Si dans son aspect physique l’arc musical est simple, à l’issu de notre étude, nous nous rendons compte qu’il n’est plus indiqué de le qualifier comme tel. Car dans sa forme fondamentale (branche arquée maintenue dans cette position par une lanière), il renferme une complexité qui se dévoile à nous par les liens qui existent entre les différents éléments qui composent l’arc. Sa complexité est également apparente dans la variété des arcs musicaux, dans le jeu propre à chaque arc et dans la divergence des techniques et circonstances de jeu. L’analyse acoustique des sons de cet instrument en révèle d’avantage sa complexité à travers la variété de la nature des sons puis leur fluctuation que nous avons eu le temps de constater. Enfin, dans la signification que les populations donnent à cet instrument, la complexité de l’arc musical se fait plus flagrante car elle laisse se dévoiler un aspect de l’identité sociale des peuples aussi bien ceux qui l’observent dans les musées que ceux chez qui sont collectionnés ces instruments. Car si pour les uns il est instrument de divertissement, pour les autres, il est objet de rituel, instrument parleur et médiateur, objet chargé d’une profonde et riche histoire des peuples d’Afrique. Nous espérons enfin que notre étude permettra une bonne collaboration entre le nord et le sud, pour une connaissance plus juste de l’autre, une connaissance fondée sur des valeurs et non des préjugés. / If the mouthbow appears simple in its physical aspect, the research we have undertaken proves the opposite. In its basic form (a hooked branch held together by a strip), it contains a complex reality which could only be understood by considering the links which exist between the different elements which make up the bow. Its complexity can equally be perceived in the variety of musical bows, the uniqueness of each bow as well as the divergent techniques and circumstances under which they are played. The acoustic analysis of the sounds of this instrument reveals even more its complexity through the variety of the nature of the sounds, as well as their fluctuation that we have been able to observe through our study. Finally, through the meaning that the people give to this instrument, the complexity of the musical bow is even more blatant in the sense that it brings to bare an aspect of the social identity of the people to those who observe this instrument in the museums as well as those who keep them as private objects. If for some it is a simple instrument for entertainment, for others, it is a ritual object, a talking and mediatory instrument which encloses a deep and rich history of the people of Africa. It is our hope that our research will call for a deeper collaboration between the North and the South in such matters, a real desire to know the other based on values and not on prejudices.

L’objet de cette thèse est de présenter quelques éléments caractéristiques d’une étude conduite en Tunisie afin d’améliorer la compréhension du processus d’acquisition de compétences dans la conception et la représentation des solutions technologiques en génie mécanique. L’enseignement de la conception mécanique s’appuie largement sur la manipulation d’objets en trois dimensions. Pour autant, les objets ou mécanismes ainsi représentés restent limités à de simples outils de présentation ; leur utilisation, dans le cadre de nouvelles approches de situations d’apprentissage fondées sur la résolution de problèmes, est plutôt limitée. Ces possibilités permettraient de développer des stratégies d’apprentissage plus ouvertes, encourageant la recherche et permettant à l’élève de s’auto-évaluer tout en réduisant le guidage procédural de l’enseignant et son rôle d’évaluateur normatif. Le modeleur 3D pourrait ainsi jouer un rôle particulier avec un changement de statut passant de celui d’outil organisant l’activité pédagogique de l’enseignant à celui d’instrument utilisé par l’élève pour résoudre le problème qui lui est posé. De fait, l’enseignant limitait son investigation et donc sa créativité. La créativité et le nombre de solutions à un problème posé en génie mécanique reposent sur l’exploitation du modeleur 3D qui fait passer l’objet d’un simple outil à un instrument et qui donne à l’élève une autonomie pendant son apprentissage et pendant l’évaluation de sa production. Les résultats obtenus lors de l’étude semblent encourageants tant pour la recherche que pour l’évolution de la discipline. / The purpose of this thesis is to present some characteristic elements of a study conducted in Tunisia. The study was conducted to better understand the acquisition process of competencies in the design and representations of technological solutions in mechanical engineering. The teaching of mechanical engineering to fourth graders, technical branches in Tunisia, takes place in technological laboratories with about 10 computer workstations. The 3D modelling software could thus play a special role with a change of status from that of a tool used by the teacher to organize his teaching activities to an instrument used by the learner to solve a situation problem. The use of 3D modelling software to represent 3D objects gives learners the ability to conceive a range of new solutions. The learner can assess himself without resorting to his teacher, who seems to be so far, the only person who is able to evaluate his work and lead him to the expected solution. In fact, the teacher hinders his investigation and creativity. Creativity and the number of solutions to a problem in mechanical engineering depend heavily on the exploitation of a 3D modelling software that changes the use of a simple tool into an instrument that makes the learner autonomous and able to evaluate his own production. The results obtained in the study are encouraging not only for research but also for the development of mechanical engineering. It will be necessary, however, to check the degree of commitment of the teachers who are in favour of this new teaching-learning tool. It will also be wise to analyse the competencies required by the companies in the field and by the labour market in general.

Cette thèse porte sur la fonction tutorale telle que prescrite dans le référentiel de formation des étudiants en soins infirmiers. Nous nous inscrivons dans le cadre théorique de la didactique professionnelle dont nous avons utilisé les concepts comme révélateurs de l’instrumentalisation de Rabardel. Notre recherche se propose d’appréhender le tuteur comme un instrument psychologique dont les étudiants pourraient se saisir pour développer leur professionnalité. Nous avons ainsi élargi le cadre de la théorie instrumentale en proposant une typologie de l’instrumentalisation puis en décrivant le schème de l’interaction tutorale. / This thesis focuses on the role of tutors as prescribed in the repository of training nursing students. We are part of the theoretical framework of professional didactic we used the concepts as indicative of the instrumentalization of Rabardel. Our research aims to understand the tutor as a psychological instrument that students could take to develop their professionalism. We have expanded the scope of the instrumental theory by proposing a typology of the instrumentalization and articulating the schema of tutorial interaction.

Cette étude de cas concerne des enfants âgés de 7 à 9 ans et demi, placés face à un instrument de musique informatique qu’ils n’ont jamais utilisé. Il s’agit de vérifier qu’un enfant, devant cet instrument, peut fabriquer une musique, sa musique, et d’étudier les vecteurs dynamiques orientant son activité musicale exploratoire. Nous émettons l’hypothèse qu’elle est bien évidemment musicale, mais surtout indépendante de l’instrument utilisé, et qu’elle s’appuie sur des pivots constitués à partir de l’instrument de musique ou de son utilisation, et non des seuls gestes effectués. L’analyse que nous menons est fonctionnelle. Pour l’effectuer, nous dressons de façon exhaustive le relevé des gestes observables et de la production musicale entendue. Nous décrivons ensuite le déroulement de chacune des séances observées, en tant qu’enchaînement de segments, caractérisés individuellement par un schème procédural particulier. Nous mettons en évidence la progressive évolution de ces schèmes, lesquels ont pour but de réussir, la réussite consistant dans la fabrication d’une musique, leur musique. Après avoir fractionné les séances en séquences, caractérisées par l’assimilation ou l’accommodation, nous confrontons les résultats obtenus pour en dégager la dynamique de l’activité musicale exploratoire et les pivots sur lesquels elle s’appuie, afin de définir la/les direction(s) musicale(s) empruntée(s) par les sujets lors de chaque séance. Nous terminons par une comparaison des résultats obtenus pour chaque enfant, afin d’en relever similitudes et différences. / This case study concerns children of 7;5 to 9;5 years old, without specific musical education, facing a musical computer instrument wich they have never used before. It is the matter of making sure that a child facing that instrument can make music, his music, and studying the dynamic vectors that direct the subjects’ exploratory musical activity. We put forward the hypothesis that these dynamics are of course musical, but, above all, independant of using the instrument. More, that they’re based on pivots made up from the musical instrument or the child’s use of it and not werely perpetrated movements Our analysis is functional. To make it, we draw up exhaustively, the statement of observable movements and heard musical production. We describe each studied session as a chain of segments, individually characterized by a particular procedural scheme. We underline these schemes’ progressive evolution. Their purpose is success; success consisting in this case of making music, the children’s own music. After dividing the sessions up into sequences, characterized by assimilation or accommodation, we look at the obtained results in order to bring out the dynamics of the musical exploratory activity and the pivots on which they are based, so as to specify the musical direction chosen by the subjects in each session. We finish by a comparison of the obtained results by each child, in order to note the similarities and the differences.

The study was aimed at revealing (1) how the instructional media of industrial electronics integrated with learning style instrument was developed, (2) the feasibility of the instructional media of industrial electronics integrated with the learning style instruments, (3) the effect of the instructional media on learning achievement, and (4) the effect of the instructional media on learning satisfaction. The study employed the Design and Development Research (DDR) model. The development procedure used the Specific Project Phases Cluster, consisting of (1) analysis, (2) design, (3) development, and (4) evaluation. The preliminary research was carried out as a part of the analysis phase. The analysis phase started with a survey of lecturers/teachers and vocational high school teachers as respondents. The prototype of the product was tested by subject matter, software, and media experts related to the teaching media as a whole, and through a small group field test among a number of students. The data were collected through questionnaires in the form of Likert scale and were analyzed descriptively quantitatively. The results of the study showed (1) the instructional media was developed through the design and development research (DDR) model with the Design & Development Tools cluster which served as a part of the Product and Tool research main cluster, (2) the instructional media was feasible to use without revision, (3) the study showed a t-value of -6.999, df = 21, and p-value of 0.000, since p < 0.01, there was a statistically significant difference in the learning achievement before and after the use of the instructional media, with the effect size of d=1.49 (d>0.8), so the effect of the media was categorized to have a large effect, and (4) the instructional media could bring positive effects on the learning satisfaction. It is shown that the aspect of material was categorized into good (81.6%), the aspect of presentation was categorized into good (76.3%), the aspect of ease and satisfaction in using the learning software was also good (65.8% and 57.9%) and the learning media as a whole was categorized into good (76.3%).:ABSTRAK i ABSTRACT ii CHAPTER I 1 INTRODUCTION 1 CHAPTER II 13 LITERATURE REVIEW 13 CHAPTER THREE 57 RESEARCH METHOD 57 CHAPTER FOUR 89 RESEARCH FINDING 89 CHAPTER FIVE 186 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 186 A. CONCLUSIONS 186 B. RECOMMENDATION 188 C. DISSEMINATION AND FUTURE PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT 189 REFERENCES 190 APPENDICES 198

<p>Predmet ove doktorske disertacije je kompleksno i sveobuhvatno istraživanje uticaja turizma na životnu sredinu, na primeru dva jugoslovenska turistička centra Budvanske rivijere i Nacionalnog parka Kopaonik. Prilikom istraživanja kori&scaron;ćeni su komparativni indikatori održivog turizma Evropske Unije, putem kojih se analizira razvoj turizma i njegovi uticaji na životnu sredinu u nizu evropskih zemalja. Na osnovu obavljene analize posredstvom indikatora EU, utvrđeni su i razrađeni najpogodniji instrumenti za upravljanje održivim turizmom, usklađenim sa za&scaron;titom životne sredine i socio-kulturnim obeležjima lokalne zajednice. Rezultati istraživanja međusobnog odnosa turizma i životne sredine imaju nagla&scaron;en aplikativni karakter i mogu poslužiti kao uputstvo za budući rad svih činilaca involviranih u probleme razvoja turizma i za&scaron;tite životne sredine - državni organi, turistička privreda, naučne i stručne institucije, domicilno stanovni&scaron;tvo, turisti. Rezultati ovih istraživanja mogu da pruže smernice i sugestije za dono&scaron;enje planskih dokumenata neophodnih za razvoj turizma na nacionalnom, regionalnom i lokalnom nivou.</p> / <p>The abstract has been processed with OCR optical text recognition technology:</p><p>he subject of this doctoral dissertation is a complex and comprehensive research of influcncesof tourismon environment, in cases of two Yugoslav tourist centres- the rivicra of Budva and the National park Kopaonik. In the researching process I used the comparative indicators of sustainable tourism of the European Union, by which tourism development and its impacts on environment arc being analysed in many European countries. Analysing impacts of tourism on environment, I used a comparative method and compared the experiences of Budva and the NP Kopaonik with the foreign destinations of the similar type, to achieve a complete view of risks and benefits which tourism produces in the environment. On the basis of the analysis caried out by the indicators of the EU, I defined and worked out the most suitable instruments for managing tourism, which will enable its sustainabledevelopment, harmonized with environmcntalprotection and social and cultural features of local communities. I paid special attention to an integral approach to tourist planning, spatial aspects of tourism development, programmes for managing the environment in tourist areas, economic instruments for environmental protection and tourism development, education and training of all participants in tourist activities, etc. Results of research of interrelationship between tourism and environment have a significant applicable character and can serve as a guidance for future work of all factors involved in issues of tourism development and environmental protection - authorities, business sector, scientific and experts institutions, local communities, tourists. Results of this researching process may give suggestionsand instructions for preparing important planning documents needed for tourism development on national, regional and local level.</p>

No description available.

The bassoon is a conical woodwind instrument blown with a double-reed mouthpiece. The sound is generated by the periodic oscillation of the mouthpiece which excites the air column. The fundamental frequency of this oscillation is determined to a large extent by the resonances of the air column. These can be varied by opening or closing tone-holes. For any given tone hole setting a fine-tuning in pitch is necessary during playing. Musicians adjust the slit opening of the double-reed by pressing their lips against the opposing reed blades. These so-called embouchure corrections are required to tune the pitch, loudness and sound color of single notes. They may be tedious, especially if successive notes require inverse corrections. However, such corrections are essential: Due to the very high frequency sensitivity of the human ear playing in tune is the paramount requirement when playing music. This implies, that embouchure actions provide an important insight into a subjective quality assessment of reed wind instruments from the viewpoint of the musician: An instrument requiring only small corrections will be comfortable to play. Theoretical investigations of the whole system of resonator, reed, and musician by use of a physical model nowadays still seem insufficient with respect to the required precision. Therefore the path of well-described artificial mouth measurements has been chosen here. For the separate treatment of the resonator and the double-reed, existing classical models have been used. Modifications to these models are suggested and verified experimentally. The influence of the musician is incorporated by the lip force-dependent initial reed slit height. For this investigation a measurement setup has been built that allows precise adjustment of lip force during playing. With measurements of the artificial mouth parameters blowing pressure, mouthpiece pressure, volume-flow rate and axial lip position on reed, the experiment is fully described for a given resonator setting represented by an input impedance curve. By use of the suggested empirical model the adjustment parameters can be turned into model parameters. A large data set from blowing experiments covering the full tonal and dynamical range on five modern German bassoons of different make is given and interpreted. The experimental data presented with this work can be a basis for extending the knowledge and understanding of the interaction of instrument, mouthpiece and player. On the one hand, they provide an objective insight into tuning aspects of the studied bassoons. On the other hand the experiments define working points of the coupled system by means of quasi-static model parameters. These may be useful to validate dynamical physical models in further studies. The experimental data provide an important prerequisite for scientific proposals of optimizations of the bassoon and other reed wind instruments. It can further serve as a fundament for the interdisciplinary communication between musicians, musical instrument makers and scientists.

The bassoon is a conical woodwind instrument blown with a double-reed mouthpiece. The sound is generated by the periodic oscillation of the mouthpiece which excites the air column. The fundamental frequency of this oscillation is determined to a large extent by the resonances of the air column. These can be varied by opening or closing tone-holes. For any given tone hole setting a fine-tuning in pitch is necessary during playing. Musicians adjust the slit opening of the double-reed by pressing their lips against the opposing reed blades. These so-called embouchure corrections are required to tune the pitch, loudness and sound color of single notes. They may be tedious, especially if successive notes require inverse corrections. However, such corrections are essential: Due to the very high frequency sensitivity of the human ear playing in tune is the paramount requirement when playing music. This implies, that embouchure actions provide an important insight into a subjective quality assessment of reed wind instruments from the viewpoint of the musician: An instrument requiring only small corrections will be comfortable to play. Theoretical investigations of the whole system of resonator, reed, and musician by use of a physical model nowadays still seem insufficient with respect to the required precision. Therefore the path of well-described artificial mouth measurements has been chosen here. For the separate treatment of the resonator and the double-reed, existing classical models have been used. Modifications to these models are suggested and verified experimentally. The influence of the musician is incorporated by the lip force-dependent initial reed slit height. For this investigation a measurement setup has been built that allows precise adjustment of lip force during playing. With measurements of the artificial mouth parameters blowing pressure, mouthpiece pressure, volume-flow rate and axial lip position on reed, the experiment is fully described for a given resonator setting represented by an input impedance curve. By use of the suggested empirical model the adjustment parameters can be turned into model parameters. A large data set from blowing experiments covering the full tonal and dynamical range on five modern German bassoons of different make is given and interpreted. The experimental data presented with this work can be a basis for extending the knowledge and understanding of the interaction of instrument, mouthpiece and player. On the one hand, they provide an objective insight into tuning aspects of the studied bassoons. On the other hand the experiments define working points of the coupled system by means of quasi-static model parameters. These may be useful to validate dynamical physical models in further studies. The experimental data provide an important prerequisite for scientific proposals of optimizations of the bassoon and other reed wind instruments. It can further serve as a fundament for the interdisciplinary communication between musicians, musical instrument makers and scientists.:1 Introduction 1 1.1 Motivation 1 1.2 Scientific Approaches to Woodwind Musical Instruments 3 1.3 Organization of the Thesis 6 2 Acoustical Properties of the Bassoon Air Column 7 2.1 Wave propagation in tubes 7 2.1.1 Theory 7 2.1.2 Transmission Line Modeling 8 2.1.3 Implementation 18 2.1.4 Remarks on Modeling Wall Losses in a Conical Waveguide 19 2.2 Input Impedance Measurement 23 2.2.1 Principle 23 2.2.2 Device 23 2.2.3 Calibration and Correction 24 2.3 Comparison of Theory and Experiment 27 2.3.1 Repeatability and Measurement Uncertainty 27 2.3.2 Comparison of numerical and experimental Impedance Curves 32 2.4 Harmonicity Analysis of the Resonator 35 2.4.1 The Role of the Resonator 35 2.4.2 The reed equivalent Volume 35 2.4.3 Harmonicity Map 36 2.5 Summary 38 3 Characterization of the Double Reed Mouthpiece 41 3.1 Physical Model of the Double-Reed 41 3.1.1 Working Principle 41 3.1.2 Structural Mechanical Characteristics 42 3.1.3 Fluid Mechanical Characteristics 44 3.2 Measurement of Reed Parameters 49 3.2.1 Quasi-stationary Measurement 49 3.2.2 Dynamic Measurement 50 3.3 Construction of an Artificial Mouth 52 3.3.1 Requirements Profile 52 3.3.2 Generic Design 53 3.3.3 The artificial Lip 54 3.3.4 Air Supply 55 3.3.5 Sensors and Data Acquisition 57 3.3.6 Experimental setup 59 3.4 Summary 59 4 Modeling Realistic Embouchures with Reed Parameters 61 4.1 Reed Channel Geometry and Flow Characteristics 61 4.1.1 The Double-Reed as a Flow Duct 61 4.1.2 Bernoulli Flow-Model with Pressure Losses 65 4.1.3 Discussion of the Model 68 4.2 Quasi-static Interaction of Flow and Reed-Channel 72 4.2.1 Pressure-driven Deformation of the Duct Intake 72 4.2.2 Reed-Flow Model including Channel Deformation 75 4.2.3 Influence of Model Parameters 76 4.2.4 Experimental Verification 78 4.3 Effect of the Embouchure on the Reed-Flow 81 4.3.1 Adjustment of the Initial Slit Height 81 4.3.2 Quasi-static Flow in the Deformed Reed-Channel 83 4.3.3 Simplified empirical Model including a Lip Force 85 4.4 Summary 93 5 Survey of Performance Characteristics of the Modern German Bassoon 5.1 Experimental Procedure and Data Analysis 95 5.1.1 Description of the Experiment 95 5.1.2 Time Domain Analysis 97 5.1.3 Spectral Analysis – Period Synchronized Sampling 98 5.1.4 Spectral Centroid and Formants 99 5.1.5 Embouchure parameters 100 5.2 Observations on the Bassoon under Operating Conditions 105 5.2.1 Excitation Parameter Ranges 106 5.2.2 Characteristics of the radiated Sound 110 5.2.3 Reed Pressure Waveform Analysis 115 5.2.4 Summarizing Overview 118 5.3 Performance Control with the Embouchure 120 5.3.1 Register-dependent Embouchure Characteristics 120 5.3.2 Intonation Corrections 123 5.3.3 Sound Color Adjustments 127 5.3.4 Relation to the acoustical Properties of the Resonator 129 5.4 Summary 137 6 Conclusion 139 6.1 Summary 139 6.2 Outlook 141

ABSTRACT(­^ ¤å ºK ­n) The mother of the industrial machinery industry, often regarded as a national benchmark assessment of industrial competitiveness, the traditional concept of the cutting and forming machine tools for the spindle, including optoelectronics, semiconductors, automobiles, 3C electronics and aerospace industries, the relevant production or processing equipment, all belong to this category. With the evolution of technology, increasingly stringent product quality requirements, such as the appearance of the size of the high precision requirements and the material surface, gradually the importance of testing equipment and manufacturing go hand in hand, on behalf of the state's technology industry is expected in the near The future will be an important assessment of industrial competitiveness indicators. On the other hand, the mainland market after ten years of cross-strait exchange, itself played a significant change, from the early to the extreme dependence on imported equipment to produce the world-famous cottage products, no matter how the people of Taiwan to the mainland products exclusion, in the free under the natural law of market competition, the consumer market in Taiwan has long been filled with many mainland-made products. Their number and variety of the broad, deep penetration, simply makes hard to detect, and many exclusive products in the mainland business executives, the factory uses a lot of their own system of equipment are still unaware of the mainland, and even know, but also not find to alternative products. Indeed, many products have to meet the continent needs, these needs is not only reflected in the consumer goods market, is also rapidly spreading to the industrial market. Most of the countries with advanced manufacturing technology in the world, more or less with metrology industry. Taiwan alone will not only have no metrology manufacturing base, and even the Taiwan metrology companies in , mainland China, the increasing decline in ability to survive, the market that introduced by the Taiwan factories in the past swallowed gradually and easily by the local vendors. Worry about the future of Taiwan metrology industry. If Taiwan metrology industry can not get a good position in the world, can we be famous just by create a brand? Case is a company with more than 30 years of metrology sales background, in southern Taiwan. Because the relatively small market, it is difficult to obtain the dominant position of advantage. However, with the rise in the mainland market, the case company is full of many opportunities. This paper will research the sale strategy during these changeable situations. Bisides, metrology includes wide range products, this paper choose Coordinate Measuring Machines (CMM) as the basis of the primary products, mainly because of higher prices, the level of broader considerations in business, relatively high barriers to entry, in addition, it also has many features quite representative of the industry's products. Key words: Metrology, Coordinate Measuring Machines, CMM, hardness, surface roughness measuring instrument, roundness measuring instrument, the contour profile instrument, caliper, height gauge, optical flatness gauge, indicating scale, micrometer , microscopes , projectors , block gauge