Thesis (MSc (Paraclinical Sciences, Veterinary Science))--University of Pretoria, 2007. / Includes bibliographical references. Also available in print format.

Orientador: Jane Megid / Banca: Luis Antonio Mathias / Banca: José Paes de Almeida Nogueira Pinto / Resumo: Foi estimada a prevalência estadual da brucelose bovina em abatedouros nos diferentes níveis de inspeção sanitária no Estado de São Paulo após a implantação do Programa Nacional de Controle e Erradicação da Brucelose e Tuberculose (PNCEBT), instituído em 2001. Para tanto, foram amostrados 1.490 bovinos em nove frigoríficos distribuídos em diferentes regiões do estado, dos quais três com inspeção federal (SIF), três com inspeção estadual (SISP) e três com inspeção municipal (SIM). Os soros foram analisados pelas provas do antígeno acidificado tamponado (AAT), e os reagentes foram confirmados pela reação de fixação de complemento (RFC). As prevalências obtidas por meio da RFC e seus respectivos intervalos de confiança, nos diferentes serviços de fiscalização, foram 0,40% [0,00% - 0,95%] (SIF), 2,00% [0,77% - 3,23%] (SISP) e 4,29% [2,67% - 6,48%] IC95% (SIM) e no estado foi estimada em 2,21% [1,47% - 2,96%]. Com os resultados obtidos, foi possível discutir a situação da brucelose bovina no Estado de São Paulo bem como o risco à saúde a que os trabalhadores de abatedouros estão expostos e a diferença entre os sistemas de inspeção vigentes no país. Concluiu-se que a soroprevalência da brucelose bovina no Estado de São Paulo permaneceu estável. Sugere-se que a adoção de novas medidas para complementar o PNCEBT poderiam acelerar o controle e a posterior erradicação da enfermidade; e que o aumento da fiscalização nos abatedouros de inspeção estadual e municipal acrescido de vigilância ativa nesses pontos poderia auxiliar no combate à doença / Abstract: This study estimated the prevalence of bovine brucellosis in state of São Paulo as well as the prevalence in slaughterhouses with different levels of sanitary inspection in the same state after the implementation of the National Program for the Control and Eradication of Brucellosis and Tuberculosis (PNCEBT) established in 2001. Were sampled 1,490 animals in nine slaughterhouses distributed in different regions of the state, three with federal inspection (FI), three with state inspection (SI), and three with municipal inspection (MI). Sera were analyzed by Rose Bengal Test (RBT) and reaction of complement fixation test (CFT). The prevalence obtained through CFT in different inspection services were, 0.40% [0.00% - 0.95%] (FI), 2.00% [0.77% - 3.23%] (SI) e 4.29% [2.67% - 6.48%] IC95% (MI) and the state prevalence was estimated at 2.21% [1.47% - 2.96%]. With the results obtained, it was possible to evaluate the situation of the bovine brucellosis in state of São Paulo as well as the risk to public health that workers are exposed in slaughterhouses and the difference between the current inspection systems in the country . It was concluded that the seroprevalence of brucellosis in the state of São Paulo remained stable, and the adoption of new measures to enhance the PNCEBT could acelerate the control and eventual eradication of the disease. In addition, we also conclude that the increased surveillance in slaughterhouses with state and municipal inspection attached to surveillance at these points could assist in combating of disease / Mestre

Orientador: Germano Francisco Biondi / Banca: Oswaldo Durival Rossi Junior / Banca: José Paes de Almeida Nogueira Pinto / Resumo: O presente trabalho teve como objetivo constatar "in loco" a situação estrutural e higiênico sanitária de 44 estabelecimentos alimentícios (bares e lanchonetes, mini-mercados, padarias, restaurantes) da cidade de Botucatu, levantando, através dos dados obtidos, quais são os setores que oferecem maior risco à saúde pública. Foi aplicado um questionário chamado de diagnóstico tecnológico em cada um deles, o qual continha 144 questões divididas em cinco itens, sendo eles: Item 1 - Edificação e Instalações, Item 2 - Equipamentos, Móveis e Utensílios, Item 3 - Funcionários, Item 4 - Fluxo de Produção, Item 5 - Sistema da Garantia da Qualidade. Os dados obtidos permitiram que se cumprisse o objetivo de responder as seguintes questões: a) Qual setor (Bares e Lanchonetes, Mini-Mercados, Restaurantes e Padarias) obteve pior desempenho comparativamente aos outros em cada questão? b)Qual dos itens obteve o pior resultado geral? c) Qual o setor que apresentou maior número de não conformidades? d) Qual item é mais problemático em cada setor? Os dados analisados demonstraram que: houve diferença estatística (p<0,05) entre o desempenho de cada setor por questão, em 14 oportunidades, sendo o Setor Padarias o de pior resultado; quanto aos itens, o de pior desempenho geral foi o Item 5 - Sistema da Garantia da Qualidade, com 61% de não conformidade; o setor que apresentou maior número de não conformidades foi o Setor Padarias, com 48 em 144 possibilidades (33%); destacaram-se negativamente perante os itens: o Setor Padarias no Item 1, o Setor Restaurantes no Item 2, o setor Mini-Mercados no Item 3 e o Setor Bares e Lanchonetes nos Itens 4 e 5. / Abstract: The present work had as objective to evidence "in loco" the structural situation and hygienic sanitary of 44 feed establishments (bar and snack bars, mini-markets, bakeries, restaurants) of the city of Botucatu, raising, through the obtained data, which are the sectors that offer to greater risk to public health. We administered a questionnaire called the diagnostic technology in each, which contained 144 questions divided into five items, which were: Item 1 - Building and Facilities, Item 2 - Equipment, Furniture and instrument, Item 3 - Staff, Item 4 - Flow Production, Item 5 - System of Quality Assurance. The data obtained have to satisfy the goal of answering the following questions: a) What sector (Bars and Snack Bars, Mini Markets, Restaurants and Bakeries) had worse performance compared to others in every question? b) Which of the items received the worst overall outcome? c) What is the sector that presented greater number of non-conformities? d) What item is most problematic in each sector? The data analyzed showed that there was statistical difference (p<0,05) between the performance of each sector by question, in 14 opportunities, and the Bakeries Sector in the worst results; while for items, the overall performance was worse in the Item 5 - System of Quality Assurance, with 61% of non-compliance; the sector that presented greater number of noncompliance was the Bakeries Sector, with 48 in 144 chances (33%); stood out negatively to the items: the Bakeries Sector in Item 1, the Restaurant Sector in Item 2, the Mini Markets Sector in Item 3 and Bars and Snack Bars Sector in the Items 4 and 5. / Mestre

Orientador: Roberto de Oliveira Roça / Resumo: Das principais zoonoses detectadas pelo serviço de inspeção oficial durante o exame post-mortem, a cisticercose e a tuberculose merecem destaque pela importância que possuem para a saúde pública e por gerarem impactos significativos na economia e no rendimento final. O presente estudo teve como objetivo verificar a evolução das ocorrências de cisticercose e de tuberculose durante 21 anos de inspeção post-mortem de bovinos, realizada em um frigorífico do centro-oeste paulista, localizado na cidade de Lins (SIF 337). Os dados coletados foram analisados em software SigmaStat versão 3.5 e, posteriormente, construídos intervalos de 95% de confiança para a proporção de ocorrência e as variáveis resposta também foram submetidas à análise de variância utilizando o procedimento Proc Mixed do software SAS 9.4 TS1M2, teste de Tukey-Kramer com nível de significância de 5%. No decorrer de todo o período, foram abatidos 5.240.138 bovinos. A ocorrência de tuberculose verificada foi de 0,15% (7.741), sendo maior em 1996 (0,41%) e menor em 2015 (0,02%), demonstrando uma redução de 11 vezes. Em relação à cisticercose bovina, foi de 4,34% (227.728), na qual 75% das carcaças continham cisticercos vivos e 25% calcificados, sendo as maiores ocorrências de cisticercose total encontrados em 2000 (6,7%) e as menores em 2015 (2,0%), com redução de 2,13 vezes. Conclui-se que as melhorias nos sistemas produtivos que aconteceram em duas décadas e a eficácia dos programas sanitários e da inspeção realizad... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Mestre

abstract: The essence of this research is the reconciliation and standardization of feature fitting algorithms used in Coordinate Measuring Machine (CMM) software and the development of Inspection Maps (i-Maps) for representing geometric tolerances in the inspection stage based on these standardized algorithms. The i-Map is a hypothetical point-space that represents the substitute feature evaluated for an actual part in the inspection stage. The first step in this research is to investigate the algorithms used for evaluating substitute features in current CMM software. For this, a survey of feature fitting algorithms available in the literature was performed and then a case study was done to reverse engineer the feature fitting algorithms used in commercial CMM software. The experiments proved that algorithms based on least squares technique are mostly used for GD&T; inspection and this wrong choice of fitting algorithm results in errors and deficiency in the inspection process. Based on the results, a standardization of fitting algorithms is proposed in light of the definition provided in the ASME Y14.5 standard and an interpretation of manual inspection practices. Standardized algorithms for evaluating substitute features from CMM data, consistent with the ASME Y14.5 standard and manual inspection practices for each tolerance type applicable to planar features are developed. Second, these standardized algorithms developed for substitute feature fitting are then used to develop i-Maps for size, orientation and flatness tolerances that apply to their respective feature types. Third, a methodology for Statistical Process Control (SPC) using the I-Maps is proposed by direct fitting of i-Maps into the parent T-Maps. Different methods of computing i-Maps, namely, finding mean, computing the convex hull and principal component analysis are explored. The control limits for the process are derived from inspection samples and a framework for statistical control of the process is developed. This also includes computation of basic SPC and process capability metrics. / Dissertation/Thesis / M.S. Mechanical Engineering 2011

Este trabalho propõe diretrizes para avaliar sistemas de gestão de poka-yokes (SGPK). As diretrizes foram desenvolvidas após revisão da literatura e estudos de caso destinados à identificação de boas práticas em organizações do ramo metalúrgico, metal-mecânico e automotivo. Em seguida, as diretrizes foram refinadas por meio de um estudo de caso no qual elas foram aplicadas para a avaliação de sete sistemas poka-yokes em uma empresa que utiliza práticas de produção enxuta (PE). As diretrizes propõem que os poka-yokes sejam avaliados com base em um conjunto de categorias (viabilidade econômica, gestão visual, manutenção, projeto e operação, estabilidade da produção e controle de qualidade), que são desdobradas em trinta características passíveis de avaliação. A aplicação das diretrizes no estudo de caso permitiu concluir que: (a) alguns dispositivos entendidos pelas empresas como poka-yoke podem estar distantes dos atributos necessários para caracterizar os mesmos como sistemas poka-yokes; (b) o avaliador precisa ter conhecimento técnico do processo em que o poka-yoke está instalado; (c) as diretrizes propostas podem ser utilizadas como subsídio para o desenvolvimento de novos sistemas poka-yokes; (d) a aplicação das diretrizes tende a ser mais útil para empresas que tem iniciativas de PE implementadas, visto que estas têm ênfase na redução de perdas e, se possuírem mapas de fluxo de valor, podem visualizar o impacto sistêmico de poka-yokes instalados em operações específicas. / This study presents guidelines to evaluate a management poka-yoke system. A literature review and the best practices review in organizations of branch metallurgy, metalworking and automotive preceded the development of the guidelines. Also, a case study was carried out with seven poka-yoke systems to validate the guidelines development in a company that uses lean production practices. The guidelines propose that poka-yoke systems be evaluated on a set of categories (economic viability, visual management, maintenance, design and operation, production stability and quality control), that are unfolded in 30 features capable of evaluation. The application of guidelines in the case study allowed to conclude that: (a) some devices understood by companies as poka-yoke may be far from the attributes necessary to feature then as poka-yoke systems; (b) the evaluator needs to have technical knowledge about the process where the poka-yoke is installed; (c) the guidelines proposed can be used as allowance for the development of new poka-yoke systems; (d) the application of the guidelines tends to be more useful for companies that have lean production initiatives implemented, because they develop efforts to combat wastes and, if they have value stream maps, they can see the systemic impact by poka-yoke systems in specifics operations.

O presente trabalho faz uma avaliação do histórico de desenvolvimento e aplicação de leis de inspeções prediais em geral no Brasil, com foco particular nas leis especificas de inspeção de elementos de fachada. O mesmo busca discutir os papéis dessas leis como instrumentos de gestão de riscos na construção civil, destacando os avanços, limitações e tendências do processo de implantação desse tipo de legislação. A lógica e o conhecimento teórico acumulado na área indicam que a adoção de um sistema de inspeção adequado pode contribuir para a detecção precoce de problemas, que podem então ser corrigidos através de ações de manutenção preventiva, com menor custo e risco para os usuários. Essa é uma demanda fundamental em muitas cidades brasileiras, que apresentam um conjunto de edificações em idade avançada e com problemas de conservação. Sinistros repetidos, culminando na tragédia ocorrida no Rio de Janeiro em 2012, fizeram com que a edição de leis de inspeção entrasse na pauta política de várias administrações e do Congresso Nacional. Todavia, a análise de experiências práticas evidencia que existem dificuldades e obstáculos, culturais, técnicos e econômicos, que necessitam ser discutidos e superados para que uma estratégia de gestão de risco através de leis de inspeção possa ser adotada de forma eficaz. O trabalho busca colaborar com essa discussão, revisando criticamente a experiência de Porto Alegre, um dos primeiros municípios a implantar uma lei de inspeção específica de elementos de fachada, a Lei Municipal nº 6.323/88, regulamentada pelo Decreto 9425. Esses regramentos determinaram que os responsáveis pelas edificações apresentassem à Secretaria Municipal de Obras e Viação (SMOV), a cada 03 anos, um laudo de estabilidade estrutural das marquises localizadas sobre logradouros públicos. Essa lei, popularizada como “Lei das Marquises”, foi criada em resposta a 2 sinistros traumáticos envolvendo a queda de seções de marquises no centro da cidade, ocorridos no final dos anos 80, e teve um impacto importante no estado de conservação do estoque de marquises da cidade. Ao mesmo tempo, representou um marco significativo no histórico de implantação de leis de inspeção no Brasil, tendo influenciado vários outros municípios a adotar legislações semelhantes. Após 30 anos, considera-se importante avaliar seus efeitos e analisar as evoluções e dificuldades enfrentadas em sua aplicação, de forma a que seja possível orientar outras experiências. Essa é a motivação fundamental da pesquisa. Para complementar e enriquecer as análises, o trabalho buscou gerar um indicativo da eficiência e qualidade dos Laudos de Marquise que estão sendo entregues. Com esse intuito, a autora, auxiliada por outros pesquisadores do Grupo LEME/UFRGS, efetuou uma inspeção paralela de 135 estruturas, gerando dados usados para comparação com os constantes em laudos arquivados na Secretaria Municipal de Obras e Viação (SMOV). Em paralelo, se buscou uma forma de avaliar qual a percepção da população acerca dos conceitos associados à implantação de leis de inspeção e estratégias de manutenção preventiva, e estimar qual a aceitação dos custos associados a essas estratégias. Para tanto foi realizado um levantamento de dados, através de entrevistas e questionários, junto a usuários de 24 edificações da região metropolitana de Porto Alegre. Esse esforço evidenciou que existe um bom conhecimento dos riscos e uma aceitação da necessidade de inspeções, mas que o custo ainda é uma barreira. Visando aproveitar e consolidar todo o conhecimento adquirido nessas diversas análises, o trabalho finaliza apresentando uma proposta de diretrizes consideradas úteis para orientar a implantação de leis de inspeção de elementos de fachada. / This study evaluated the history of the development and application of building inspection laws in Brazil in general, with special focus on specific laws for the inspection of façade elements. The role of these laws as risk management tools in civil construction is discussed, stressing developments, limitations and trends of their implementation process. Logics and the theoretical knowledge accumulated on this subject suggest that the adoption of a proper system may allow the early detection of problems, which can then be corrected by preventive maintenance actions, and therefore are less costly and pose fewer risks to the users. This is a critical demand in many Brazilian cities that have many old buildings with conservation problems. Repeated accidents, which culminated in the tragedy in Rio de Janeiro in 2012, inserted the issuing of inspection laws in the political agenda of many local administrations and of the National Congress. However, the analysis of practical experiences shows that there are cultural, technical, and economic obstacles that need to be discussed and overcome to allow the adoption of an efficient risk management strategy based on inspection laws. This study aims at contributing for this discussion making a critical review of the experience of Porto Alegre, which was one of the first cities to implement a specific law for the inspection of façade elements (Municipal Act n. 6.323/88, regulated by Order 9425). These regulations established that those responsible for the building have to present to the local department of works (Secretaria Municipal de Obras e Viação – SMOV) a report on the structural stability of the marquees located on public areas every three years. This so-called “Marquee Act” was issued in response to two severe accidents that involved the fall of marquee sections downtown by the end of the 1980s and that had an important impact on the conservation status of the city’s marquee inventory. It was also a landmark in the history of the implementation of inspection laws in Brazil, as it influenced the adoption of similar legislation in other cities. After 30 years, it is important to evaluate its effects and to analyze the advances and obstacles to their application in order to guide other experiences. This is the main motivation of this research study. In order to complement and enrich the analyses, an indication of efficiency and quality of the marquee reports is pursued. Based on a parallel inspection of 135 structures, made by the author, with the aid of other researchers of the group LEME/UFRGS, data was collected to compare with those reported and filed at the local department of works (SMOV). Also, a survey of the public perception relative to the concepts associated with the implementation of inspection laws and preventive maintenance strategies was carried out, checking the acceptance of the costs associated with these strategies. This assessment was made using interviews and questionnaires applied to users of 24 buildings of the metropolitan region of Porto Alegre. The results showed that the population is aware of the risks and accepts the need for inspections, but that cost is still an obstacle. Aiming at using and consolidating the knowledge acquired through these analyses, the study ends proposing some guidelines considered useful for the implementation of façade element inspection laws.

Fasciolosis, caused by the trematode parasite Fasciola hepatica, is a multi-host parasitic disease affecting many countries worldwide. It is a well-recognized clinically and economically important disease of food producing animals such as cattle and sheep. In the UK, the incidence and distribution of fasciolosis has been increasing in the last decade while the timing of acute disease is becoming more variable and the season suitable for parasite development outside the mammalian host has been extended. Meanwhile control is proving increasingly difficult due to changing weather conditions, increased animal movements and developing anthelmintic resistance. Forecasting models have been around for a long time to aid health planning related to fasciolosis control, but studies identifying management related risk factors are limited. Moreover, the lack of information on the accuracy of meat inspection and available liver fluke diagnostic tests hinders effective monitoring of disease prevalence and treatment. So far, the evaluation of tests available for the diagnosis of the infection in cattle has mainly been carried out using gold standard approaches or under experimental settings, the limitations of which are well known. In cattle, the infection mainly manifests as a sub-clinical disease, resulting in indirect production losses, which are difficult to estimate. The lack of obvious clinical signs results in these losses commonly being attributed to other causes such as poor weather conditions or bad quality forage. This further undermines establishment of appropriate control strategies, as it is difficult to convince farmers to treat without demonstrating clear economic losses of sub-clinical disease. This project explores the value of slaughterhouse data in understanding the changing epidemiology of fasciolosis, identifying sustainable control measures and estimating the effect of infection on production parameters using data collected at one of the largest cattle and sheep abattoirs in Scotland. Data used in this study include; a) abattoir data routinely collected during 2013 and 2014, b) data collected during 3 periods of abattoir based sampling, c) data collected through administration of a management questionnaire and d) climatic and environmental data from various online sources. A Bayesian extension of the Hui Walter no gold standard model was used to estimate the diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of five diagnostic tests for fasciolosis in cattle, which were applied on 619 samples collected from the abattoir during three sampling periods; summer 2013, winter 2014 and autumn 2014. The results provided novel information on the performance of these tests in a naturally infected cattle population at different times of the year. Meat inspection was estimated to have a sensitivity of 0.68 (95% BCI 0.61-0.75) and a specificity of 0.88 (95% BCI 0.85-0.91). Accurate estimates of sensitivity and specificity will allow for routine abattoir liver inspection to be used as a tool for monitoring the epidemiology of F. hepatica as well as evaluating herd health planning. Linear regression modelling was used to estimate the delay in reaching slaughter weight in beef cattle infected with F. hepatica, accounting for other important factors such as weight, age, sex, breed and farm as a random effect. The model estimated that cattle classified as having fluke based on routine liver inspection had on average 10 (95% CI 9-12) days greater slaughter age, assuming an average carcass weight of 345 kg. Furthermore, estimates from a second model indicated that the increase in age at slaughter was more severe for higher fibrosis scores. More precisely, the increase in slaughter age was 34 (95% CI 11-57) days for fibrosis score of 1, 93 (95% CI 57-128) days for fibrosis score 2 and 78 (95% CI 30-125) days for fibrosis score 3. Similarly, in a third model comparing different burden categories with animals with no fluke burden, there was a 31 (95% CI 7-56) days increase in slaughter age for animals with 1 to 10 parasites and 77 (95% CI 32-124) days increase in animals with more than 10 parasites found in their livers. Lastly, a multi-variable mixed effects logistic regression model was built to estimate the association between climate, environmental, management and animal specific factors and the risk of an animal being infected by F. hepatica. Multiple imputation methodology was employed to deal with missing data arising from skipped questions in the questionnaire. Results of the regression model confirmed the importance of temperature, rainfall and cattle movements in increasing the risk for fasciolosis, while it indicated that the presence of deer can increase the risk of infection and that male cattle have a reduced risk of infection. Overall, this project has used slaughterhouse data to fill important knowledge gaps regarding F. hepatica infection in cattle. It has provided valuable information on the accuracy of routine abattoir meat inspection, as well as other diagnostic tests. It has also provided estimates of the effect of infection on the time cattle take to reach slaughter weight at different levels of infection and identified relevant risk factors related to the infection. In conclusion, knowledge of the effect of infection on slaughter age, as well as regional risk factors for F. hepatica infection, along with an improved use of abattoir inspection results in the evaluation of treatment strategies, can provide farmers and veterinarians with better incentives and tools to improve their herd health strategies and in the longer term help reduce the incidence of liver fluke in cattle.

One of the most relevant powers available for the Public Administration so it is able to meet its objectives is the supervisory power. However, this is a matter insufficiently studied in the national legal ambit. In this article, the author conceptualizes the legal figure of supervision, proposing that it is a synonym of “inspection” and other similar concepts, and that it has wider purposes than the ones established in the Peruvian administrative legislation (that tends only to subsume it into the sanctioning power). With this theoretical framework, the author briefly analyses the phenomenon of the delegation of this power in the Peruvian power sector. / Una de las potestades más importantes con las que cuenta la Administración Pública para cumplir con sus fines es la de supervisión. Sin embargo este es un tema que ha sido poco estudiado en el ámbito jurídico nacional. En el presente artículo, el autor conceptualiza jurídicamente la figura de la supervisión, planteando que es un sinónimo de “fiscalización” y otros conceptos similares, y que tiene unos fines más amplios que los reconocidos por la legislación administrativa (que tiende sólo a subsumirla en la potestad sancionadora). Con este marco teórico, el autor analiza brevemente el fenómeno de la delegación de esta potestad en el sector eléctrico peruano.

No description available.