Diss. (sammanfattning) Stockholm : Univ., 2005. / Härtill 5 uppsatser.

Syftet med enkätstudien var att undersöka hur en omfattande renovering av en lågstadieskola Huutoniemen ala-aste ändrade elevernas subjektiva upplevelse av skolmiljön samt elevernas besvär och symptom. Som jämförelse undersöktes även en referensskola Palosaaren ala-aste som redan tidigare hade genomgått en omfattande renovering. Synpunkter och annan information insamlades med en standardiserad och prövad enkät utarbetad av Yrkesmedicinska kliniken i Örebro, Sverige. Enkäten delades ut till samtliga ca 470 elever i skolorna före och efter renoveringen och vid samma tidpunkt av åren 1997 och 2000. Tekniska mätningar av inomhusluftens CO2, relativa fuktighet och temperatur gjordes före och efter renoveringen och på samma tid av året i 6-8 klassrum/skola. Elevernas svar (Huutoniemen ala-aste) från tiden före renoveringen 1997 jämfördes med motsvarande svar efter renoveringen 2000. På samma sätt jämfördes elevernas svar i Huutoniemen ala-aste och elevernas svar från referensskolan år 1997. Resultatet testades med SPSS med Chi Square test av beroende (p&lt;0,05 eller p&lt;0,01). Elevernas subjektiva bedömning av skolmiljön i formav luftkvalitet, utrymmen, temperatur städning, belysning och bullerförhållanden var sämre i objektskolan än i referensskolan men blev signifikant bättre efter renoveringen. Prevalensen av elevernas hösnuva och långdragna hostperioder var högre i objektskolan än i referensskolan men minskade signifikant efter renoveringen. Prevalensen av elevernas nuvarande symtom av huvudvärk samt besvär av ögonen var högre i objektskolan än i referensskolan men minskade signifikant i objektskolan efter renoveringen.Elevernas subjektiva bedömning av skolan somorsak till nuvarande symtom: trötthet, huvudvärk, besvär av ögonen eller näsa, hosta, besvär av hud i ansiktet, fjällning/klåda i hårbotten/öron samt torr/kliande rodnad hud på händerna var högre i objektskolan än i referensskolan men minskade signifikant efter renoveringen. Medelvärdet av CO2 minskade i den renoverade skolan drastiskt under lektioner från en nivå 2220ppm till 870 ppm och var efter renoveringen på en ungefär samma nivå som i referensskolan. Renoveringen av Huutoniemen ala-aste har givit mycket bättre skolmiljö för elever och lärare. / The aim of the questionnaire study was to investigate what kind of changes a large renovation of the primaryschool Huutoniemen ala-aste had for the subjective experience of the environment as well as complaints and symptoms of the pupils. The reference school was the primary school Palosaaren ala-aste in which a major renovation was made earlier. The opinions of the pupils and other information were collected with a standardized and verified questionnaire produced byClinic of Occupational Medicine in the City ofÖrebro, Sweden. The questionnaire was sent to over 470 pupils in both schools before and after the renovation at the same time of the year in 1997 and 2000. Technical measurements of CO2, relative humidity and temperature in the indoor air were made before and after the renovation and at the same time of the year in 6-8 classrooms/school. The answers of the pupils in Huutoniemen ala-aste from the time before the renovation 1997 were compared to the answers after the renovation in 2000. In a similar way answers of the pupils in Huutoniemen ala-aste were compared to the answers from the reference school in 1997. The results were tested by the SPSS with Chi Square test for independence (p&lt;0,05 or p&lt;0,01). The subjective evaluation of the pupils of the environment as air quality, rooms, temperature, cleaning, lighting and noise were significantly worse in the object school than inthe reference school but became significantly better after the renovation. The prevalence of hay fever and long periods of cough duringthe previous yearwere significantly higher in the object school than in the reference school but were reduced significantly in the object school after the renovation. The prevalence of the present symptoms with headache and eye irritation was higher in the object school than in the reference school but was reduced in the object school significantlyafter the renovation. The subjective view whether the school was the cause of the present symptoms as tiredness, head-ache, eye irritation, symptoms of the nose, cough and the skin of the face and itch/tickle on the hair scalp/ears and symptomsof the skin of the hands were higher in the object school than in the reference school but were reduced significantly after the renovation. The medium level of the CO2 decreased dramatically in the object school during the lectures froma level of about 2220 ppm to about 870 ppmafter the renovation and was approximately at the same level as in the reference school. The renovation of the primary school Huutoniemen ala-aste gave a much better environment in the school for the pupils and teachers. / <p>ISBN 91-7997-108-3</p>

Chemical compounds in indoor air can adversely affect our comfort and health. However, in most cases there is only a limited amount of information available that can be used to assess their health risk. Instead the precautionary principle is often applied, i.e. efforts are made to ensure that the concentrations of pollutants are kept at a minimum when constructing new buildings or conducting renovations by using low-emitting building materials. Today, when investigating buildings in order to solve indoor air quality problems, volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are sampled in the air within rooms. The chemical composition of indoor air is complex and there are many sources for the chemicals present. The potential for emissions from sources in hidden spaces such as wall cavities is poorly understood and little information exists on the toxic potential of chemical releases resulting from moisture-related degradation of building materials. Most of the non-reactive VOCs that have been detected in indoor air in field studies and from building products are not believed to cause health problems. However, reactive compounds and chemical reaction products have the potential to negatively influence our comfort and health even at low concentrations. Even though the impact of chemical compounds on health is unclear in many cases, they can be used to identify technical problems in buildings. When a building is investigated, the air inside building structures could be sampled. This method would eliminate emissions from sources other than the construction materials and the samples would contain higher levels of individual compounds. The aims of this work was to identify emissions profiles for different types of building structures, to see if the emission profiles for moisture damaged and undamaged structures differed, and to determine whether any of the emissions profiles for specific structures also could be found in indoor air. Technical investigations and VOC sampling were performed in 21 different buildings with and without previous moisture damage. Seven of the buildings were investigated in the years 2005-2006 (study 1) and fourteen in the years 2009-2010 (study 2). In study 1, sixty samples were analyzed by PCA at the chemical group level (18 chemical groups, i.e. aldehydes, ketones etc). 41 % of all identified chemical compounds belonged to the hydrocarbon chemical group. The second largest chemical groups, each of which accounted for 5-10 % of all identified compounds, were alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and terpenes. The results indicated that one of the main factors that determined the emissions profile of a building structure was the materials used in its construction. Notably, concrete and wooden structures were found to have different emissions profiles. The sum of VOC (TVOC) concentrations for all 241 samples from both study 1 and study 2 was used to compare total emissions between different building elements (ground and higher floors, external walls and roof spaces). Most building elements exhibited relatively low emissions compared to concrete ground floors, which generally had higher TVOC emissions. Emissions from both polystyrene insulation and PVC flooring could be identified in concrete ground floors and were the main cause for the higher emissions found in these structures. Profiles for wood preservatives such as creosote and pentachlorophenol were also identified in external walls. The emission profiles found in the structures could not be identified in the indoor air in the adjacent rooms, although individual compounds were sometimes detected at low concentrations. Our results showed that the main factors influencing emissions in building structures were the construction materials and the nature of the building element in question. Because of difficulties with finding active water damage at the times of sampling and because of sampling inside closed building structures with old dried-out moisture damages, the field method used in this work was unsuitable for identifying differences in emission profiles between moisture damaged and undamaged structures. It will thus be necessary to investigate this difference in a laboratory where the precise composition of all tested structures is known, a range of RH values can be tested and the accumulation of emissions can be followed. / Kompetenscentrum Byggnad - Luftkvalitet - Hälsa 2 (KLUCK 2)

Idag ligger fokus på energieffektivisering av byggnader. I och med detta ligger tung vikt på fuktsäkerhetsprojektering i konstruktioner som i sin tur måste vara lufttäta och diffusionstäta. Kombinationen av svenska vinterperioder och övertrycket som uppstår inomhus medför att taken utsätts för stora påfrestningar. Luften inomhus innehåller alltid mer fukt än luften utomhus. Då fukt alltid strävar efter att jämna ut sig går den varma och fuktiga inomhusluften till utrymmen med lägre fukthalt eller lägre lufttryck. Det är bland annat av dessa anledningar man använder ångspärr i ytterväggar och takkonstruktioner. Syftet med detta projekt är att genomföra en fuktteknisk bedömning för takkonstruktioner uppbyggda av TRP plåt, PIR isolering utan plastfolie. Anledningen till att bygga tak utan plastfolie är att sätta fuktfrågorna i fokus vid nybyggnadsprojekt samt att eftersträva skapandet av fuktsäkra och sunda konstruktioner. För att analysera takkonstruktionen samt genomföra fukttekniska bedömningar har simuleringar av konstruktionen under olika förutsättningar i WUFI Pro 5.1. genomförts. Därefter har resultatet analyserats ur diffusions- och konvektionssynpunkt. Resultaten visar inga större skillnader ur diffusionssynpunkt. Dock är skillnaderna mer uppenbara ur konvektionssynpunkt. Fuktmängden i konstruktionen utan plastfolie var betydligt större än konstruktion med plastfolie. Resultaten visar på att luftläckaget och fuktmängden har ett proportionellt förhållande med luftspaltbredden som bildas mellan PIR isoleringselementen. Detta gäller om ingen plastfolie används i konstruktionen. Slutsatsen är att det råder en större risk för luftläckage hos takkonstruktionen utan plastfolie på grund av otätheter i skarvar och spalter. För att få en fuktsäker och sund konstruktion rekommenderar författarna att plastfolie används. / Nowadays there is a high focus on energy efficiency of buildings. Therefore, a lot of resources are dedicated to moisture management in order to ensure that constructions stay airproof and diffused.  The combination of Swedish winter periods and the overpressure that occurs indoors means that the ceilings are subjected to the great stress. Indoor air contains more moisture than the air outdoors. As moisture is always striving to even out, the hot and humid indoor air moves to spaces with lower moisture content or lower air pressure. It is partly for these reasons why it is necessary to use a vapor barrier in the outer wall and roof construction. The purpose of building roofs without plastic foil is to put moisture issues in focus for new construction projects, but also, seek to create moisture proof and healthy construction designs. Further the goal of this project is to conduct a moisture technical assessment of roof structures built by TRP plate and PIR insulation without plastic film. Additionally, investigate if PIR-insulation can act as diffusion and convection protection. In order to analyze the roof structure and conduct moisture technical assessments, the design has been simulated using WUFI Pro 5.1 during different conditions. The result has then been analyzed from diffusion and convection perspectives. The results showed no major differences when compared from diffusion point of view. However, the differences are more obvious from convection perspective. The amount of moisture in the construction without plastic foil was considerably larger than the construction with a plastic foil. The results also showed that the air leakage and moisture amount has proportional ratio to the air gap width between the PIR-insulation elements. This is the case if no plastic foil used in the construction. The conclusion is that there is a greater risk of air leakage in the roof construction without the plastic foil because of leaks in the joins or gaps. For a moisture-proof and healthy design, the authors recommend that a plastic foil should be used.