Purpose With trust being an essential component in the sharing economy, this paper aims to understand how trust is established in practice and which relationships between consumer, supplier and platform specific tools and processes serve.   Problem Previous research has acknowledged the importance of trust but solely investigated single trust-building tools. Instead of presenting a trust construct composed of mechanisms describing their interplay between the three parties involved in the sharing economy, previous scholars have focused their research on the specificities of single tools and processes. With the sharing economy as a recent phenomenon, companies have an interest in investigating the implementation of different mechanisms and their effectiveness.   Method and Methodology This paper adopts a qualitative research approach in which content analysis was applied to group tools and processes and link them to one of the six trust streams between consumer, supplier and the platform. Moreover, the research deductively builds on existing literature by using present theory as a foundation and inductively analyses findings based on collected data.   Findings The findings of this paper reveal a broad spectrum of different trust-building tools and processes. Linking these to one of the specific relationship between the three parties in the sharing economy, this paper concludes that companies emphasize on gaining the consuming peer’s trust both towards the platforms and the supplying peers.

Trust for health care professionals (interpersonal trust) and the health care system (institutional trust) is imperative for the performance of health care systems. However, at the same time, contemporary societies today are characterised by decreasing levels of trust and citizens today are increasingly inclined to seek health information from sources beyond health care professionals. Sociologists have argued that societal institutions, such as the health care system, are subject to individuals’ increasing mistrust, which has created a “critical distance” between lay citizens and modern medicine. In this critical distance, the health care system and its representatives are continually questioned why citizens’ trust for the medical institution can not be taken for granted. Because individuals living in the modern society are more inclined to take control over their health by engaging in health information seeking behaviour, the present study aims to examine whether there exists an association between interpersonal and institutional trust and differences in health information seeking behaviour. This study focuses on the Swedish context, where decreasing levels of trust for societal institutions - including the health care system, have been reported. Multivariate logistic regression analysis using data from European Social Survey (2004) was utilised to answer the research questions “Is the degree of trust for the health care system in Sweden associated with individuals' health information seeking behaviours?” and “Is the degree of trust for health care professionals in Sweden associated with individuals' health information seeking behaviours?”. The majority of the results from this study were not statistically significant, why the null hypothesis can not be ruled out. More recently collected data and more representative operationalisations of variables might generate more valid results. The study topic provides a potentially fruitful and valuable route for future scientific research, why it is considered important to further investigate whether mistrust for the healthcare system and its experts motivates individuals to consult alternative sources rather than health care professionals when seeking health information.

This research examines the political implications of community-police relations in the United States by exploring the link between race, perceptions of police performance, and trust in government. Relying on survey data, I examine these relationships for Blacks, Latinos, Asians, and Whites. In addition to examining the broader relationship between community-police relations and institutional trust, this dissertation examines (1) how police perceptions influence individuals' comfort in contacting the police, (2) how police violence and police perceptions influence trust in government, and (3) the effectiveness of community-oriented policing in building community-police relations and increasing trust in government. First, I find that these relationships are conditional on race and ethnicity. Black respondents, who are more likely to experience negative interactions with the police and who are less likely to have positive perceptions of the police, are less comfortable contacting them. Second, while police violence does not have a significant effect on public trust in government, police perceptions and perceptions of discrimination do. Respondents that perceive the police to be performing well and who do not believe their own racial group is being discriminated against, are more likely to express trust in government. Finally, I find that community-oriented policing has the potential to both improve perceptions of the police and increase trust in government. The central goal of this dissertation is to highlight the role that community-police relations have in influencing American politics and to emphasize the importance of exploring potential solutions to declining trust in the police.

In order to break the cycle of violence in war-ridden societies, nonviolent mechanisms to deal with conflicts has to be established. One such mechanism is protests, which when performed peacefully can be a powerful tool for political change. Protests can however also be a cause for violence and this thesis sets out to explore why protests turns more violent in some post-war subnational areas compared to others. I suggest that protest violence in part can be explained by the preceding intensity of insurgent violence, as the government puts more efforts into combating insurgent groups and less towards responding to local needs where this violence is perpetuated. Where this occurs, institutional relationships deteriorate, which result in negotiations becoming less likely while violence is viewed as more justified and useful before and during protests. Using the structured focused comparison method, I test this theoretical argument by comparing Cali and Barranquilla, two Colombian cities where left-wing ideologies prevail but where protest violence has differed substantially. The evidence, which has been collected through a document analysis and in-depth interviews conducted during two-months of field work in Colombia, provide modest support for the hypothesis that protest violence was more likely where insurgent violence had been prevalent during the war.

This paper investigates the impact of place-based identity on trust in international organizations and examines the role of civic engagement in reinforcing or mitigating these attitudes. In an era marked by global challenges and increasing polarization, trust in international organizations has become crucial for effective cooperation. Previous research has identified place-based identity as a fundamental social identity that influences out-group attitudes and plays a role in shaping civic engagement outcomes. Drawing on social identity theory and social capital theory, this study employs quantitative methods, utilizing ANES survey data conducted in the United States to explore the relationship between place-based identity and trust in international organizations. Focusing on the distinction between rural- and urban-identifying American citizens, the results reveal that rural-identifying individuals exhibit lower levels of trust in international organizations compared to their urban counterparts. These differences are characterized by marginal yet statistically significant effects. Furthermore, although the conditioning effect of civic engagement is not statistically significant, it provides intriguing insights that suggest it may reinforce the impact of place-based identity, potentially leading to negative effects on trust in civil society. These findings contribute to a broadened understanding of the interplay between identity and political attitudes, shedding light on the factors that influence them.

Dans la continuité des travaux de Doney et Cannon (1997), Morgan et Hunt (1994) et Sirdeshmukh et al (2002), cette recherche se propose de tester un modèle structurel intégrateur de la confiance, de ses antécédents et conséquences, appliqué au contexte de la relation banque-client en Tunisie. Ce modèle cherche à mesurer l’effet des facettes institutionnelle et interpersonnelle de la confiance sur l’orientation long terme du client, et ce pour deux structures de gouvernance (publique et privée). Les résultats de la recherche confirment les partis pris conceptuels. Ils valident la structure de la confiance en tant que construit à deux facettes (institutionnelle et interpersonnelle) et trois dimensions (compétence, intégrité et bienveillance). Les effets anticipés sur l’engagement s’avèrent, par contre, contrastés par rapport à ceux révélés dans des recherches antérieures. Ils donnent aux aspects interpersonnels (confiance interpersonnelle et traitement préférentiel) et affectifs (satisfaction) de la relation un poids particulier par rapport aux aspects institutionnels (confiance institutionnelle et valeur perçue) dont les effets s’avèrent faibles, surtout dans la banque publique. Contrairement aux contextes européens et nord américains, la dimension sociale de l’échange s’avère déterminante en matière de construction de relations de confiance dans le contexte tunisien. Les résultats témoignent de l’encastrement de la relation bancaire dans le réseau des connaissances personnelles des individus et mettent en avant l’importance des liens faible, au sens de Granovetter, dans l’engagement du client. / In the continuity of the work of Doney and Cannon (1997), Morgan and Hunt (1994) and Sirdeshmukh and al (2002), this research tests a structural model integrating trust, its antecedents and consequences in the context of bank-client relationship in Tunisia. This model seeks to measure the effect of institutional and interpersonal facets of trust on the commitment of the client in his relationship with his bank, and this for two structures of governance (public and private). Research results confirm the conceptual bias, and validate the structure of trust as a two-facet (institutional and interpersonal) and three-dimensional (competence, integrity and benevolence) construct. The anticipated effects on commitment are, in contradiction, contrasting compared to those revealed in previous studies. They accord a particular interest to interpersonal (trust and preferential treatment) and affective (satisfaction) aspects of the relation vis–a-vis institutional aspects whose effects proved to be weak. In contrast to European and North American cultures, the social dimension of trade is crucial in building trust in the Tunisian context. The results demonstrate the embeddedness of the banking relationship in to the network of individuals and they underline the strength of weak ties, as apprehended by Granovetter, in the commitment of the client.

L’accélération du rythme des innovations technologiques et les pressions exercées par la société civile constituent deux défis majeurs pour le droit de la responsabilité civile. Cette thèse étudie les effets incitatifs de la responsabilité civile sur le comportement de prévention des entreprises dans ce contexte. Notre contribution vise, en particulier, à approfondir l’analyse traditionnelle de la responsabilité civile des entreprises d’une part, et d’autre part à évaluer dans quelle mesure les sanctions non légales jouent un rôle au côté de ce cadre juridique. D’abord, nous mettons en évidence l’évolution de l’analyse économique de la responsabilité. Puis nous étudions la responsabilité civile dans un modèle théorique, avec pour contribution d’évaluer les effets incitatifs du concept juridique de causalité. Ensuite, nous examinons comment les difficultés de prévision des risques d’accident affectent les incitations fournies par la responsabilité civile,par un modèle théorique d’une part, et par une expérimentation en laboratoire d’autre part. Nous développons dans un modèle théorique une analyse du rôle des sanctions non légales, émanant de la société civile,aux côtés de la responsabilité délictuelle. Nous montrons que les incitations fournies par le boycott des consommateurs sur le comportement de prévention des entreprises sont limitées. Enfin, nous complétons ce modèle par une étude empirique, et nous étudions l’ampleur et les déterminants du phénomène de boycott des consommateurs en Europe. / The accelerating pace of technological innovations and pressures from civil society provide tort law with new challenges. This thesis studies the incentive effects of tort law on corporate investment in prevention in this context. Particularly, this study deepens the traditional economic analysis of corporate civil liability and assess the effects of the combination of non legal sanctions and the legal framework. First, we highlight the evolution of the economic analysis of liability and responsibility. Then, we study the incentive effects ofcivil liability in a theoretical model, with a particular emphasis on the role of the legal notion of causality. Next, we examine to what extent the difficulties of predicting accident risks affect incentives provided by liability with both a theoretical model and with a lab experiment. In a theoretical model, we develop ananalysis of the role of non-legal sanctions, from civil society, along side the tort law. We show that the incentive effects of consumer boycott on corporate investment in prevention are limited. Finally, through an empirical study, we complete this analysis by studying the magnitude and determinants of consumer boycott in Europe.

Submitted by Liliane Ferreira (ljuvencia30@gmail.com) on 2018-08-09T11:59:11Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Mariana Torres Uchôa - 2018.pdf: 7519600 bytes, checksum: 0f267ee345ebdece3f4d14551c340e7e (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2018-08-09T12:23:01Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Mariana Torres Uchôa - 2018.pdf: 7519600 bytes, checksum: 0f267ee345ebdece3f4d14551c340e7e (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-09T12:23:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Mariana Torres Uchôa - 2018.pdf: 7519600 bytes, checksum: 0f267ee345ebdece3f4d14551c340e7e (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-05-03 / Poverty affects about 41% of Africa´s total population and a promising method to reduce such low index is social capital. Social Capital can be measured by the level of institutional confidence and civic engagement, and entrepreneurs are direct contributors to ramp it up within society. Thus, the purpose of this research is to evaluate the influence of entrepreneurs civic engagement in their level of institutional confidence. To support the research´s purpose, the Afrobarometer database from 34 countries and multiple regression analysis has been used. The results show that entrepreneurs´ political and social engagement influence in their institutional confidence; entrepreneurs contribute more to building institutional confidence through civic engagement than non-entrepreneurs; lastly, entrepreneurs out of opportunity contribute more than entrepreneurs out of necessity. / A pobreza afeta cerca de 41% da população total da África e um possível mecanismo de redução desse índice é o capital social, formado, entre outros, pelo nível de confiança institucional e pelo engajamento cívico. Um dos possíveis atores que podem construir esse capital social são os empreendedores. Nesse contexto essa pesquisa teve como objetivo avaliar a influência do engajamento cívico formado pelo engajamento comunitário e político dos empreendedores em seu nível de confiança institucional. Para cumprir com o objetivo, foi utilizado a base de dados Afrobarômetro, constituída a partir de dados de 34 países africanos. E como método foi realizada a análise de regressão múltipla. Os resultados mostraram que tanto o engajamento político quanto o comunitário dos empreendedores influenciam em sua confiança institucional; que o grupo dos empreendedores contribuem mais para a construção da confiança institucional por meio do engajamento civíco do que o grupo dos não empreendedores; assim como os empreendedores por oportunidade que também contribuem mais do que os empreendedores por necessidade.

The purpose of this study has been to examine whether Rohrschneider and Schmitt-Beck’s (2002) theory about institutional trust can explain peoples' trust in the Swedish states and government agencies work during the corona pandemic. The theory consists of three factorsthat build institutional trust: the state’s performance, correspondence between the individual’s political values and those of the government, as well as the individual's social capital. The theory was tested using a quantitative method consisting of a survey, which collected data from 108 students. The results were then analyzed using both single and multiple linear regression analysis, and discussed in relation to the theory and previous research. This led tothe study’s conclusion, which indicates that the same factors presented by Rohrschneider andScmitt-Beck (2002) builds trust in the strategy that the Swedish government and government agencies have taken when handling the corona pandemic. The students’ perception of the government’s performance seems especially important for their trust in the government’shandling of the pandemic. The result also indicates that a higher degree of social capital and a correspondance between the students’ political values and those of the government correlates with a higher amount of trust in the handling of the pandemic. / Syftet med denna uppsats har varit att studera huruvida Rohrschneiders och Schmitt-Becks (2002) teori om institutionell tillit kan förklara tillit till den svenska regeringens och myndigheternas hantering av coronapandemin. Enligt teorin skapas institutionell tillit av tre faktorer: statens prestation, samstämmighet mellan individens och regeringens politiska värderingar samt individens socialt kapital. Denna teori testades i denna studie med hjälp avkvantitativ data inhämtad genom en enkätundersökning, som besvarades av 108 studenter. Datamaterialet analyserades sedan med både enkla och multipla regressionsanalyser och diskuterades i relation till teorin samt tidigare forskning. Resultatet indikerar att samtliga trefaktorer som Rohrschneider och Schmitt-Beck (2002) fann betydelsefulla för institutionell tillit även har samband med tillit till regeringens och statliga myndigheters hantering avcoronapandemin i Sverige 2020. Studenternas uppfattning om regeringens och statligamyndigheters tidigare prestationer visade sig vara speciellt betydelsefull för deras tillit till hanteringen av pandemin. Vidare visade resultatet att en högre grad av socialt kapital samt överensstämmelse mellan studenternas politiska värderingar och regeringens politik samvarierar med en högre tillit till hanteringen av pandemin.

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