The purpose of the study is to understand different aspects of women's feelings of insecurity when navigating in public areas with a focus on their own place of residence. We highlight some factors that affect the feeling of insecurity, such as environmental factors, previous experiences or the risk of being exposed to xenophobia or sexism. We are also interested in how women handle their insecurity and how insecurity is affected by power structures such as the gender power gap and white privilege. It appears that all of the respondents behave vigilantly towards other people, especially men, when they are in public. This vigilance is expressed in different ways depending on the situation and the positions of the different respondents. The interesting thing is that this vigilance seems to be present regardless of whether the respondents describe themselves as safe or unsafe in public. Another important aspect that is highlighted is how the feeling of security increases when the respondents feel that they can identify with people they meet on the street, as it gives a feeling of inclusion. / Studiens utgångspunkt är att förstå olika aspekter av kvinnors känsla av otrygghet när de rör sig i offentliga rummet med fokus på den egna bostadsorten. I vår studie lyfter vi in några faktorer som har påverkan på otrygghetskänslan, såsom miljömässiga faktorer, tidigare erfarenheter eller risken att bli utsatt för främlingsfientlighet eller sexism. Vi har vidare intresserat oss för hur kvinnor hanterar sin otrygghet och hur otryggheten påverkas av maktstrukturer som könsmaktsordningen och vithetsnormen. Det framkommer att samtliga av respondenterna bär på en vaksamhet gentemot andra människor, i synnerhet män, när de rör sig i det offentliga rummet. Denna vaksamhet uttrycker sig på olika sätt beroende på situation och de olika respondenternas positioner. Det intressanta är att denna vaksamhet verkar finnas närvarande oavsett om respondenterna beskriver sig själva som trygga eller otrygga i det offentliga rummet. En annan viktig aspekt som lyfts fram är hur trygghetskänslan ökar när respondenterna upplever att de kan identifiera sig med personer som de möter på gatan, då det ger en känsla av inkludering.

Thesis (M.Sc. (Geography)) -- University of Limpopo, 2019 / South Africa’s population is more than 60% urbanised. Although food poverty has historically been associated with rural communities, this is no longer the case. With sustained urbanisation, food insecurity is now being experienced in the urban areas as well. The aim of this study was therefore to assess household food security levels and determinants, and to examine household food security coping strategies in Brazzaville informal settlement, Pretoria. The study adopted a quantitative approach which involved the collection of information through a standardised household questionnaire. A statistically representative sample of 95 households participated in the study. Household questionnaires were used to collect information on household demographics, income and expenditure statistics, poverty data as well as household food access issues. In terms of data analysis, the survey used three measures of household food insecurity: a) the Household Food Insecurity Access Prevalence Indicator (HFIAP); b) the Household Dietary Diversity Score (HDDS); and c) the Months of Adequate Household Food Provisioning (MAHFP) measurements of household food access. The survey results indicate that 29.5% of households in Brazzaville informal settlement were food secure and 70.5% food insecure. Contrary to conventional wisdom of female-headed households being the most food insecure, results of this study show that maleheaded households were the most food insecure. In addition, households with low incomes, low level of education, and high unemployment were also likely to be food insecure. The results of the regression analysis suggest that gender, household income, and employment influences household food security. The probability of food security decreases if household is headed by a female, because females can adopt multiple coping strategies. The study concludes that food insecurity coping strategies vary significantly from one household to another according to their expenses, objectives and constrains. Keywords: Household food insecurity, urbanisation, livelihood, Brazzaville informal settlement, coping strategies. / National Research Foundation (NRF)

Syftet med vår studie var att ta reda på om och på vilket sätt arbetsförmedlare känner stress genom anställningsotrygghet. Vi valde att fokusera på de arbetsförmedlare som fortsatte arbeta på arbetsförmedlingen efter att januariavtalet slöts och omorganiseringen av arbetsförmedlingen startade.    Metoden som vi använde var kvalitativ metod och vi använde oss av semistrukturerade intervjuer för att samla in vårt empiriska material. Det var sju arbetsförmedlare som deltog i studien och vi genomförde två fysiska intervjuer och fem telefonintervjuer.    Det huvudsakliga resultatet i studien är att de flesta av våra respondenter känner av både stress och anställningsotrygghet, framför allt i förhållande till att politiska beslut kan förändra både anställning samt arbetsuppgifter / The purpose of our study was to find out if and in what way employment agents feel stress through job insecurity. We chose to focus on the employment agents who continued to work at the employment services after the january agreement was concluded and the reorganization of the employment services started.   The method we used was a qualitative method and we used semi-structured interviews to collect our empirical material. Seven employment agents participated in the study and we conducted two physical interviews and five telephone interviews.   The main result in the study is that most of our respondents do feel stressed and have a feeling of job insecurity mainly to the fact that political decisions have the power to change both the employment and the assignments of the work.

Philosophiae Doctor - PhD / The study explored how contextual Bible study (CBS) contributes to the understanding of survival sex in the context of food insecurity. Even though South Africa is a food secure nation, a large percentage of the population is food insecure. While researchers focus significantly on transactional sex and other forms of sexual exchange, survival sex, particularly in the context of food insecurity has not been extensively or adequately researched from the South Africa perspective. CBS as a communal, participatory, collaborative and empowering process is designed as a literary platform upon which community concerns and social justice issues are addressed. Through CBS, conducted with a group of purposefully selected Christian women, the factors that drive survival sex in the context of food insecurity in the Msunduzi Municipality was explored.

Magister Artium (Development Studies) - MA(DVS) / This research study explores seasonal farm working womens’ food insecurity and dietary diversity in Cape Winelands District (CWD). It describes the food difficulties seasonal farm working women are facing that prevents them from acquiring a healthy diverse diet; specify their diet choices as well as portray the current assistance they are receiving from government. The research study found that seasonal farm working women in CWD do experience food insecurity and lack dietary diversity mainly during certain months of the year when they are unemployed or underemployed due to various barriers they experience.

This project began with me joining in on a safety tour. This safety tour spanned across a neighborhood called Andersberg, in my hometown of Gävle. By talking to the participants of the safety tour, I started to realize the scope of the problem that presented itself there. These individuals, mostly consisting of residents of the area and neighboring areas, disclosed that they felt a constant insecurity while they were out and about in Gävle, especially during late nights. This piqued my interest. I wanted to enable these individuals to feel safe in their own hometown. I carried out interviews with residents of Gävle to fully understand their feelings of insecurity. The interviews and analysis of research that had been done within the subject, also gave me a more specific target group. A target group that experienced insecurity to further extents than other groups; women between the ages of 20 to 24. A survey was created for me to get a better understanding of what causes and elements there was for the experiences. The survey was sent to several young women, who shared the survey link with other members of the target group. The respondents’ answers painted a picture of the true scale of the problem and made me realize that the problem was too immense for me to solve completely. Thereby I found, amongst the survey answers, a part of the problem where I could do the most good. Which turned out to be loneliness and the thought of not being able to get out of a dangerous situation. Further exploration of the locations where the insecurity was experienced made it apparent that the tunnel was the structure where change was needed the most. The design that contributes to solving the problem is as follows; a system of speakers that play the sound of women talking and walking. These systems are used in tunnels to give the impression that the individual that passes through is surrounded by other women. This explains the name given to the concept; “Aldrig ensam” (Never alone). / Projektet tog sin början i att jag deltog i en trygghetsvandring i området Andersberg i min hemstad Gävle. Efter att ha pratat med de andra deltagarna, började jag förstå storleken av det problem som fanns där. Dessa individer, som mestadels bestod av områdets och närliggande områdens invånare, hävdade att de kände en konstant känsla av otrygghet då de befann sig i staden, speciellt under nattetid. Detta fångade mitt intresse. Jag ville hjälpa dessa individer att känna sig trygga i sin egen hemstad. Jag utförde intervjuer med några av Gävles invånare för att tydligare förstå deras känslor av otrygghet. Intervjuerna, tillsammans med analyser av forskning i ämnet gav mig även en mer specifik målgrupp. En målgrupp som upplevde otrygghet i större utsträckning än andra grupper; kvinnor i åldrarna 20 till 24. En enkät skapades för att ge mig en bättre förståelse för orsakerna till den upplevda otryggheten. Enkäten skickades ut till flera unga kvinnor, som i sin tur delade med sig av enkätens länk till andra individer inom målgruppen. Respondenternas svar målade upp en bild av problemets sanna storlek, och fick mig att inse att det var för stort för att jag skulle kunna lösa det helt och hållet. Därför hittade jag, bland enkätens svar, en del av problemet där jag kunde göra mest nytta. Detta visade sig vara känslan av ensamhet och tron om att man inte kan ta sig ifrån en farlig situation. Vidare utforskning av de platser där otrygghet upplevdes tydliggjorde att gångtunneln var platsen där förändring behövdes som mest. Designen som bidrar till lösningen av problemet är som följande; ett högtalarsystem som spelar upp ljudet av kvinnor som pratar och går. Systemet används i tunnlar för att ge intrycket av att individen som passerar genom tunneln är omgiven av andra kvinnor. Därav namnet givet till designen, ”Aldrig ensam”

Bakgrund: Sjuksköterskan kan möta patienter i livets slutskede samt deras anhöriga i olika vårdsammanhang inom sjukvården. Upplevelsen av dessa möten varierar beroende på sjuksköterskans förvärvade erfarenhet som sjuksköterska, personlighet, livserfarenhet och stöd från omgivningen. Nyexaminerade sjuksköterskor saknar den erfarenhet som gör att hon/han kan se sina reaktioner och handlingar i ett större perspektiv. Ofta upplevs den första tiden som sjuksköterska som tuff och utmanande. Syfte: Syftet med denna studie är att beskriva nyligen examinerade sjuksköterskors upplevelser av att möta patienter i livets slutskede och deras närstående. Metod: Intervjustudie med kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Resultat: Två kategorier identifierades; Mötet och Växa med uppgiften. Sammanfattningsvis var sjuksköterskornas upplevelser varierande beroende på situationen och den egna förmågan att hantera situationen. Sjuksköterskorna upplevde en osäkerhet som blev mindre i och med ökad erfarenhet. Även stöd från mer erfarna kollegor var av avgörande betydelse för hur sjuksköterskorna upplevde mötet. Slutsatser: Det är av stor betydelse vilket stöd den nyexaminerade sjuksköterskan får och resultatet indikerar att stödet till nyexaminerade sjuksköterskor behöver förbättras och förstärkas inom sjukvården. / Background: A nurse can meet dying patients and their relatives in many different health care contexts within the health care system. The experience of these meetings depends on the nurse’s acquired experience as a nurse, the personality, life experience and support from family and friends. Newly graduated nurses do not have the experience needed to see his/her reactions and actions in an extended perspective. The experience during the first period as a nurse is often seen as tough and challenging. Aim: The aim of this study is to describe newly graduated nurses’ experiences of meeting patients at the end of life, and their relatives. Method: Interview study with a qualitative content analysis. Result: Two categories were identified; The meeting and The growing with the task. The nurses experiences depended on the nurses own ability to handle the situation. The nurses experienced an uncertainty that was reduced with more experience. Support from more experienced colleagues was of critical significance for how the nurses experienced the meeting. Conclusions: The support newly graduated nurses obtain is very important, and the result indicates that support to newly graduated nurses within the health care system, needs to improve.

Diabetes is a chronic condition affecting more than 30 million adults living in the United States. Diabetes self-management (DSM) can prevent or delay the complications of diabetes and improve clinical outcomes; however, data show that low-income, food insecurity, female gender, and race contribute to challenges performing effective DSM. The health belief model was the theoretical framework for this cross-sectional study, which examined how food insecurity, low-income, and race affect DSM activities in women with diabetes. The sample population from the 2017 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System survey consisted of 1,842 women with diabetes who were 18 years of age or older, had an annual income of less than $50,000, and were food insecure. Results of the chi square analyses indicated a significant association between food insecurity and DSM activities (χ2 = 48.99, p < 0.0001); however, results showed no significant association between low-income or race (p > 0.05). Results of a binary logistic regression model revealed that food secure and younger women had 1.618 and .584 times the odds of having effective DSM activities than food-insecure and older women (OR=1.618, 95% CI=1.282 - 2.041, p < 0.001; OR=.584, 95% CI=.465 - .733, p < 0.001, respectively). These results might provide researchers with guidance regarding food insecure and younger women with diabetes who might require additional support for their diabetes management. Tailored public health interventions might lead to positive social change by increasing food stability and nutrition knowledge, potentiating improvements in hemoglobin A1C, a 90-day measure of glucose control, which could reduce risk of diabetes-related morbidity and mortality.

Type 2 diabetes disproportionately affects low-income African American women, age 50 years and older: 30% to 40% of this population has this chronic disease. Two significant factors affecting poor diabetes practice adherence are food insecurity and depression; another is obesity. The purpose of this quantitative correlational study was to determine if either food insecurity or depression significantly affect Type 2 diabetes self-management practices; and/or if food insecurity significantly influences practice adherence indirectly, through the mediator of depression, while controlling for obesity. The research questions were aligned with the theoretical pathways posited in Matthews's reserve capacity model (RCM) and used the most current national data from the 2015 BRFSS dataset. The results of the linear regression models indicated that as hypothesized, depression was significantly associated with poor practice adherence; contrary to hypotheses, food insecurity and obesity were not. The lack of significance between food insecurity and depression eliminated the need to test for mediation. While correlational analyses revealed a significant association between obesity and depression, this relationship was no longer detected in linear regression analyses. An unanticipated finding was the significant relationship between education and Type 2 depression self-management practices, a relationship that maintained significance even with the entry of depression. These findings have implications for positive social change in the form of preventative interventions aimed at weight-loss and/or reducing depression among African American women at risk for developing Type 2 diabetes.

Over 17 million food-insecure households are associated with increasing obesity rates across the United States. Although food insecurity and obesity are distinct social concerns, the two are linked and may be influenced by poverty and geographic location. Public health authorities and state leaders responsible for the health and nutrition of rural populations in particular would benefit from this information. The purpose of this quantitative cross-sectional study was to examine whether poverty mediated the relationship between food insecurity and obesity among urban and rural adults. The study was guided by the poverty, food insecurity, and obesity conceptual framework. The study addressed the association between poverty and food insecurity, poverty and obesity, and food insecurity and obesity. Records from 9068 participants in the 2012 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) were weighted to represent the population of Louisiana. Logistic regression models indicated that individuals living in poverty were 6 times more likely to experience food insecurity and that living in poverty and being food insecure doubled the odds of being obese. Poverty mediates the relationship between food insecurity and obesity in a dynamic and complex manner. Findings also indicated gender and age differences in rates of obesity, poverty, and food insecurity, as well as higher rates of obesity in rural populations. Social change implications include providing additional evidence of how poverty affects food insecurity and obesity, which may encourage states with high poverty rates to initiate food insecurity surveillance using BRFSS to reduce obesity.