pelos agricultores familiares para enfrentar o contexto de crise, que desde meados dos anos 1980 envolve a agricultura da região. Busca-se compreender e analisar como as inovações e novidades organizacionais, promovidas pelos agricultores, emergem e se enraízam no território. Como propósito geral buscou-se analisar algumas das principais mudanças sociais e econômicas decorrentes do processo de reestruturação produtiva da agricultura, bem como as transformações que as inovações e novidades promovem no ambiente socioeconômico onde elas emergem. Mais especificamente, os objetivos foram de analisar a forma de atuação do capital agroindustrial na região e seus reflexos socioeconômicos e ambientais, assim como na organização da produção e do trabalho da agricultura familiar. Da mesma forma analisamos como são construídas pelos agricultores familiares e outros atores sociais as inovações e novidades organizacionais e os efeitos que elas promovem na forma de produzir, de organizar a produção e de se inserir no mercado. O problema desta pesquisa nasce do entendimento de que mesmo em situações desfavoráveis à reprodução econômica e social, como tem sido o caso do Oeste de Santa Catarina, os agricultores familiares buscam construir espaços de manobra na luta por autonomia. Todavia, em grande medida essas iniciativas não recebem a fundamental atenção acadêmica e política para que possam florescer e se difundir. Para dar conta dos objetivos propostos, a pesquisa empírica foi executada em dois momentos distintos. No primeiro realizou-se um estudo de caso no município de Coronel Freitas, considerado representativo da trajetória histórica e do processo de modernização e mercantilização da agricultura familiar da região. A principal técnica de pesquisa foi a aplicação de questionário padronizado em 83 unidades familiares e a utilização de entrevistas semi-estruturadas com informantes-chave. O segundo momento da pesquisa estudou, em 12 municípios da região, três novidades organizacionais: uma pequena cooperativa de comercialização de leite; a experiência da produção agroecológica e sua inserção em cadeias curtas de comercialização e a experiência de agregação de valor em agroindústrias familiares rurais, constituídas de forma individual ou em pequenas cooperativas articuladas em rede. Para tanto, foram realizadas 35 entrevistas com agricultores e informantes-chave. Os dados da pesquisa foram analisados e interpretados a partir de um conjunto de abordagens teóricas que têm em comum a Perspectiva Orientada ao Ator. Em termos gerais os dados da pesquisa mostram que as “novidades” ou “iniciativas de desenvolvimento rural” nascem em determinado contexto sócio-cultural, mas podem se irradiar pela região, dependendo das conexões, alianças e apoio capaz de promover a aprendizagem coletiva. A construção dessas novidades produtivas e organizacionais representam inovações sociais de onde pode germinar as “sementes da transição” e promover um processo de desenvolvimento rural. O enraizamento e a consolidação dessas novidades no território vai depender, no entanto, da criação de alianças e conexões capaz de criar um ambiente sócio institucional favorável. / This thesis investigates recent social, economical and environmental changes promoted by the process of modernization of agriculture and the commoditization taking place in the western region of Santa Catarina, Brazil. It also identifies and studies some of the strategies carried out by family farmers seeking to face the context of crisis that involves farming in the region since the mid 1980s. We seek to comprehend and analyze how organizational innovations and novelties promoted by the farmers emerge and take root in the region. The overall purpose is to identify and analyze some of the main social and economical changes caused by the productive restructuring process in agriculture, as well as the transformations that the innovations and novelties have promoted in the socialeconomical environment in which they emerge. More specifically, our goals are to analyze the performance of the agro-industrial capital in the region and its reflections on socialeconomical and environmental issues and on the organization of production and work of the family farmers. Moreover, we analyze how the organizational innovations and novelties are undertaken by the family farmers and other social actors and the effect they have in production, organization and market insertion. The question of the research arose from the comprehension that even in unfavorable situations for economical and social reproduction, as has been the case in western Santa Catarina, family farmers have sought to find room to maneuver in their struggle for autonomy. These initiatives in large measure still do not receive the necessary academic and political attention for them to flourish and spread. In order to reach the goals proposed, the empirical research was carried out in two different moments. In the first moment, a case study was carried out in the municipality of Coronel Freitas, considered a representative place in the historical trajectory of modernization commotidization process of family farming in the region. The main research technique involves the application of a standardized questionnaire in 83 family units and the use of semi-structured interviews with key informants. The second stage of the research involves the study of three organizational novelties in 12 municipalities of the region: a small milk commercialization cooperative, the experience of agro-ecological production and its insertion in the short chain of commercialization and the experience of value aggregation in rural family agro-industries, built individually or in small net-articulate cooperatives. For such purpose, 35 interviews with farmers and key informants were carried out. The research data was analyzed and interpreted following a set of theoretical approaches that have in common the Actor-Oriented Perspective. In general terms, the research data demonstrated that the “novelties” or “rural development initiatives” are born in a certain social-cultural context, but can radiate through the region depending on the connections, alliances and support capable of promoting collective learning. The construction of these organizational and productive novelties represent a social innovations from which the “seeds of transition” can sprout and a process of rural development can be promoted. The development of roots and the consolidation of these novelties in the region will depend, however, on the creation of alliances and connections capable of creating a favorable social-institutional environment.

Esta tese investiga as recentes transformações sociais, econômicas e ambientais promovidas pelo processo de modernização da agricultura e da mercantilização no Oeste de Santa Catarina. Também identifica e estuda algumas estratégias colocadas em prática pelos agricultores familiares para enfrentar o contexto de crise, que desde meados dos anos 1980 envolve a agricultura da região. Busca-se compreender e analisar como as inovações e novidades organizacionais, promovidas pelos agricultores, emergem e se enraízam no território. Como propósito geral buscou-se analisar algumas das principais mudanças sociais e econômicas decorrentes do processo de reestruturação produtiva da agricultura, bem como as transformações que as inovações e novidades promovem no ambiente socioeconômico onde elas emergem. Mais especificamente, os objetivos foram de analisar a forma de atuação do capital agroindustrial na região e seus reflexos socioeconômicos e ambientais, assim como na organização da produção e do trabalho da agricultura familiar. Da mesma forma analisamos como são construídas pelos agricultores familiares e outros atores sociais as inovações e novidades organizacionais e os efeitos que elas promovem na forma de produzir, de organizar a produção e de se inserir no mercado. O problema desta pesquisa nasce do entendimento de que mesmo em situações desfavoráveis à reprodução econômica e social, como tem sido o caso do Oeste de Santa Catarina, os agricultores familiares buscam construir espaços de manobra na luta por autonomia. Todavia, em grande medida essas iniciativas não recebem a fundamental atenção acadêmica e política para que possam florescer e se difundir. Para dar conta dos objetivos propostos, a pesquisa empírica foi executada em dois momentos distintos. No primeiro realizou-se um estudo de caso no município de Coronel Freitas, considerado representativo da trajetória histórica e do processo de modernização e mercantilização da agricultura familiar da região. A principal técnica de pesquisa foi a aplicação de questionário padronizado em 83 unidades familiares e a utilização de entrevistas semi-estruturadas com informantes-chave. O segundo momento da pesquisa estudou, em 12 municípios da região, três novidades organizacionais: uma pequena cooperativa de comercialização de leite; a experiência da produção agroecológica e sua inserção em cadeias curtas de comercialização e a experiência de agregação de valor em agroindústrias familiares rurais, constituídas de forma individual ou em pequenas cooperativas articuladas em rede. Para tanto, foram realizadas 35 entrevistas com agricultores e informantes-chave. Os dados da pesquisa foram analisados e interpretados a partir de um conjunto de abordagens teóricas que têm em comum a Perspectiva Orientada ao Ator. Em termos gerais os dados da pesquisa mostram que as “novidades” ou “iniciativas de desenvolvimento rural” nascem em determinado contexto sócio-cultural, mas podem se irradiar pela região, dependendo das conexões, alianças e apoio capaz de promover a aprendizagem coletiva. A construção dessas novidades produtivas e organizacionais representam inovações sociais de onde pode germinar as “sementes da transição” e promover um processo de desenvolvimento rural. O enraizamento e a consolidação dessas novidades no território vai depender, no entanto, da criação de alianças e conexões capaz de criar um ambiente sócio institucional favorável. / This thesis investigates recent social, economical and environmental changes promoted by the process of modernization of agriculture and the commoditization taking place in the western region of Santa Catarina, Brazil. It also identifies and studies some of the strategies carried out by family farmers seeking to face the context of crisis that involves farming in the region since the mid 1980s. We seek to comprehend and analyze how organizational innovations and novelties promoted by the farmers emerge and take root in the region. The overall purpose is to identify and analyze some of the main social and economical changes caused by the productive restructuring process in agriculture, as well as the transformations that the innovations and novelties have promoted in the socialeconomical environment in which they emerge. More specifically, our goals are to analyze the performance of the agro-industrial capital in the region and its reflections on socialeconomical and environmental issues and on the organization of production and work of the family farmers. Moreover, we analyze how the organizational innovations and novelties are undertaken by the family farmers and other social actors and the effect they have in production, organization and market insertion. The question of the research arose from the comprehension that even in unfavorable situations for economical and social reproduction, as has been the case in western Santa Catarina, family farmers have sought to find room to maneuver in their struggle for autonomy. These initiatives in large measure still do not receive the necessary academic and political attention for them to flourish and spread. In order to reach the goals proposed, the empirical research was carried out in two different moments. In the first moment, a case study was carried out in the municipality of Coronel Freitas, considered a representative place in the historical trajectory of modernization commotidization process of family farming in the region. The main research technique involves the application of a standardized questionnaire in 83 family units and the use of semi-structured interviews with key informants. The second stage of the research involves the study of three organizational novelties in 12 municipalities of the region: a small milk commercialization cooperative, the experience of agro-ecological production and its insertion in the short chain of commercialization and the experience of value aggregation in rural family agro-industries, built individually or in small net-articulate cooperatives. For such purpose, 35 interviews with farmers and key informants were carried out. The research data was analyzed and interpreted following a set of theoretical approaches that have in common the Actor-Oriented Perspective. In general terms, the research data demonstrated that the “novelties” or “rural development initiatives” are born in a certain social-cultural context, but can radiate through the region depending on the connections, alliances and support capable of promoting collective learning. The construction of these organizational and productive novelties represent a social innovations from which the “seeds of transition” can sprout and a process of rural development can be promoted. The development of roots and the consolidation of these novelties in the region will depend, however, on the creation of alliances and connections capable of creating a favorable social-institutional environment.

Esta tese investiga as recentes transformações sociais, econômicas e ambientais promovidas pelo processo de modernização da agricultura e da mercantilização no Oeste de Santa Catarina. Também identifica e estuda algumas estratégias colocadas em prática pelos agricultores familiares para enfrentar o contexto de crise, que desde meados dos anos 1980 envolve a agricultura da região. Busca-se compreender e analisar como as inovações e novidades organizacionais, promovidas pelos agricultores, emergem e se enraízam no território. Como propósito geral buscou-se analisar algumas das principais mudanças sociais e econômicas decorrentes do processo de reestruturação produtiva da agricultura, bem como as transformações que as inovações e novidades promovem no ambiente socioeconômico onde elas emergem. Mais especificamente, os objetivos foram de analisar a forma de atuação do capital agroindustrial na região e seus reflexos socioeconômicos e ambientais, assim como na organização da produção e do trabalho da agricultura familiar. Da mesma forma analisamos como são construídas pelos agricultores familiares e outros atores sociais as inovações e novidades organizacionais e os efeitos que elas promovem na forma de produzir, de organizar a produção e de se inserir no mercado. O problema desta pesquisa nasce do entendimento de que mesmo em situações desfavoráveis à reprodução econômica e social, como tem sido o caso do Oeste de Santa Catarina, os agricultores familiares buscam construir espaços de manobra na luta por autonomia. Todavia, em grande medida essas iniciativas não recebem a fundamental atenção acadêmica e política para que possam florescer e se difundir. Para dar conta dos objetivos propostos, a pesquisa empírica foi executada em dois momentos distintos. No primeiro realizou-se um estudo de caso no município de Coronel Freitas, considerado representativo da trajetória histórica e do processo de modernização e mercantilização da agricultura familiar da região. A principal técnica de pesquisa foi a aplicação de questionário padronizado em 83 unidades familiares e a utilização de entrevistas semi-estruturadas com informantes-chave. O segundo momento da pesquisa estudou, em 12 municípios da região, três novidades organizacionais: uma pequena cooperativa de comercialização de leite; a experiência da produção agroecológica e sua inserção em cadeias curtas de comercialização e a experiência de agregação de valor em agroindústrias familiares rurais, constituídas de forma individual ou em pequenas cooperativas articuladas em rede. Para tanto, foram realizadas 35 entrevistas com agricultores e informantes-chave. Os dados da pesquisa foram analisados e interpretados a partir de um conjunto de abordagens teóricas que têm em comum a Perspectiva Orientada ao Ator. Em termos gerais os dados da pesquisa mostram que as “novidades” ou “iniciativas de desenvolvimento rural” nascem em determinado contexto sócio-cultural, mas podem se irradiar pela região, dependendo das conexões, alianças e apoio capaz de promover a aprendizagem coletiva. A construção dessas novidades produtivas e organizacionais representam inovações sociais de onde pode germinar as “sementes da transição” e promover um processo de desenvolvimento rural. O enraizamento e a consolidação dessas novidades no território vai depender, no entanto, da criação de alianças e conexões capaz de criar um ambiente sócio institucional favorável. / This thesis investigates recent social, economical and environmental changes promoted by the process of modernization of agriculture and the commoditization taking place in the western region of Santa Catarina, Brazil. It also identifies and studies some of the strategies carried out by family farmers seeking to face the context of crisis that involves farming in the region since the mid 1980s. We seek to comprehend and analyze how organizational innovations and novelties promoted by the farmers emerge and take root in the region. The overall purpose is to identify and analyze some of the main social and economical changes caused by the productive restructuring process in agriculture, as well as the transformations that the innovations and novelties have promoted in the socialeconomical environment in which they emerge. More specifically, our goals are to analyze the performance of the agro-industrial capital in the region and its reflections on socialeconomical and environmental issues and on the organization of production and work of the family farmers. Moreover, we analyze how the organizational innovations and novelties are undertaken by the family farmers and other social actors and the effect they have in production, organization and market insertion. The question of the research arose from the comprehension that even in unfavorable situations for economical and social reproduction, as has been the case in western Santa Catarina, family farmers have sought to find room to maneuver in their struggle for autonomy. These initiatives in large measure still do not receive the necessary academic and political attention for them to flourish and spread. In order to reach the goals proposed, the empirical research was carried out in two different moments. In the first moment, a case study was carried out in the municipality of Coronel Freitas, considered a representative place in the historical trajectory of modernization commotidization process of family farming in the region. The main research technique involves the application of a standardized questionnaire in 83 family units and the use of semi-structured interviews with key informants. The second stage of the research involves the study of three organizational novelties in 12 municipalities of the region: a small milk commercialization cooperative, the experience of agro-ecological production and its insertion in the short chain of commercialization and the experience of value aggregation in rural family agro-industries, built individually or in small net-articulate cooperatives. For such purpose, 35 interviews with farmers and key informants were carried out. The research data was analyzed and interpreted following a set of theoretical approaches that have in common the Actor-Oriented Perspective. In general terms, the research data demonstrated that the “novelties” or “rural development initiatives” are born in a certain social-cultural context, but can radiate through the region depending on the connections, alliances and support capable of promoting collective learning. The construction of these organizational and productive novelties represent a social innovations from which the “seeds of transition” can sprout and a process of rural development can be promoted. The development of roots and the consolidation of these novelties in the region will depend, however, on the creation of alliances and connections capable of creating a favorable social-institutional environment.

In this paper, we analyze, estimate and compare five prototypic models of innovation, from a simple learning-by-doing model to an elaborated model that includes financial, organizational and technological determinants of innovation. From the comparison of the five models we conclude that institutions - in particular the national system of innovation - and organizations matter. The importance of networks and the importance of information flows from different economic actors add to the explanatory power and gives the best model fit among all models specified. / Series: Department of Economics Working Paper Series

本文針對臺灣以技術創新作為策略發展主軸的企業案例，以五芒星模型（Five Star Model），分析其從代工轉為品牌經營商時，在組織設計上，所採取的措施和手段，作為後進者依循的組織設計原則。 五芒星模型，以策略、組織結構、流程、薪酬制度和人力資源五大組織設計的基本元素，分析各項元素中組織設計的原則。而本文以華碩電腦、宏達國際電子兩家分別在個人電腦及手機業內卓然有成的臺灣企業作為分析案例。觀察他們在從代工，轉型到品牌經營商時，在策略、組織結構、流程、薪酬制度以及人力資源上，所採取的行動，並將這五大組織設計元素分析出來的結果，作歸納整理，形成一套可資遵循的準則，俾使後續臺灣其他有心以技術創新作為發展品牌的廠商，能夠在進行組織變革時，依著此準則，降低失敗的風險，提高成功的可能。 / This thesis will focus on Taiwanese enterprises which run their business with innovative technologies. We try to analyze these cases with Five Star Model. Figure out what they have done during their organization changes for transition from OEM to OBM. Through the five basic elements in the model, we could easily observe their actions and build the rules for those who want to find organizational design guidance. The Five Star model list Strategies, Organization Structure, Process, People, and Reward System, as the five basic elements in organization design. Researchers could use this model to analyze the enterprise and identify the organization design principles. In this thesis, Asustek Computers, and HTC are the enterprise which we are interested in. They both are the outstanding Taiwanese companies in PC and Mobile phone categories. Both companies are famous on their innovation thinking and design. They also do the same thing to change their business model – from OEM to OBM (Own Brand Manufacturing). We observe their actions in the transition from OEM to OBM, and use Five Star Model to analyze their policy in strategies, organization structure, process, people, and reward systems. Try to identify what they have done and list their organization change thinking in these categories. We will build the guidance through Five Star Model, and provide them to those who want to use the same scheme to build their own brand. Lower the risk of failure and promote the chances to be successful.